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Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product
applications in olive canopies
Giuseppe Pellizzi Prize 201828th Members’ Meeting of the Club of Bologna
November 10, 2018
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes –AMirandaF@us.es / Antonio.Miranda@uco.es
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
PRESENTATION INDEX
IntroductionObjectives
Materials and methodsResearch
Conclusions
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
PRESENTATION INDEX
IntroductionObjectives
Materials and methodsResearch
Conclusions
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
OLIVE IN THE WORLD AND EUROPE
Source: FAO (2018)
Olive harvested area (a) and olive production (b) in the main growing countries in 2016
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
OLIVE IN SPAIN
Olive plantation systems in Spain(AEMO, 2012)
74 %
2 %
24 %
Superintensive(hedgerow)
Intensive(isolated)
Traditional(isolated)
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
OLIVE IN SPAIN
Main problems regarding pesticide use in olive farmers
Lack of knowledge about the optimal operation parameters
Popular belief: maximise spray volume and air flow rate
Special characteristics of the olive orchards
Wide tree and row spacing, irregular tree crown shape
Lack of specificity of the spraying equipment
Usually airblast sprayer or handgun sprayer
Lack of specific dosing criteria
Volume to point of runoff
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
FARMER’S KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MAIN SPRAYING PARAMETERS
Main adjustable parameters in any airblast sprayer(Cross et al., 2001)
Cross, J.V.,Walklate, P.J.,Murray, R.A., Richardson, G.M., 2001. Spray deposits and losses in different sized apple trees from an axial fan orchard sprayer: 1.Effects of spray liquid flow rate. Crop Protection, 20: 13-30
Liquid flow rateSpray quality
Positioning of nozzlesAir flow rate
Forward speed
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
OFFICIAL DOSING SYSTEMS
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
OLIVE CANOPY CHARACTERIZATION
Canopy characterization methods
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
(Rosell and Sanz, 2012)
MANUAL METHODS ELECTRONIC METHODS (Rosell and Sanz, 2012)
Stereovision(Rovira-Más et al., 2005)
Ultrasonic sensors(Escolà et al., 2011)
Ellipsoid method(Zaman and Salyani, 2004)
Vertical projected area(Iniesta et al., 2009)
Light sensors(Giuliani et al., 2000)
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
SPRAYING EQUIPMENT
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
PRESENTATION INDEX
IntroductionObjectives
Materials and methodsResearch
Conclusions
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
OBJECTIVES
MAIN OBJECTIVE ─ to develop different strategies to improve the efficiencyof pesticide applications in olive orchards, by adjusting the volume rateaccording canopy characteristics, reducing drift and losses to the ground andavoiding environmental damage.
#1 ─ To find optimal ranges for the operation parameters
#2 ─ To check the accuracy of different manual canopy characterization methods todefine appropriate values for pesticide dosing.
#3 ─ To find the optimal liquid specific volume in accordance to the canopy volumefor isolated olive trees.
#4 ─ To develop and test adapted air-assisted sprayers to improve applicationefficiency in olive orchards.
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
PRESENTATION INDEX
IntroductionObjectives
Materials and methodsResearch
Conclusions
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESEARCH
PAPER AInfluence of liquid-volume and airflow
rates on spray application quality
and homogeneity in super-intensive
olive tree canopies
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER CAssessing the optimal liquid volume to be
sprayed on isolated olive trees according
to their canopy volume
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESEARCH
PAPER AInfluence of liquid-volume and airflow
rates on spray application quality
and homogeneity in super-intensive
olive tree canopies
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER CAssessing the optimal liquid volume to be
sprayed on isolated olive trees according
to their canopy volume
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
PAPER I
PAPER AInfluence of liquid-volume and airflow
rates on spray application quality
and homogeneity in super-intensive
olive tree canopies
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER CAssessing the optimal liquid volume to be
sprayed on isolated olive trees according
to their canopy volume
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
The intention of this research was todetermine the effect of air assistance and liquid volume
rate onde- position (uniformity and penetration) in olive trees, trying to obtain an
objective relationship between those fluids and canopy characteristics.
Objective of the research work:
To determine the effect of air assistanceand liquid volume rate on deposition(uniformity and penetration) in olive trees.
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental plots and canopy characterization
AFR trialVR trial
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODS
VR trialParameter HV MV LV
Nozzle type and colour Albuz ATR Green Albuz ATR Orange Albuz ATR Brown
Number of open nozzles 14 (2 × 7) 14 (2 × 7) 14 (2 × 7)
Pressure (bar) 24.5 11.9 4.7
Liquid flow rate (l min-1) 58.0 22.4 6.6
Spray volume (l ha-1) 1603 619 182
Forward speed (km h-1) 6.04 6.02 5.99
Airflow rate (m3 s-1) 11.90 11.90 11.90 AFR trialParameter HF MF LF
Nozzle type and colour Albuz ATR Orange Albuz ATR Orange Albuz ATR Orange
Number of open nozzles 14 (2 × 7) 14 (2 × 7) 14 (2 × 7)
Pressure (bar) 15.0 15.0 15.0
Liquid flow rate (l min-1) 24.01 23.11 24.71
Spray volume (l ha-1) 768.2 744.2 778.2
Forward speed (km h-1) 4.90 4.98 5.03
Airflow rate (m3 s-1) 11.93 8.90 6.15
Operational parameters of spray application
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTS
Volume rate trial
TREATMENTPARAMETER HV MV LV
Mean absolute deposit d (µg cm-2) 5.08 ± 0.42 a 2.98 ± 0.17 b 1.74 ± 0.10 cMean normalised deposit dn (µg cm-2) 0.58 ± 0.05 a 0.88 ± 0.05 b 1.74 ± 0.10 cCoefficient of penetration Cp (%) 79.40 ± 21.39 113.60 ± 6.58 123.80 ± 12.67
Deposit homogeneity CV (%) 54.00 ± 5.00 39.80 ± 2.03 36.40 ± 5.90Upper side coverage SC up (%) 51.36 ± 4.08 a 29.17 ± 2.92 b 9.72 ± 1.36 cLower side coverage SC lo (%) 15.12 ± 3.22 a 9.66 ± 1.54 a 3.49 ± 0.84 b
Mean coverage SC (%) 33.25 ± 2.86 a 19.42 ± 1.73 b 6.60 ± 0.80 cCoverage homogeneity HSC (%) 29 33 36
Upper side impacts Ni up (cm-2) 81.19 ± 10.37 a 96.22 ± 7.43 a 116.03 ± 11.01 bLower side impacts Ni lo (cm-2) 92.86 ± 8.84 a 100.03 ± 9.46 a 59.62 ± 8.14 a
Impacts homogeneity HNi (%) 86 96 51
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTSAir flow rate trial
TREATMENTPARAMETER HF MF LF
Mean normalised deposit dn (µg cm-2) 10.5 ± 0.61 a 12.96 ± 0.73 b 11.08 ± 0.70 ab
Coefficient of penetration Cp (%) 73.25 ± 15.79 94.75 ± 17.12 82.25 ± 8.83Deposit homogeneity CV (%) 32.2 ± 5.67 34.5 ± 5.04 37.0 ± 4.37 Upper side coverage SC up (%) 77.4 ± 4.61 a 66.8 ± 5.15 a 57.11 ± 5.82 aLower side coverage SC lo (%) 71.0 ± 4.91 a 57.0 ± 5.68 ab 34.3 ± 4.93 bMean coverage SC (%) 74.2 ± 4,10 a 61.9 ± 3,93 a 45.71 ± 3,82 aCoverage homogeneity HSC (%) 92 85 60Upper side impacts (cm-2) Ni up (cm-2) 64.4 ± 12.65 a 89.0 ± 14.22 a 80.44 ± 11.67 a
Lower side impacts (cm-2) Ni lo (cm-2) 74.7 ± 12.55 a 93.1 ± 14.15 a 116.1 ± 11.31 a
Impacts homogeneity HNi (%) 84 85 56
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTS
General overview
𝑅𝑅 =𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑅𝑅( �𝐿𝐿 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑅𝑅( �𝑚𝑚3𝑠𝑠)
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESEARCH
PAPER AInfluence of liquid-volume and airflow
rates on spray application quality
and homogeneity in super-intensive
olive tree canopies
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER CAssessing the optimal liquid volume to be
sprayed on isolated olive trees according
to their canopy volume
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESEARCH
PAPER AInfluence of liquid-volume and airflow
rates on spray application quality
and homogeneity in super-intensive
olive tree canopies
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER CAssessing the optimal liquid volume to be
sprayed on isolated olive trees according
to their canopy volume
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
PAPER II
PAPER AInfluence of liquid-volume and airflow
rates on spray application quality
and homogeneity in super-intensive olive
tree canopies
PAPER BTowards an optimized method of olive tree
crown volume measurement.
PAPER CAssessing the optimal
liquid volume to be sprayed on isolated
olive trees according to their canopy
volume
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in
traditional and intensive olive orchards through
the development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
The intention of this research was todetermine the effect of air assistance and liquid volume
rate onde- position (uniformity and penetration) in olive trees, trying to obtain an
objective relationship between those fluids and canopy characteristics.
Objective of the research work:
Determine the accuracy of differentmanual canopy characterization methodsin comparison with LiDAR scannermeasurements.
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Characteristics of Selected Fields and Tree Plantations
Field number Plot number Tree Structure rs x ts(m)
Number of trees
1 1 Intensive 7 x 5 18
1 2 Traditional (1 trunk) 10 x 12 12
2 3 Traditional (> 1 trunks) 12 x 12 25
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Manual canopy characterization methodologies
Vertical Crown Projected Area method (VCPA)
Ellipsoid Volume method (VE) Tree Silhouette Volume method (VTS)
Mean Vector method (MV)
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Point projection plane
Convex-hull algorithm(Xu et al., 2013)*
* Xu, W., Su, Z., Feng, Z., Xu, H., Jiao, Y., Yan, F., 2013. Comparison of conventional measurement and LiDAR-based measurement for crown structures. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 98: 242–251.
∆ℎ
∆ℎ
Ai
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTS
Mean and Standard Error
Tree type
Intensive Adapted Traditional
HT (m) 3.91 ± 0.09 4.52 ± 0.11 4.58 ± 0.05
TD (m) 0.19 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.04 0.75 ± 0.08
Ea (m) 1.82 ± 0.05 2.09 ± 0.06 2.10 ± 0.03
Eb (m) 2.07 ± 0.09 2.33 ± 0.09 3.24 ± 0.08
Ec (m) 1.96 ± 0.09 2.25 ± 0.07 3.07 ± 0.10
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (m) 2.03 ± 0.07 2.31 ± 0.07 3.27 ± 0.08
VE (m3) 31.90 ± 3.00 46.74 ± 3.52 87.64 ± 3.79
APA (m2) 11.88 ± 0.83 15.39 ± 0.96 35.58 ± 2.06
VTS (m3) 29.69 ± 2.32 45.11 ± 3.92 100.26 ± 5.21
VL (m3) 24.60 ± 2.19 33.49 ± 3.58 98.08 ± 5.21
APA VEVLVTS
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTSComparison between LiDAR and Manual Methods for Tree Volume Estimation
Intensive Adapted Traditional TraditionalVL (m3)
APA (m2) 0.860** 0.835** 0.242*VE (m3) 0.755** 0.760** 0.399**VTS (m3) 0.792** 0.903** 0.275**
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTS
Correlation between LiDAR Volume and Simple Canopy Parameters MV
a)
b)
c)
d)
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESEARCH
PAPER AInfluence of liquid-volume and airflow
rates on spray application quality
and homogeneity in super-intensive
olive tree canopies
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER CAssessing the optimal liquid volume to be
sprayed on isolated olive trees according
to their canopy volume
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESEARCH
PAPER AInfluence of liquid-volume and airflow
rates on spray application quality
and homogeneity in super-intensive
olive tree canopies
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER CAssessing the optimal liquid volume to be
sprayed on isolated olive trees according
to their canopy volume
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
PAPER III
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
The intention of this research was todeterminethe effect of air assistance and liquid volume
rate onde- position (uniformity and penetration) in olive trees, trying to obtain an
objective relationship between those fluids and canopy characteristics.
Objective of the research work:
To define the optimal relationshipbetween the canopy volume and theapplied liquid volume.
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODSLaboratory trial
Top view
6 treatments x 15 sampling positions x 3 sampling profiles x 2 WSP pieces x 3 replications = 1,620 WSP pieces
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Spray Parameter Value
Treatment ID 1 2 3 4 5 6
CV (L · m-3) 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.20
Spray Volume Rate (L · ha-1) 270.88 433.41 541.76 650.11 812.64 1083.52
Liquid Flow Rate (L · min-1) 15.80 25.28 31.60 37.92 43.34 63.20
Albuz ATR nozzle colour Yellow Red Green Green Blue Blue
Pressure (bar) 12 9 8 12 8 18
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODS
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 �𝐿𝐿 𝑡𝑡𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝑚𝑚3 × 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 �𝐿𝐿 𝑚𝑚3
Studied trees
Studied row
N
Field trial
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Spray Parameter ValueCV (L · m-3) 0.08 0.10 0.12
Spray Volume Rate (L · ha-1) 433 541 650Liquid Flow Rate (L · min-1) 25.28 31.60 37.92
Albuz ATR nozzle colour Red Green GreenPressure (bar) 9 8 12
Dependent variables
d
Deposition and normalized deposition
dn
Spray coverage and impacts
SC SC up SC lo
Ni Ni up Ni lo
Spray homogeneity
Cp CV
HSC HNi
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTS
Target coverageGroup ‘a’ coverageGroup ‘b’ coverageGroup ‘c’ coverage
Laboratory trial
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTSField trial
ParameterSpecific spray volume, CV
0.10 0.12 0.08
Mean absolute deposit d (µg · cm-2) 15.49 ± 1.57 a 20.51 ± 1.42 b 12.04 ± 1.01 a
Mean normalized deposit dn (µg · cm-2) 12.39 ± 1.25 a 13.74 ± 0.95 a 12.04 ± 1.01 a
Coefficient of penetration Cp (%) 60.34 69.18 64.38
Deposit homogeneity CV (%) 71.16 61.70 71.96
Upper side coverage SC up (%) 20.77 ± 2.54 ab 29.15 ± 2.87 b 20.21 ± 2.18 a
Lower side coverage SC lo (%) 14.31 ± 1.71 a 22.19 ± 2.34 b 11.91 ± 1.37 a
Mean coverage SC (%) 17.54 ± 1.55 a 25.67 ± 1.87 b 16.06 ± 1.33 a
Coverage homogeneity HSC (%) 69 76 59
Upper side impacts Ni up (cm-2) 74.36 ± 4.51 a 102.15 ± 5.88 b 96.36 ± 4.71 b
Lower side impacts Ni lo (cm-2) 100.76 ± 6.36 a 143.35 ± 8.08 b 100.29 ± 6.76 a
Impacts homogeneity HNi (%) 64 60 96
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESEARCH
PAPER AInfluence of liquid-volume and airflow
rates on spray application quality
and homogeneity in super-intensive
olive tree canopies
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER CAssessing the optimal liquid volume to be
sprayed on isolated olive trees according
to their canopy volume
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESEARCH
PAPER AInfluence of liquid-volume and airflow
rates on spray application quality
and homogeneity in super-intensive
olive tree canopies
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER CAssessing the optimal liquid volume to be
sprayed on isolated olive trees according
to their canopy volume
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
PAPER IV
PAPER BTowards an optimized
method of olive tree crown volume measurement.
PAPER DImproving plant
protection product applications in traditional and
intensive olive orchards through the
development of new air-assisted sprayer
prototypes
The intention of this research was todetermine the effect of air assistance and liquid volume
rate onde- position (uniformity and penetration) in olive trees, trying to obtain an
objective relationship between those fluids and canopy characteristics.
Objective of the research work:
To test the performance of newlydeveloped prototype air-assisted sprayersspecifically designed to work in traditionaland intensive olive orchards.
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Prototype development: Mecaolivar project
Public administration
Public research organism
Main aim to involve bothmanufacturers and researchers in a continuous and collaborativeprototype development process.
Olive oil sector
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Prototype calibration and preliminary tests
Spray coverage and impacts
SC SC up SC lo
Ni Ni up Ni lo
Spray homogeneity
Cp CV
HSC HNi
Dependent variables
3 replications (trees)
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTS
Prototype P1 Prototype P2Prototype P3
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTSP1 prototype
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTSP2 prototype
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTSP3 prototype
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
RESULTS
Field test
Conventional P1 P2 P3
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
PRESENTATION INDEX
IntroductionObjectives
Materials and methodsResearch
Conclusions
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
CONCLUSIONS (I)
Pesticide applications in olive orchards can be markedly improved by increasingtheir efficiency without compromising their biological efficacy, what has thepotential to generate important environmental, personal and food securityoutcomes.
Both volume rate (VR) and airflow rate (AFR) have optimal values that are lowerthan those used by the farmers. A reduction in these parameters could lead to anincrease in the spraying efficiency by reducing spray drift and runoff from leavesand, in addition, to a reduction in the fuel consumption and the power needs ofthe tractors performing the treatments. The environmental save is, therefore,closely linked to the economic one.
Manual canopy characterization methods can contribute to estimate the crownvolume accurately. The different methods vary their accuracy depending on thecultivation system. The Mean Vector (MV) method showed to fit reasonably wellto the three evaluated orchard types, and can be considered as an accurateestimator to be used in any general dosing system for olive.
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
CONCLUSIONS (II)
The laboratory approach for multiple spray volumes testing resulted very usefulas it reduced the number of treatments that were taken to the field. The samplingstructure made the work easy as it allowed the researchers to easily change thesamples by respecting the coordinates of each one. This setup can makeresearchers to save time and money, and to optimize the working settings in thefield trials.
It was shown that improving spraying efficiency is possible through the use ofadapted equipment. The difficulties present in the crop make necessary to adaptthe spraying machinery, what makes possible to significantly reduce spray lossesand, therefore, to perform treatments in a safer way.
It is possible to find an optimal specific spray volume for isolated olives thatrelates the spray volume to the tree crown volume. This parameter can be thebasis on which others could be added to improve pesticide applications in oliveorchards.
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTIONGRAZIE A TUTTI PER L’ATTENZIONE
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes - Strategies for the optimization of the efficiency in the plant protection product applications in olive canopies
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliography
Escolà, A., Planas, S., Rosell, J., Pomar, J., Camp, F., Solanelles, F., Gracia, F., Llorens, J., Gil, E., 2011.Performance of an Ultrasonic Ranging Sensor in Apple Tree Canopies. Sensors, 11: 2459–2477.
Giuliani, R., Magnanini, E., Fragassa, C., Nerozzi, F., 2000. Ground monitoring the light shadowwindows of a tree canopy to yield canopy light interception and morphological traits. Plant CellEnvironment, 23: 783–796.
Iniesta, F., Testi, L., Orgaz, F., Villalobos, F.J., 2009. The effects of regulated and continuous deficitirrigation on the water use, growth and yield of olive trees. European Journal of Agronomy, 30: 258–265.
Rosell, J.R., Sanz, R., 2012. A review of methods and applications of the geometric characterization oftree crops in agricultural activities. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 81: 124–141.
Rovira-Más, F., Zhang, Q., Reid, J., 2005. Creation of Three-dimensional Crop Maps based on aerialstereoimages. Biosystems Engineering, 90 (3): 251–259.
Zaman, Q.U., Salyani, M., 2004. Effects of foliage density and ground speed on ultrasonicmeasurement of citrus tree volume. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 20: 173–178.
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