giving statistical mechanics the shakes: analogies between ideal gases and granular systems justin...
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Giving Statistical Mechanics The Shakes: Analogies Between Ideal Gases and Granular Systems
Justin Mitchell, Aaron Coyner, Matthew Olson, Rebecca Ragar, Jeffery Wagner, Adrienne McVey, Justin Eskridge, Erin Lewallen, Ian Zedalis, Shawn Jackson, Michael Wilson*
The University of Tulsa*Currently at National Research Council
Granular Systems?
We know systems of 1023 or 2 particles. This neglects dunes, avalanches and
other systems. Granular systems involve dust, sand,
powder, and grains. We investigate statistics of driven
systems.
Inelastic Collapse
Each inelastic collision will remove energy.
Many collisions will cause system to collapse.
Energy in and out will define our granular phase.
Project Description Goals
Look for definitive inelastic collapse of a 3-d granular system in zero gravity.
Determine parameters necessary for a granular gas, the precursor to collapse.
* É. Falcon et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 80. 440 (1999).
Methods Preliminary testing
on NASA KC-135A low gravity aircraft
Future flight on Space Shuttle
Testing on sounding rocket*
Why Investigate Granular Gases?
Large granular systems, such as planets, are not well understood.
Asteroids, planetary rings, etc. are not fully explained by gravity because sizes are too small for gravity to act alone.
Inelastic collapse models provide plausible method for formation of these smaller objects.
Small scale granular gas studies allow for lab testing of the models on reasonable time scales.
Experimental Description Box set: 8 sapphire
walled cubes, 1 in3 each.
Box set mechanically shaken sinusoidally along body diagonal.
Each cube has one free wall attached to a piezoelectric sensor.
Video cameras view 3 orthogonal box set faces.
Box Set as Flown on KC-135A
System Acceleration
Shaking direction is perpendicular to mean effective gravity.
In “microgravity” the residual acceleration is ~0.03 gearth.
Residual acceleration is usually pointed up.
shaking
gearth
Residual acceleration
Granular Phases
SolidGrains pack in one corner
FluidGrains slosh around box walls
Gas~uniform distribution of kinetic grains
gresidual
Phase Diagram
0 10 20 30 40 50G
gasfluidsolid
G=A2/gresidual
G is the ratio of wall acceleration to gresidual
G diverges as gresidual goes to zero.
o Wall acceleration, density and gresidual define the phase.
Recent Work
Second KC-135 flight Free floating experiment.
No system accelerations until bumped.Lower shaking accelerations.
Further testing before shuttle flight.
Clustering Into Lattice
Lattice Random
Conclusion
Clusters are stable and keep a lattice. Clusters only exist in slow shaking
(~4Hz). Gases form for all shaking parameters. Only solid for non-shaking system. Partial proof of concept. Experiment is ready for a shuttle flight.
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