global comparative study on redd+ - the project and results
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CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+
Oslo REDD Exchange29-30 October 2013
The Project
Global Comparative Study on REDD+GCS-REDD+
• support REDD+ policy arenas and practitioner communities with science-based
- information - analysis- tools
• ensure 3E+ outcomes- effectiveness- efficiency - equity - co-benefits
Objectives
GCS-REDD Structure
Where GCS-REDD+ works
Policy analysis
12 countries since 2009Laos added 2013Ethiopia, Mexico 2014
Where GCS-REDD+ works
Project analysis
6 countries23 REDD project sites190 villages4524 households
Where GCS-REDD+ works
Module 1REDD+ strategies, policies and measures
new research- links of national &
international political processes
- benefits-sharing
Module 2REDD+ Project Sites “BACI” research design
Comparison Control
Project siteIntervention
Before After
Controlbefore
Controlafter
Interventionbefore
Interventionbefore
Module 3Monitoring and Reference LevelsImprove procedures & practices for estimating & managing carbon stocks
Hallmark:Stepwise approach to RELs & MRV (considers countries’ capacities)
Module 4Carbon management at the landscape scaleImprove the design of multilevel institutions and processes to overcome economic and policy barriers to REDD+ and other low carbon land use policies
Module 5: Knowledge Sharing
disseminate knowledge, build capacity and strengthen networks of the stakeholders involved in climate change mitigation and adaptation
Build and maintain www.ForestsClimateChange.org as a global hub for climate knowledge
Expand Forests News blog as a virtual news service on forests and climate change
260 stories published in 2011
Maintain involvement in high-profile events e.g. Forest Day (now Global Landscape Forum)
Explore new and innovative partnerships with CSOs
Publications on REDD+ in several languages
Thanks to
Results
GCS Output & Results
2008
2012
2009
+ country profiles+ scientific publications
As an idea, REDD+ is a success story Significant result-based funding to address an urgent need for climate change mitigationSufficiently broad to serve as a canopy, under which a wide range of actors can grow their own trees
REDD+ faces huge challengesPowerful political and economic interests
Coordination across various government levels and agencies
Benefits to balance effectiveness and equity
Tenure insecurity and safeguards must be genuinely addressed
Transparent institutions, reliable carbon monitoring and realistic reference levels to build result-based systems
REDD+ requires - and can catalyse – transformational change
New economic incentives, new information and discourses, new actors & new policy coalitions:all have the potential to move domestic policies
away from the BAU trajectory
Seeing REDD+ through the lens of 4 I’sPolitical
Economy
lens
How the 4 I’s hinder or enable change (1)• Institutions
– Formal power rests with ‘stickiest’ organisations – those with enough influence to resist change
• e.g. colonial rules
– new institutions and actors are often ignored or remain isolated• Ministries for natural resources
• Interests
– State’s interest in social and economic welfare can fall short if not autonomous from interests that drive deforestation and degradation
• rent seeking, fraud, collusion and corruption practices in the bureaucratic system
How the 4 Is hinder or enable change (2)
• Ideas
– discourse affects policy making
– it frames the problem and presents limited choices of ‘reasonable’ or ‘possible’
• REDD+ benefits for those who contribute to efficiency and effectiveness, versus benefits for those who have moral rights based on equity considerations
• Information
– Facts are selected, interpreted, and put in context in ways that reflect the interests of the information provider
• reference level setting
Conditions for REDD+ success (seven countries)Autonomy of state from interests driving deforestation and degradation
Presence of strong coalitions for transformationNational ownership of REDD+ policy process
Multi-level coordination needed
• Enhance and harmonise information flow between local and national levels
• Incentives – establish benefit sharing mechanisms that are perceived as fair
• Fundamental conflicts over REDD
• National institutional structure and policies
• Iand tenure and carbon rights
Safeguards dialogue needs to move to action on the ground
tenure is essentialproperty rights over forests, trees and tree carbon must be clear
To allocate REDD+ incentives, it must be clear who has the right to benefit
If local people are secure in their rights, they are motivated to manage the land sustainably; if not:
They are less likely to make long-term investments
Some may even clear land to staking their claim
some may oppose REDD+ if they fear it means more outsiders taking their land
Clear tenure protects people’s rights and livelihoods
can prevent a resource rush when the value of forests increases
tenure is often ambiguous and contested
In an analysis of villages in five countries, more than 50% of the respondents said that some of their tenure was insecure
An analysis of sites in Indonesia found existing tenure conditions to be inadequate for effective REDD+ implementation
Even in Brazil, where tenure is well defined, tenure insecurity was pervasive among households
• project proponents are trying to resolve tenure issues locally– Conflict resolution, boundary mapping, spatial land use planning, identifying legal right holders and
registering property
• But tenure problems are national in scope and origin– National tenure reform, though necessary, has been limited
• Obstacles that need to be removed– limited capacity for demarcation and titling, interests of those competing for land and resources, and
ideological barriers– integration of national and local tenure efforts, clarification of international and national REDD+ policies, and
development of conflict resolution mechanisms
tenure needs reform at national level
villagers at REDD+ project sites hope for improved income and livelihood, but are worried REDD could harm them or restrict their access to resources
interest in generating income is greater than in protecting forest for its own sake
REDD+ will be effective only if it can compete economically with other income- or rent- providing activities
REDD+ projects must balance forest protection with villagers’ welfare concerns and protect agricultural livelihoods
for villagers, livelihood comes first
• Villagers want to engage and participate meaningfully in REDD+ projects• They want project proponents to communicate better, demonstrate greater transparency, and respect
and uphold their rights– these wishes reflect some UNFCCC safeguards
• villagers’ knowledge of REDD+ or local REDD+ projects was low• Most projects have some activities to obtain free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) by the villagers,
but not all are successful and some proponents are delaying education• Project proponents must inform villagers better about REDD+ and involve them in project design and
implementation
villagers want to be involved
Lack of clarity over where REDD+ is heading creates uncertainty and hampers implementation
will payments for ecosystem services (PES) materialize?
Project combine PES with traditional conservation, to get started
but the old model has a history of problems
Some proponents are delaying efforts to avoid raising expectations in case REDD+ benefits never arrive
social safeguards must be finalized at the international level to generate real action
international talks affect local actions
Capacity building and technology transfer are essential
lack of capacity hampers countries’ efforts to fully engage in REDD+
only 19 of 99 developing countries have good capacity to implement a complete and accurate national monitoring system using IPCC guidelines
A survey of 17 REDD+ sites found low capacity for measuring carbon pools for using biomass equations
for efficient capacity building, the top 19 countries should be prioritized so they can get ready on time for REDD Phase 3
longer-term investments will be needed for countries with poorer capacity
a stepwise approach that builds on existing strengths and fills key gaps can be a model for capacity development
Stepwise approach can get countries
started
a stepwise approach to setting reference levels reflects different country circumstancescountries have different technical capacities and different levels of information on forest area and carbon stocks and emissions, and on drivers of deforestation
Starting at different levels facilitates broad participation of countries the UNFCCC adopted this approach in 2011 as the reference emission level framework
Moving forward: A “no regrets” agenda
• Build broad political support and legitimacy for REDD+ framed as an objective rather than a program
• Invest in foundations for REDD+ success, such as filling MRV information and capacity gaps
• Focus on policy changes that would be desirable irrespective of climate objectives:– Clarify land tenure– Remove perverse agricultural
subsidies– Strengthen rule of law, tenure
and forest governance
Theory of Change
Co-productio
n of science
Rigorous, salient, ethical science
Partner-centered
knowledge disseminat
ion
Internalization and
uptake by boundary partners
Effective, efficient
and equitable
REDD+
CIFOR and research partnersKnowledge generation
Boundary partnersKnowledge uptake
download
ratestrainings
conferences
peer-reviewed
publications
new clim
ate change regim
es
national / NG
O
MRV,
development
strategies
stakeholder w
orkshops
controllable indicators non-controllable indicators
Non-controllable indicators national partners (Module 1) providing high quality
information for national REDD+ policy processes
research used by Indonesia: development of national strategy (scientist seconded
to work on national REL), negotiations over the NOR-IND LoI Ethiopian REDD+ taskforce: developing national MRV roadmap Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
integration of “stepwise” idea into UNFCCC decisions
our expertise called upon by national and sub-national governments and roundtables (e.g. Mesa REDD Peru)
solicitation to contribute to REDD+ efforts by other international organizations (e.g. RECOFTC, JRC)
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