glycolysis is believed to be one of the most ancient of metabolic processes. which statement below...

Glycolysis is believed to be one of the mostancient of metabolic processes. Whichstatement below LEAST supports this idea?a. If run in reverse, glycolysis will build glucose molecules.b. Glycolysis neither uses nor needs oxygen.c. Glycolysis is found in all eukaryotic cells.d. The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane enclosed organelle.e. Bacteria, the most primitive of cells, make extensive use of glycolysis.

Answer: a

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation isa. oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. b. the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers.c. the final transfer of electrons to oxygend. the difference in H+ concentration on opposite sides of the mitochondrial membranee. thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and Krebs cycle intermediate molecules of ADP

Answer: d

Pyruvate is the last product of glycolysis.Which statement below is TRUE?a. There is more energy in 6 molecules of carbon dioxide than in 2 molecules of pyruvate.b. There is more energy in pyruvate than lactate.c. There is less energy in 2 molecules of pyruvate than in 1 molecule of glucose.d. Pyruvate is in a more oxidized state than carbon dioxide.e. Pyruvate is in a more reduced state than glucose.

Answer: c

A major function of the mitochondrial membraneis the conversion of energy from electrons tothe stored energy of the phosphate bond inATP. To accomplish this function, this membranemust have all of the following features EXCEPTa. proteins to accept electrons from NADH.b. integral, transverse ATP synthase.c. proton pumps embedded in the membrane.d. the electron transport chain of proteins.e. high permeability to protons.

Answer: e

If citric acid has 6 carbonatoms, how many carbon atoms does succinic acidhave?a. 1b. 4c. 5d. 6e. 12

Answer: b

Starting with one acetyl CoA molecule, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules thatcould be made throughsubstrate-level phosphorylation?a. 1b. 2c. 11d. 12e. more than 20

Answer: a

All of the following substances are produced in a muscle cell under anaerobic conditionsEXCEPT

a. ATPb. pyruvatec. lactated. acetyl CoAe. NADH

Answer: d

Refer to the list below for this question . A. Stage 1: glycolysis B. Stage 2: oxidation of pyruvate to acteyl CoA C. Stage 3: Krebs cycle D. Stage 4: oxidative phophorylation (chemiosmosis)

Carbon dioxide is released during which stage(s)?a. stage 3 onlyb. stages 2 and 3c. stages 3 and 4d. stages 1, 2, and 3e. stages 2, 3, and 4

Answer: b

Suppose a yeast cell uses 10 moles of glucosefor energy production. No oxygen is available.What will be the maximum net yield of ATPin moles?a. 12b. 15c. 20d. 30e. 36 Answer: c

Catabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydratescan result in a 2-carbon molecule that entersthe Krebs cycle. What is the molecule?

a. glucoseb. acetic acid or acetyl CoAc. a fatty acidd. an amino acide. pyruvate

Answer: b

You have a friend who lost 15 pounds of faton a diet. Where did the fat go (how was itlost)?a. It was lost as CO2 and H2O.b. Chemical energy was converted to heat and then released.c. It was converted to ATP, which weighs less than fat.d. It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body.e. It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.

Answer: a

If both the inner and outer mitochondrialmembranes were punctured, which of thefollowing processes would be least affected?

a. glycolysisb. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoAc. Krebs cycled. chemiosmosis

Answer: a

A sprig of elodea is placed in a bromthymolblue solution. After a few hour in the dark, thesolution turns yellow. The purpose of thisexperiment is to show that a. oxygen is given off during photosyntheis.b. carbon dioxide is used during photosynthesis.c. oxygen is used during respiration.d. carbon dioxide is given off during respiration.e. oxygen is given off during respiration.

Answer: d

Which of the following is NOT true concerningthe cellular compartmentalization of the stepsof respiration or fermentation?

a. Acetyl CoA is produced only in the mitochondriab. lactate is produced only in the cytosolc. NADH is produced only in the mitochondriad. FADH2 is produced only in the mitochondriae. ATP is produced in the cytosol and the mitochondria

Answer: c

In the mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesisof ATP occurs in which of the following?

I. RibosomesII. MitochondriaIII. Chloroplasts

a. I onlyb. II onlyc. III onlyd. II and III onlye. I, II, and III

Answer: d

This diagram depictschemiosmosis in a chloroplast. What isoccurring at “Q”?

a. Energy is consumed.b. Water is cleaved.c. NADP+ is reduced.d. ADP is phosphorylated to ATPe. Electrons are transported down the electron transport chain.

Answer: e

A study of the metabolic rate in a terrestrial community shows that the energy capturedin photosynthesis exceeds the energy releasedby respiration. Which of the following situations is occurring?

a. Community biomass is increasing.b. Community biomass is decreasing.c. A climax community has been reached.d. The first law of thermodynamics is not in effect.e. The second law of thermodynamics is not in effect.

Answer: a

A biologist isolates numerous, tiny, green-pigmentedcells from a sample of lake water. The cells arecovered with a mucilaginous sheath. They contain relatively large amounts of chlorophyll a and phycobilinpigments and lack a compact, organized nucleus. electron microscopy reveals that these cells also contain which of the following pairs of subcellular structures?

a. ribosomes and chloroplastsb. ribosomes and mitochondriac. golgi bodies and a cell walld. thylakoids and a cell walle. chloroplasts and mitochondria

Answer: d

Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured sothat the interior of the thylakoid is no longerseparated from the stroma. This damage willhave the most direct effect on which of the following processes?

a. the splitting of waterb. the absorption of light energy by chlorophyllc. The flow of electrons from PSII to PSId. The synthesis of ATPe. The reduction of NADP+

Answer: d

The reactions of the Calvin cycle require all ofthe following EXCEPT:

a. CO2

b. ATPc. RuBPd. glucosee. NADPH

Answer: d

All the events listed below occur in the energy-capturing light reactions of photosynthesis EXCEPT:

a. oxygen is producedb. NADP+ is reduced to NADPHc. carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGAd. ADP is phosphorylated to yield ATPe. light is absorbed and funneled to a reaction center chlorophyll a

Answer: c

Which of the following is NOT true of RuBP carboxylase?

a. It is a protein.b. It speeds up a chemical reaction.c. It lowers the energy of activation.d. It catalyzes a phosphorylation reaction.e. It has an affinity for both O2 and CO2.

Answer: d

Why is the absorptionspectrum different fromthe action spectrum?

a.Green and yellowwavelengths inhibit theabsorption of red andblue wavelengths.

b. Bright sunlight destroys photosynthetic pigments.c. The two lines are probably the result of inaccuratemeasurements.d.Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll ae. Anaerobic bacteria probably interfered with lightabsorption.

Answer: d

From the action spectrumwe can correctly concludethata.Chlorophyll absorbsmore green light thanred lightb. Plants can use allcolors of visible lightfor photosynthesis.

c. Every color of light is equally good for photosynthesis.d. Light in the green range produces the most effectivephotosynthesis.e. There are two independent photosystems in leaves;one for red light alone and one for blue light alone.

Answer: b

Where does the Calvin cycle of photosynthesistake place?

a. stroma of the chloroplastb. thylakoid membranec. cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplastd. chlorophyll moleculee. outer membrane of chloroplasts

Answer: a

CAM plants keep stomates closed in daytime,thus reducing loss of water. They can do thisbecause they can:

a. fix CO2 into organic acids during the night.b. fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells.c. fix CO2 into pyruvic acid in the mesophyll cells.d. use the enzyme phosphofructokinase, whichoutcompetes rubisco for CO2.e. use PS I and PS II at night.

Answer: a

In plant cells, ATP is made in response to light.An electron transport chain is involved. Thiselectron transport chain is found in the

a. thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.b. stroma of chloroplasts.c. inner membrane of mitochondria.d. matrix of mitochondria.e. cytoplasm.

Answer: a

If photosynthesizing green algae are providedwith CO2 synthesized with heavy oxygen (O-18),later analysis will show that all but one of the following compounds produced by the algae contain the O-18 label. That one exception is:

a. PGAb. PGALc. glucosed. RuBPe. O2 Answer: e

The process of cyclic photophosphorylationuses light energy to synthesize:

a. ADP and ATPb. ATP onlyc. ATP and NADPHd. ADP and NADPHe. PS I and PSII

Answer: b

The process of noncyclic photophosphorylationuses light energy to synthesize:

a. ADP and ATPb. ATP onlyc. ATP and NADPHd. ADP and NADPHe. PS I and PSII

Answer: c

In green plants, the primary function of the Calvin cycle is to:

a. use ATP to release carbon dioxide.b. use NADPH to release carbon dioxide.c. split water and release oxygen.d. transport RuBP out of the cytoplasm.e. construct simple sugars from carbondioxide.

Answer: e

Which of the following statements best represents therelationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?a. The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, phosphate,and NADP+ to the light reactions.b. The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the carbon fixation step of the Calvin cycle, and the cycleprovides water and electrons to the light reactions.c. The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2

to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reaction with sugars to produce ATP.d. The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with oxygenfor electron flow, and the cycle provides the light reactionswith water to split.e. None of the above

Answer: a

In the thylakoid membranes, what is the mainfunction of the antenna pigment molecules?

a.to split water and release oxygen to the reaction center chlorophyll ab. to harvest photons and transfer light energyto the reaction center chlorophyll a c. to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphated. to pass electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPHe. to concentrate photons inside the stroma

Answer: b

In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocatesprotons from the matrix into the intermembranespace, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosistranslocates protons from:

a. the stroma to the chlorophyll.b. the matrix to the stroma.c. the stroma to the thylakoid compartment.d. the intermediate space to the matrix.e. the light reactions to the Calvin cycle.

Answer: c

Each photosystem:

a. contains a mix of chlorophylls and carotenoids.b. has a light gathering antenna complex.c. has a special chlorophyll a molecule in thereaction center.d. All three are correct.

Answer: d

Molecule “A”

Which of the following is true of molecule “A”?a. It is classified as a carotenoid.b. It would move the furthest of all the plantpigments in chromatography using a nonpolarsolvent such as petroleum ether.c. It is found embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.d. It contains iron.e. It is required for the contraction of muscles.

Answer: c