goal 1, unit 1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

Biology Eighth Edition

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

TAXONOMYTAXONOMY

Grouping Species: The Basic Idea

Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and

classifies species into groups of increasing breadth.

Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest

units of classification.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• In the 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances.

• The two-part scientific name: Genus species.

• The first letter of the genus is capitalized, and the entire species name is italicized

Ej: Panthera pardus

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Hierarchical Classification

• Linnaeus introduced a system for grouping species in increasingly broad categories.

• The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

I always remember the order using: Kings Play Chess On Fat Guys' Stomachs. The first letter of each word corresponds to the first letter of each level of organization, making it easy to remember

Taxonomy:

Hierarchical Organization:

DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusspecies

Species:Pantherapardus

Genus: Panthera

Family: Felidae

Order: Carnivora

Class: Mammalia

Phylum: Chordata

Kingdom: Animalia

ArchaeaDomain: EukaryaBacteria

Fig. 1-14Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

Ursus americanus(American black bear)

Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Mammalia

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya

Three Domain System

Fungi

EUKARYA

Trypanosomes

Green algaeLand plants

Red algae

ForamsCiliates

Dinoflagellates

Diatoms

Animals

AmoebasCellular slime molds

Leishmania

Euglena

Green nonsulfur bacteria

Thermophiles

Halophiles

Methanobacterium

Sulfolobus

ARCHAEA

COMMONANCESTOR

OF ALLLIFE

BACTERIA

(Plastids, includingchloroplasts)

Greensulfur bacteria

(Mitochondrion)

Cyanobacteria

ChlamydiaSpirochetes

Fig. 1-15(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA

(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA

(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA

Protists

Kingdom Fungi

KingdomPlantae

Kingdom Animalia

Procaryoticcells

Eucaryoticcells

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having– No nucleus– DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid– No membrane-bound organelles– Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 6-6

Fimbriae

Nucleoid

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

Capsule

Flagella

Bacterialchromosome

(a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium

(b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)

0.5 µm

PROCARYOTIC CELL

• Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having– DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a

membranous nuclear envelope– Membrane-bound organelles– Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma

membrane and nucleus

Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

EUCARYOTIC CELL

• Domain Bacteria are what you generally think of when you think of bacteria - such as E. coli and salmonella. The prefix 'eu' means 'true,' so these are true bacteria.

Fig. 1-15a

(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA

• Domain Archaebacteria are known as ancient bacteria. The prefix 'archae' means 'ancient,' making this one easy to remember. They are prokaryotic and unicellular.

Fig. 1-15b

(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA

• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms.

• The domain Eukarya includes three multicellular kingdoms:

– Plantae

– Fungi

– Animalia

• Other eukaryotic organisms were formerly grouped into a kingdom called Protista, though these are now often grouped into many separate kingdoms

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-15c

(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA

Protists

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Fig. 1-15d

Protists

Fig. 1-15e

Kingdom Fungi

Fig. 1-15f

Kingdom Plantae

Fig. 1-15g

Kingdom Animalia

ACTIVITY IN YOUR NOTEBOOK

• Describe in your own words the concept of taxonomy.

• Describe hierarchical organization in Taxonomy.

• Name the three principal domains in nature, and give an example of each of them.

• Name the three kingdoms that belong to the Eucarya domain.

• Explain the differences between the Eucaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell.