governance and redd. governance failures an illness
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Governance and REDDGovernance and REDD
Governance failuresGovernance failures
An illnessAn illness
Governance failuresGovernance failures Weak institutionsWeak institutions
Inconsistent & complicated laws Inconsistent & complicated laws – problems with land tenure and regulationproblems with land tenure and regulation
Poor forest law enforcementPoor forest law enforcement
CorruptionCorruption
Lack of transparencyLack of transparency
Governance in 37 REDD Governance in 37 REDD CountriesCountries
80% of REDD readiness countries 80% of REDD readiness countries selected by FCPF & UN-REDD rank in selected by FCPF & UN-REDD rank in bottom half of World Bank survey of bottom half of World Bank survey of governance in 212 countries governance in 212 countries (indicators (indicators on "control of corruption" on "control of corruption" and "voice and accountability“)and "voice and accountability“)
Nearly 30% are in the lowest quarterNearly 30% are in the lowest quarter
REDD CountriesREDD Countries
DemandDemand
Another illnessAnother illness
Linked to governanceLinked to governance
The link The link
Poor governance + excessive Poor governance + excessive demanddemand
= Illegal and unsustainable = Illegal and unsustainable timber tradetimber trade
Imports of illegal timber Imports of illegal timber risingrising
Trends in imports of illegal timber to the USA & EU from Trends in imports of illegal timber to the USA & EU from selected countries 1998 - 2006selected countries 1998 - 2006
World supply of Illegal Timber exports (2007)
Source: based on importing country declarations adjusted for legality as assessed in http://www.globaltimber.org.uk/IllegalTimberPercentages.doc
5 million m3 RWE 1 million m3 RWE
Estimated roundwood equivalent volume of Illegal Timber directly
proportional to area of disc
Brazil
Other South America
(includes pulp and paper)
PNG & SI
Congo Basin
East Africa
West Africa
Eastern Russia
Western Russia
China
Indo-China
Malaysia
IndonesiaPNG &
SI
Source: based on estimates from http://www.globaltimber.org.uk/IllegalTimberPercentages.doc except Colombia (World Bank estimate).
PNG & SI
Malaysia
Indonesia
Illegal Legal
Ghana
Rep. of Congo
Cameroon
Gabon
DRC
Tanzania
Laos
Bolivia
IndonesiaPapua New Guinea
Guyana
Peru
Paraguay
Colombia
Vietnam
Estimated proportion of illegal timber exports from REDD candidate countries in 2007.
Lost revenuesLost revenues
Lost revenues from trade in illegally Lost revenues from trade in illegally harvested timber are in the range of harvested timber are in the range of US$11 billion a yearUS$11 billion a year
What are the solutions?What are the solutions?
Demand-sideDemand-side
Strong, uniform and coherent Strong, uniform and coherent demand- side measuresdemand- side measures
– US Lacey ActUS Lacey Act– EU FLEGT – voluntary partnershipsEU FLEGT – voluntary partnerships
Solutions - governanceSolutions - governance
Incentivise good governance Incentivise good governance
Enhance transparencyEnhance transparency
Strengthen law enforcementStrengthen law enforcement
Role of Civil SocietyRole of Civil Society
Watchdog – in an official or unofficial Watchdog – in an official or unofficial capacitycapacity
Engage in independent monitoring and Engage in independent monitoring and verificationverification
Enhance transparency and accountability Enhance transparency and accountability in forest sectorin forest sector
How?How?
What Global Witness is doing and how What Global Witness is doing and how it is relevant to REDDit is relevant to REDD
www.globalwitness.orgwww.globalwitness.org
WatchdogWatchdog
Expose Expose – illegal and unsustainable tradeillegal and unsustainable trade– corruptioncorruption
Through Through – investigation on the groundinvestigation on the ground
Transparency and Transparency and AccountabilityAccountability
Independent Forest MonitoringIndependent Forest Monitoring
Governance and Transparency Fund Governance and Transparency Fund projectproject
IFMIFMIndependent Forest MonitoringIndependent Forest Monitoring
Monitors governance – established Monitors governance – established over 10 yearsover 10 years
Bridges gap between State and CS in Bridges gap between State and CS in regulation and enforcementregulation and enforcement
Monitor’s functionsMonitor’s functions
Based on contract between forest Based on contract between forest authority and IM organisationauthority and IM organisation incorporating minimum standards
Monitors observes performance of officials in:– Detecting– reporting and – suppressing illegal activity
In the forestIn the forest
And in the officeAnd in the office
ReportingReporting
Regular reports go to Reporting Regular reports go to Reporting PanelPanel– peer reviews conclusions and peer reviews conclusions and
recommendationsrecommendations
Freedom to publishFreedom to publish– Cannot change evidence baseCannot change evidence base
Where has GW established Where has GW established IFM?IFM?
CambodiaCambodia CameroonCameroon HondurasHonduras NicaraguaNicaragua
Benefits of IFMBenefits of IFM
Enhance transparency Enhance transparency
Increase quality and quantity of information Increase quality and quantity of information on the forest sector e.g. Cameroon on the forest sector e.g. Cameroon published lists of infractors & legal casespublished lists of infractors & legal cases
Improved law enforcementImproved law enforcement
Increase in revenueIncrease in revenue
Cost of IFMCost of IFM
Can pay for itself
US$3.5 million is enough to fund an international provider of IFM in Cameroon for seven years
IFM led to an increase in revenue. Fines of US$2,600 - US$3.5 million were brought by the forest authority against individual infractors
Governance and Transparency Governance and Transparency FundFund
Building civil society capacity in Building civil society capacity in developing countries to enhance developing countries to enhance transparency in forest sectortransparency in forest sector
8 pilot countries, 8 pilot countries, ₤₤3.7 million over 4 years3.7 million over 4 years
– Identify partner NGO and provide grantsIdentify partner NGO and provide grants– Develop forest transparency report cardsDevelop forest transparency report cards– Build capacity so CSOs can undertake IFM and Build capacity so CSOs can undertake IFM and
advocacy themselvesadvocacy themselves
Relevance to REDDRelevance to REDD
IFM could be adapted for use in IFM could be adapted for use in independent national monitoring and independent national monitoring and verification in REDDverification in REDD
Transparency report cards could be Transparency report cards could be used to assess progress with used to assess progress with governancegovernance
ECA Policy recommendations ECA Policy recommendations on Governanceon Governance
REDD funding must be linked to REDD funding must be linked to governance performancegovernance performance– law reform & enforcementlaw reform & enforcement– land tenure clarificationland tenure clarification
Independent national monitoring and Independent national monitoring and verification is essentialverification is essential
Multi-stakeholder national REDD groups Multi-stakeholder national REDD groups must include representatives of IPs, local must include representatives of IPs, local communities and CSOscommunities and CSOs
Final recommendationFinal recommendationGood fiscal governanceGood fiscal governance
or REDD funds will go the way of logging revenuesor REDD funds will go the way of logging revenues
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