grammar book

Grammar BookSpanish 31st PeriodCesar McKeeth

Table of Contents1. Presente -ar -er -ir2. Stem Changers3. Irregulars -go -zco -yo4. Saber vs Conocer5. Reflexives6. 'se' impersonal7. Dipthongs8. Verbs like... Uir/guir9. Verbs like...Cer/cir10. Verbs like...Ger/gir11. Hace + __ + que +

present/presente

12. Imperfecto◦ Irregulars◦ Trigger Words

13. Preterito◦ Irregular Car/ Gar/ Zar◦ Spock Verbs◦ Cucaracha◦ Snakes/Snakeys◦ Trigger Words

14. Comparatives/Superlatives

15. Future◦ Irregulars◦ Trigger Words

Presente –ar –er –ir endings

• ER-o-es-e-emos-éis-en

• IR-o-es-e-imos-ís-en

• AR-o-as-a-amos-áis-an

(Present Tense Verbs)

Stem Changers

Does not change in the nosotros or vosotros form. Changes the middle of the words e -> ie

u -> ueo -> ue

Irregulars -go -zco -yoThe irregular

present verbs change in the ‘yo’ form.

-go: ◦Caer - Caigo◦Decir - Digo◦Hacer - Hago◦Oir - Oigo◦Poner - Pongo◦Tener - Tengo◦Traer - Trago

◦Venir - Vengo

-zco: ◦Conocer - Conozco◦Producir - Produzco◦Conducir - Conduzco

-yo: ◦Ser - Soy◦Estar - Estoy◦ Ir - Voy◦Saber - Se◦Dar - Doy

Saber vs ConocerSaber and conocer both mean

“to know” in English. Saber is used to express knowledge about facts, while conocer is used to express knowledge about places and people.

Both Saber and Conocer have irregular yo forms: Sé and Conozco

ReflexivesReflexives are used when the subject and

object is the same.Reflexive verbs have a subject pronoun

added before the conjugated verb: Yo lavo > yo me lavo

Tú lavas > Tú te lavasme (myself)te (yourself)se (himself, herself, yourself)nos (ourselves)os (yourselves)se (themselves, yourselves)

Impersonal ‘se’Impersonal ‘se’ is used when the

subject us not important or unknown; A general statement.

DipthongsDipthongs are the strong and

weak vowels that are represented in words. When two vowels are next to each other, one is weak while the other is strong. The strong vowel is emphasized in the pronunciation.

Verbs like... Uir/guir

Example Conjugation for -guir:◦Conseguir

Consigo Consigues Consigue Consigimos Consiguen

Example Conjugation for uir:◦Atribuir

Atribuyo Atribuyes Atribuye Atribuimos Atribuyen

AtribuirConcluirConstruirContribuir

DestruirDistribuirExcluirIncluir

Verbs like...Cer/cir

Example Conjugation for -cer:◦ Conocer

Conozco Conoces Conoce Conocemos Conocen

Example Conjugation for cir:◦ Decir

Digo Dices Dice Dicemos Decin

ConvencerEsparcirEjercerCoercer

MecerRemecerVencerZurcir

Verbs like...Ger/girThe yo form of ger and gir verbs

changes the g to a j. Every other form uses a g.

Example conjugation:◦Coger

Cojo Coges Coge Cogemos Cogeis Cogen

Hace + __ + que + present/presente

The Hacer expressions are formed by saying hace + a time length + que + present tense verb. They are used to state how long an action is taking.

ImperfectoImperfecto tense is used to show

an action that is not yet completed.

-Ar-aba-abas-aba-ábamos-abáis-aban

-Er / -Ir-ía-ías-ía-íamos-íais-ían

Conjugation

PreteritePast tenseKnown beginning/and or ending“snapshot” of time

Conjugation:-ARÉAsteÓAmosAron

-ER/IRÍIsteIóImosieron

Trigger WordsAyerAnocheAnteayerLas semana pasadaEl mes pasadoEl ano pasadoEl fin de semana pasada

Los irregularesCar Gar ZarChange in the preterite yo formCar > QuéGar > gué Zar > cé

SpockHacer: -hacer, hice, hiciste, hizo,

hicimos, hicieronIr/Ser: - fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos,

fueronDar/Ler: - d/vi, d/viste, d/vio,

d/vimos, d/vimos, d/vieron

CucarachaAndar/andujveEstar/EstuvePoder/PudePoner/PuseGuerer/GuiseSaber/SupeTener/TuveVenir/VineConducir/CondujeProducir/Produje

Traducir/TradujeEIsteOImosIeronIf j, take I off of

ieron.

Snake/SnakeySnakes

◦Dormir Dormí Dormiste Durmío Dormimos Durmieron

Snakeys◦Leer

Leí Leiste Leimos Leyó Leyeron

ComparativesSuperiority

◦más + (adjective/adverb) + que Más + bonita + que

Inferiority◦menos + (adjective/adverb) + que

Menos + alto + que

Equality◦ tan + (adjective/adverb) + como

As + tall + as

◦ tanto + (noun) + como As many/much + money + as

SuperlativesSuperlatives compare two things

as well, but it is the greatest degree of comparison.

El/La + noun + mas/menos + adjective + de

FuturoVivirEstarComerAdd below after ending of infinitive.-é-ás-á-emos-án

Futuro: Irregular StemDecir: Dir to sayHaber: Habr there to be, to haveHacer: Har to make, doPoder: Podr to put, place, setQuerer: Querr to want, loveSaber: Sabr to know a factSalir: Saldr to leave, go outTener: Tendr to haveValer: Valdr to be worthVenir: Vendr to come