grammar book part 2
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TRANSCRIPT
Joya Burns
Libro de Gramatica(Spanish Grammar Book)
Concept Page #
Preterite 3
-car, -gar, -zar 4
SPOCK 5
Cucaracha 6
Snake/snakey 7
Modal Verbs 8
Los Adverbios 9
Progressive Tense 10
Superlatives 11
Formals commands 12
Prepositions 13
conditionals 14
Demonstratives 15
Table of Contents
Imperfect
• The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.
• The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that occurred over an extended period of time.
-ar verbs abaabasabaábamosabaisaban
-er verbs, -ir verbsíaíasíaíamosíaisían
Preterite
-ar-é-aste-ó-amos-aron
-er/ir-í-iste-ió-imos-ieron
PreteriteIrregulares
-Car, –Gar, -Zar
Tocar Jugar comenzar
Toque Jugue Comence
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Toco Jugo Comenzo
tocamos jugamos comenzamos
tocaron jugaron comenzaron
**spelling change in 1st person only
SPOCK
hacer ir/ser dar/ver
hice fui i
hiciste fuiste iste
hizo fue io
hicimos fuimos imon
hicieron fueron ieron
Cucaracha andar anduv-
estar estuv-
poder pud-
poner pus-
querer quis-
saber sub-
tener tuv-
venir vin-
decir dij-
traer traj-
conduar conduj-
producir produj-
traduar traduj-
-é-iste-o-imos-isties-ieron
Drop the i
snake/snakey
SNAKE
SNAKEY
STEM CHANGERSDormirDormíDormimosDormisteDurmióDumieron
Y CHANGERS
LeerLeíLeimosLeisteLeyóLeyeron
Modal verbs
Conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to get a new meaning.
Vocab Meaning
Deber Should, ought to, must
Desear To desire
Necesitar To need
Poder Can, could, might, be able to
querer Want, would like to
Saber Usually, used to
soler Know, know how to
ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)
poder+infinitive (are able to do something)
querer+infinitive (want to do something)
deber+infinitive (should do something)
tener que+infinitive (to have to do something)
soler+infinitive (to be accustomed to)
necesitar+infinitive (to need something)
Los Adverbios Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending corresponds to -ly in English.
Adj. Fem. form Adv.
claro clara claramente
constante constanteconstantemente
difícil difícil difícilmente
‣When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the second one uses the -mente ending. Note that the first adverb is the same as the feminine singular form of the adjective.
Progressive Tense....present
the present progressive is only used to describe an action that is in the process of taking place. It is not used for future actions
To form the present progressive in Spanish, combine a form of "estar" with the present participle.
comer: comiendo(comer - er + iendo)hacer: haciendo
(hacer - er + iendo)vivir: viviendo(vivir - ir + iendo)escribir: escribiendo
(escribir - ir + iendo)
hablar: hablando(hablar - ar + ando)trabajar:
trabajando(trabajar - ar + ando)estudiar:
estudiando(estudiar - ar + ando)
Participles....past
To form the past participle, simply drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).
They were studying. Ellos estaban estudiando ahora.We were selling a novel Estábamos vendiendo una novela.He was eating a lot. Él estaba comiendo mucho.She was leaving in two days. Estaba partiendo en dos días.
Futuro
• The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.
• But, the future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something.
• Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.
infinitive + ending
Future Irregulars
• caber• poner• decir• haber• salir• hacer• poder
• tenerquerervalersabervenir
Superlatives • Use when you want
to say something os the most or least of a certain quality.
• When using a superlative in the noun form, place it after the article.
• Use the neutral ‘lo’ when referring to an idea or concept.
1)Best 2)worst 3)oldest 4)youngest
1) El/La mejor2) El/La peor3) El/La mayor4) El/La menor
Formal Commands• Change to ‘yo’
• Change opposite vowel
• ar -> e
• er/ir -> a
Affirmative AND Negative
T V D I S H E S
Prepositions • al lado de - beside
• alrededor de - around, about
• antes de - before
• cerca de - near, close to
• debajo de - under, underneath
• delante de - in front of
• dentro de - in, inside, into, within
• después de - afterdetrás de - behindencima de - on top of, aboveenfrente de - oppositefrente a - opposite, towardsfuera de - except for, apart fromjunto a - next to, right by, nearlejos de - far away from
Conditionals
• Frequently, the conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.
• To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one of the following to the infintive:
íaíasíaíamosíaisían
DemonstrativesDemonstrative adjectives are placed before the noun and agree in number and gender with the noun.
This That That over there
m este ese aquel
f esta esa aquella
These Those Those over there
m estos esos aquellos
f estas esas aquellas
Aquí Allí Allá
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