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Granulated Foamed Glass for Civil Engineering Applications
Roald Aabøe, Norwegian Public Road Authorities.Even Øiseth, SINTEF Civil & Environmental Engineering.Jörgen HägglundHAS consult A/S, Norway
Kingston University, London
Light weight fills and insulation materials
Focused on:
Foamglass …shredded tires…
……flyash – small amountsin Norway
Application areas
Increase thestability againstfailures
Reducesettlements
Insulation
Insulation for roads, constructions, ditches, floor on ground etc
Traditonal light weight materials 60 og 70’s
Sawdust and bark: Waste from sawmillsDesign density γ = 10 kN/m3
Cellular concrete: Building blocks/slabsproduction waste
Design density:γ = 10 kN/m3
Materials seldom used today
Competitors in 2004 for lightweight fill and insulation materials.
Ekspanded polystyrene (EPS): Design density γ = 0,5 kN/m3
Includes recycling of blocks
Light Weight clay Aggregategrain size: 0 - 32 mm /10-20mmmonitoring programmeDesign density γ = 6 kN/m3.
Foamglass
• Low unit bulk density, the product is delivered in two qualities:180 kg/m3 and 225 kg/m3 (density at production plant)
• High thermal insulation qualities• High material strength, 60 – 120 kN/m2• Low moisture absorption• Chemically and thermally stable
Toxic components– below detecting level- According to SINTEF (Leachingtests) the product is
below the strictest requirements
Production process
Finely grinded glass powder + activator (e.g. silica) = glassfoamIn grinding process - heavy metals separated out melting plantsPowder run trough high temperature owen on steel belt conveyor- expands 4 times solid glass foam material
due to temperature shock - cracks into smaller unitsnormal grain size 10 – 60 mm
Light weight materials (EUR/m3)
Shreddedtires: No cost so far!
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Foamglass LWA EPS
Design density: 3,5-4 kN/m3 5,5 kN /m3 0,5 kN/m3
Consumption of foamglass in Norway and Sweden (1999 – 2004)Lightweight embankments:
Buildings Roads
Norway 13880 26590
Sweden 2405 90
Irland 770
Total 16950 26680
Insulation:
Norway 8070 16630
Sweden 1805 4986
Total 9975 21616
Annual consumption (m3) road construction
05 000
10 00015 00020 00025 00030 00035 00040 00045 00050 000
Foamglass EPS LWA
E 6 Main road through Norway2 foamglass projects presented
More than 25 road projects in Norway since 1999
E 6 Klemetsrud – Temporary and permanent roadconstruction with foamglass
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Distance from tube end (m)
Def
orm
atio
n (c
m)
Måling 08.05.03Måling 22.05.03Måling 25.08.03Måling 19.09.03Måling 23.04.04
96
97
98
99
100
101
Hei
ght (
m) )
Foamglass
Deformations in cm measured overa period of 1 year
Light compaction
ÅDT: 30 000% Heavy traffic: High
E6, Klemetsrud
3 meter HASOPOR
580 mm Gravel20-120 mm + 0-60 mm
80 mm Ag16.
Geotextile.
45 mm Ab.
Leaching of RCA and foamglass – full scale test starting October 2004
Sieving tests performed on the material after 1 yearin the construction show no tendency of crushing.
E 6 Eggemarka :Use of foamglass for road constructions
Siltymaterials
Rock
LWA /Foamglass
Crushed rock
Insulation
E 6 EggemarkaUse of foamglass for road constructions
In addition:Foamglass as insulation material inside the tunnel.
Siltymaterials
Rock
LWA /FoamglassInsulation
Siltymaterials
Rock
LWA /FoamglassInsulation
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Distance from left (m)
Hei
ght (
m)
Slange 15.01.03Slange 15.01.03O.k. fyllingSlange 17.03.04Slange 17.03.04
-10
-9
-8-7
-6
-5
-4
-3-2
-1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Distance from tube end (m)
Def
orm
atio
n (c
m)
Måling 15.01.03Måling 13.03.03Måling 21.05.03Måling 14.11.03Måling 17.03.04
Foamglass
E 6
E 6 EggemarkaUse of foam-glass for roadconstructions.
Deformations
CUAPCommon Understanding ofAssessment Procedurefor an European Technical ApprovalConstruction Products DirectiveFactory made cellular glass loose fillETA request N° 12.01/082nd Draft March 2004
CUAP / ETA
CUAP / ETACUAP clause for
Verification method Relevant limit
value or classification
4.1.1 Load bearing capacity 5.1.1 4.1.2 Crushing resistance 5.1.2 4.1.3 Behaviour under cyclic load 5.1.3 4.7.1 Resistance to freezing and thawing 5.5.1
4.3.1 Release of dangerous substances 5.3.1
4.6.4 Thermal conductivity 5.4.1 4.6.2 Capillary water suction height 5.4.2 4.6.3 Water absorption 5.4.3 4.6.5 Density 5.4.4 4.6.6 Particle size distribution 5.4.5 4.7.1 Resistance to freezing and thawing 5.5.1
4.6.2 Capillary water suction height 5.4.2 4.6.3 Water absorption 5.4.3 4.6.4 Thermal conductivity 5.4.1
Relevant characteristics
The initial type-testing conducted by Norwegian Building Research Institute (NBI) and SINTEF Technology and Society, Rock and Soil Mechanics. Initial type-tests are now finished in accordance with CUAP no. ETA request 12.01/08.
Laboratory testing, creep modelHasopor Light
Creep strain at 150 kPa(Hasopor Light)
1 14 days5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,000001 0,00001 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100
Time [Years]
Stra
in [%
]
measurements Test #1creep model, Test #1measurements Test #2creep model, Test #2measurements Test #3creep model, Test #3
Creep model gives less than 0.6 % creep strain from day 1 to 50 years(at stress level 250 kPa)
Laboratory testing, static triaxial tests
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Confining pressure (kPa)
Dev
iato
ric p
ress
ure
(kPa
)2 %
5 %
15 %15 %
2 %
π=44.5 π=36.7
8 %
3 %
Field test on frost insulation
• Comparing foam glass, Light weight clay aggregate and extruded polystyrene XPS plates with the uninsulated traditional road structure.
• Planned installation summer 2005 and running for 3 years.
• Measuring temperature/frostpenetrationgiving the resulting frost index when the frost penetrates into the subsoil.
Field section, 40 meters (4x10)
Traditional Blasted/crushedrock LWA Foam glass XPS
(20 mm)
40+40 mm30 mm370 mm
+130 mm
Subsoil
Monitoring field program
• Deformation – creep (settlement tubes)
• Deformation/crushing due to compaction
• Density – water content
• Sieving tests
• Bearing capacity (Plate bearing tests and falling weight measurements)
• Temperature
Density, watercontent, crushing (fines)
Roadproject
Quality Buildt Fieldtest
Volume[m3]
Watercont[weight%]
Density[kg/m3]
Fines < 8 mm [%]
Rv 17 Rosendal
HASOPOR std
1999 2002 310 18 530 30
G/S-veg Lodalen
HASOPOR std
2001 2001 1500 3-18 325
Rv 120Nannestad
HASOPOR light
2001 2001 2900 500 15-65
E6 Mulekrysset
HASOPOR llight
2002 2002 550 295 25-35
E6 Klemetsrud
HASOPOR light
2003 2003 1100 0,5 271 5-20
E6 Steinkjer HASOPOR std
2002 2003 1000 15-20 345 20
E6 Steinkjer ®HASOPOR std
2002 2004 1000 16-29 409 7-13
Compaction / crushing in the constructionperiod and long time performance.
Project Max heightlight weight fill.
[m]
Thickness ofcompactedlayer [m]
Compactionfactor
Def.Short term
[%]
Def.Long term
[%]
Def.in slopes
[%]
G/S-veg Lodalen 2 2 1,25 1,5 – 2,5 +0,5 – 1,0 4
Rv 120Nannestad
3 1 1,60 1 +0 – 0,5 2 – 3
E6 Klemetsrud 3 1,5 1,20 0,5 1 2
E6Steinkjer
4 1 - 1,5 - 2 +0,5 – 1,0 2 - 3
Conclusions
Foamglass granulate
• is technically and economically an interesting material for many civil engineering applications
• is fully resistant to possible chemical degrading agents in a road structure.
• has proved this in more than 25 road projects
Environmental policy
Pollution control authorities (SFT),
criteria for recycled materials:
• Material must have a function
• The material must satisfy specifications
• There must be a commercial interest
• The material must be clean
Be bright
Think light
And do it right !
Thank you for your attention !
VegdirektoratetVegteknisk avd.
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