green oil as the high-energy multipurpose biofuel of...
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Green Oil as the High-energy Multipurpose Biofuel of Choice
Katayoon DeheshUC Davis
STARCH VS OIL BIOSYNTHESIS
2Source: IEA WEO 2004
Global Energy Demand Growth by Sector (1971-2030)
Ene
rgy
Dem
and
(bnb
oe)
Rapid Demand Growth Across All Sectors
Rapid Demand Growth Across All Sectors
Key: - industry- transport - power - buildings
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
1971 2002 2030
Courtesy of Chris Somerville
3
* - excludes traditional biomassSource: IEA 2004
2002 2030
Fuels Mix Projected to Remain Similar
Fuels Mix Projected to Remain Similar
Key:
- oil - coal - gas - nuclear - hydro - modern renewables
Global Primary Energy Supply by Fuel*:
37%
23%
27%
5%
2% 6%
39%
25%
23%
7%
2% 4%
Courtesy of Chris Somerville
4Source: UN and DOE EIA
Energy use grows with economic developmentEnergy use grows with economic development
US
Australia
Russia
BrazilChinaIndia
S. Korea
Mexico
Ireland
Greece
FranceUK Japan
Malaysia
energy demand and GDP per capita (1980-2002)
Courtesy of Chris Somerville
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000
GDP per capita
Prim
ary
Ener
gy p
er c
apita
(GJ)
6
Combustion of biomass can provide carbon neutral
energy
Combustion of biomass can provide carbon neutral
energy
CO2
Polysaccharides
Photosynthesis “Combustion”
Work
Sunlight
(Storage)
Courtesy of Chris Somerville
7
Combustion of biomass can provide carbon neutral energyCombustion of biomass can
provide carbon neutral energy
Courtesy of Chris Somerville
Yeast fermentation of simple sugars such as glucose to ethanol is cheap and easy
Feedstock such as sugar cane used in Brazil are ideal
whereas, feedstock rich in:
1- starch (corn kernel)
2- cellulosic, that is cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (Switchgrass, corn stalks, Wood chips)
ARE a PROBLEM
Ethanol as biofuel
Only 40% of the energy content of cellulosic feedstock can be converted to ethanol!!!
Service R, Science 2010, 329: 784-85
9
US Biomass inventory = 1.3 billion tons
US Biomass inventory = 1.3 billion tons
Forest12.8%
Urban waste2.9%
Manure4.1%
Grains5.2%
Crop residues7.6%
Soy6.2%
Wheat straw6.1%Corn stover
19.9%
Perennial crops35.2%
From: Billion ton Vision, DOE & USDA 2005
26 B gals ~
Courtesy of Chris Somerville
10
Routes to fermentation of all sugars are knownRoutes to fermentation of all sugars are known
Jeffries & Shi Adv Bioch Eng 65,118
Lignin
Typical grasscomposition
cellulose
Hemicellulose
From: Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol
Steps in cellulosic ethanol production
Steps in cellulosic ethanol production
Courtesy of Chris Somerville
13
Crop yields have been strongly increased but biomass yields have not!
Crop yields have been strongly increased but biomass yields have not!
Source: European Forest Institute (www.efi.fi)Indiana Agricultural Statistics Service
Average European forest yield Average Indiana corn yield
Courtesy of Chris Somerville
14
Key Challengesin conversion technology
Key Challengesin conversion technology
• Overcoming the recalcitrans of LC biomass
• Efficiently utilizing all sugars• Producing better fuel molecules beyond ethanol
• Creating a highly productive, stable host organism
In US ethanol constitutes 10% of blended gasoline.
Other limitations
US uses 140 BG Gasoline/year, thus demandfor ethanol is capped at 14 BG!
Biorefineries make 12.1 BG of corn ethanol/year,
THUS
Industry has reached a blend wall!
NO MORE cellulosic ethanol
This will change ONLY if cars run on E85 (a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% petroleum)
Service R, Science 2010, 329: 784-85
Largest Source of Biofuel is Brazilian sugarcane
2009 in Brazil usage of 4.6 Mha land resulted to:
27 giga-liters of ethanol (GLE)
&2GW of net electricity from combustion of bagasse
Brazilian government announced restriction of land usage for fuel to 60 Mha.
Somerville R, et.al., Science 2010, 329: 790
17
Primary Energy Conversion Technology Products
Reforming
Coal
Natural Gas
Biomass
Extra Heavy
Oil
SyngasConversion
- FT- Oxygenates- Chemicals
Gasification
Enzymatic/Biological Conversion
PowerGeneration
Electricity
Fuels
Chemicals
Refining Processes- coking
- hydro-treating- novel thermal processes
CO2 CaptureCO2 for
EOR/Storage
The fungibility of carbonThe fungibility of carbon
Fossil fuel is believed to be derived from ancient lipid rich organic material such as spores and planktonic algae!
TAG
Hydrocarbon in conventional diesel
Plant TAGs is chemically most similar to fossil oil
TAGs esterification with methanol produces biodiesel
Heat of combustion values for biodiesel and conventional diesel
FAMEs in biodiesel have high energy density
Data are from the National Biodiesel Board (http://www.biodiesel.org) and the European Biodiesel Board (http://www.ebb-eu.org)
Biodiesel production
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Methyl oleate Ethanol
Hea
t of c
ombu
sion
(KJ/
g)
Oils have double the energy content/carbon atom than carbs.
Oil provides a larger sink for photosynthesis thus reducingthe potential feedback suppression of photosynthesis
Fermentation of carbohydrate to ethanol leads to loss of 1/3 of the carbon as CO2
Few of advantages of plant oils over carbohydrates
Doubling the energy value of perennial grasses through conversion of 20% of
dry matter from lignocellulose to OIL
Peterson, Wood 1997 JCerealSci
Heneen et. al. 2008 Planta
Oat
A unique cereal that accumulates both triacylglycerols and starch in the endosperm
Medium-oil cv. Freja
9%
74%
4%
13%
2%1%1%
Endosperm
Lipids
Non-Lipids
Non-LipidsEmbryo &Scutellum
TAG
PL
Other
6%1%
LipidsTAGPL
Other
C-Sucrose14
High-oil cv. Matilda
21%
62%
6%11%
9%10%2% 4%
1%1%
EndospermLipids Lipids
Non-Lipids
Non-Lipids
TAGPL
Other TAG
PL
Other
Embryo &Scutellum
14C-Sucrose
Oat endosperm contains starch & oil
2%
Lipid synthesis in oat seedsLipid synthesis in oat seeds
Starch
&
Lipids
TLC-plate
TAGs
Rest
Polar Lipids
1. Cold sucrosefeeding till the desired developmental stage
2. Hot sucrosefeeding &seedharvest
cv. Matildacv. Matildacv. Freja
cv. Freja
Flux analysis: carbon portioning between starch and oil
Carbon flux to lipids Carbon flux to non-lipids
Lipids Accumulate Early in Kernel FillingLipids Accumulate Early in Kernel Filling
Distinct profiles of carbon partitioning occur throughout development and between cultivars
Distinct profiles of carbon partitioning occur throughout development and between cultivars
Low-oil cv. Freja
seems to have a
delay in oil
biosynthesis
Early Endosperm
Late Endosperm
700,000 Reads218bp average
40,000 Contigs Early 19,000 Contigs Late
454 Pyrosequencing of Early and Late Endosperm Transcripitomes
454 Data454 Data
Two 454 runs (new GSFLX chemistry)
150,000,000bp
706,000 fragments
219bp ave read length
Two 454 runs (new GSFLX chemistry)
150,000,000bp
706,000 fragments
219bp ave read length
Early Endosperm 40,000 Contigs
Late Endosperm 19,000 Contigs
Early Endosperm 40,000 Contigs
Late Endosperm 19,000 Contigs
454 pyrosequencing
454 pyrosequencing Contig
Assembly
ContigAssembly
Constructing the tools to analyze the oat transcriptome
Constructing the tools to analyze the oat transcriptome
454 pyrosequencing
454 pyrosequencing Contig
Assembly
ContigAssembly
Probe Creation
Verification
Probe Creation
Verification12 Plex 135k feature
Expression Array
12 Plex 135k featureExpression Array
Matilda RNA Early EndospermLate Endosperm
Matilda RNA Early EndospermLate Endosperm
Constructing the tools to analyze the oat transcriptome
Constructing the tools to analyze the oat transcriptome
384k FeatureMicroarray
384k FeatureMicroarray
Additional Arrays:RootLeaf
EmbryoWhole Stage A
Pericarp
56Custom Endosperm
Specific Expression Arrays
MatildaFreja
7 StagesAveraged
Biological Replicates
15 StagesSerial Analysis
15 StagesSerial Analysis
Transcript under precise regulation responding to cell metabolism
Transcript showing consistent regulation driving cell metabolism
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