green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · definitions alexandra tisma and mariana...

Ruimteconferentie | 2011Roterdam

PBL Netherlands Environamental Assessment AgencyAlexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto

19|04|2011

A framework of indicator system for evaluation of green spaces in metropolitan regions. The case of Randstad, Netherlands

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Presentation Structure

•Introduction • Research Context

•Indicators

•Research Method

•Analyses of the results• Statiscal indicators• Statiscal versus spatial indicators• Acessibility• Concurrence• Environmental Quality• Perception and use by inhabitants

•Conclusions and Recomendations

Research Context

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Why metropolitan green?

LocalUrbanM e t r o p o l i t a n

- large green spaces between the cities- urban green areas

"metropolitan green space"

Randstad = "network city“

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Why metropolitan green?

A lot of research about sustainability indicators, but very few look at the cross relationships between form, spatial context, and social factors, and at different spatial levels.

Which criteria can be used to chose adequate indicators from the huge amount of possible

indicators?

method that combines indicators for quantity, quality and usability

monitoring, evaluation and planning metropolitan green spaces

Difference between statistical and spatial indicators?

How the results of this research can be used by PBL for policy evaluation and advise?

Which selection of indicators will be adequate to support our "research philosophy"?

Quantitative versus qualitative indicators?

Are indicators useful? When yes and when not?

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Research questions

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Limitations

Indicators

• An indicator is something that helps you understand where you are, which way you are going and how far you are from where you want to be. Saramento et al. (2000)

• Good indicators present information in a clear and usable form at the right time to those who need it (BOYD, 1997).

• Bell at al. (2000) defined indicator as a measure against which some aspects of policy performance can be assessed.

INDICATORS ARE INFORMATION TOOLS

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definitions

limited value of quantitative norms and indicators

complex nature of green spaces (urban context)

partial picture of the function of green areas for both recreation as for other aspects of urban livability such as climate and health improvement.

amount of green surface

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Criticism of quantitative norms

- quality- equipment for

leisure and recreation

- design

500m = not realistic any more

hierarchic system of standards

75m2 per dwelling in newly built areas

social and demographic composition of the housing areas

Neighborhood

Quarter

DistrictCity

Urban Forest

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011

different functional levels on different spatial scale

Criticism of quantitative norms

Distance, size, type of green space, and the possibility to conduct certain activities, are the most important variables influencing people’s preferences. (Ponje and Timmermans, Technological University of Eindhoven, Greenspace Project, 2005).

quantitative norms

planning practice

large scale analyses (national or regional level)

local level (in combination with qualitative indicators, experts judgment and users opinion).

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Quantity vs. Quality

“People do not use city open space just because it is there and because city planners or designers wish they would “

J. Jacobs, 1963

Visitors prefer parks containing many qualities. (Berggren-Bärring and Grahn, 1995)

Cities have different methods of classification of green spaces and their own way of monitoring, planning, developing and maintaining green areas

how to evaluate and compare cities?

Preferences of inhabitants (Belevingswaardemonitor PBL, 2009)

physical characteristics

qualitative research

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Use and Perception

Research Method

Literature Review Spatial analyses (ArcGis)

Research philosophy

Selection of indicators Quantity

Quality

Use and perception

CategoriesGeneral indicators

Proximity and Accessibility

Barriers and entrances

Attractiveness

Environmental

Social aspects

- research time

- database

Randstad Amsterdam

Application

public green spaces

Analyses and discussion

Conclusions and recommendations

Metropolitan/Urban

Urban/local

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Research Method

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Research philosophy

Physical Character

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definition of the cities borders

1600m

Neighborhood(>1ha)

Quarter(1‐5ha)

District(5‐30ha)

City(30‐300ha)

Large Natural Areas

400m 800m 3200m 10.000m

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definition of categories of green spaces

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definition of categories of green spaces

Results

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011

% of public green in relation to total urban area

Statistical indicators

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Green categories

Green Spaces/dwelling (m2)

0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00

AMSTERDAM

DEN HAAG

ROTERDAM

UTRECHT

city

district

quarter

neighborhood

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011

m2 public green per dwelling/inhabitant: per city

Green Spaces/inhabitant (m2)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

AMSTERDAM

DEN HAAG

ROTERDAM

UTRECHT

city

district

quarter

neighborhood

Statiscal indicators

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Statiscal vs. spatial indicators

% of inhabitants that have access to only 5 green category

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility

Coverage

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility

Concurrence of quarter category

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility

Concurrence of district category

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility

Concurrence of city category

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility

Concurrence on all functional levels

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Concurrence

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Concurrence

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Concurrence

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Air Pollution –PM10 (mg/m3)

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Green Spaces affected by PM10

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Green Spaces affected by Black Smoke

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Green Spaces affected by Black Smoke

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Perception and use by inhabitants

Local Scale – Inhabitants' options from Amsterdam

Conclusions

• On metropolitan level provision of green spaces for recreation is much higher in the fringe formed by the cities then in the Green hart

• Capacity of Green hart for recreation is low:– It is not accessible– The network of biking and hiking paths is much less dense that in

the dunes and Heuvelrug

• Generally G4 cities are well covered with a variety of accessible green areas

• But, the best provided areas are in the periphery of the G4 cities while city centers (most populated areas) have less green spaces and they are also smaller qua size

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011

• Analyses of accessibility show the most important deficiencies of green spaces for recreation appears on the lowest functional level – urban neighborhood and urban quarter.

• Functional levels sometimes do not correspond with the way people use green spaces (example of Vondelpark and Westerpark)

• Environmental quality is in the Netherlands not an important precondition for use and perception of quality of green spaces (example of Amsterdamse bos)

• The method of this research can be applied for:– comparison of different cities– detection of problematic areas within one city– to define priorities, where green is lacking is easily visible– to define policy goals on different scale levels

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011