gross anatomy of the nasal cavity & the pharynx. external nose the external nose includes: –...

GROSS GROSS ANATOMY OF ANATOMY OF THE NASAL THE NASAL

CAVITY & THE CAVITY & THE PHARYNXPHARYNX

External NoseExternal NoseThe EThe External Nosexternal Nose includes: includes:– The The rootroot (area between the eyebrows) (area between the eyebrows) – The The bridgebridge– The dThe dorsum nasiorsum nasi terminating at the terminating at the apexapex – Just inferior to the Just inferior to the apexapex is the is the philtrumphiltrum. . – The external openings of the nose: nostrils or The external openings of the nose: nostrils or naresnares

are bounded laterally by the flared are bounded laterally by the flared alae.alae.

It is covered with the skin and contains two It is covered with the skin and contains two nasal bones, several cartilages and muscles of nasal bones, several cartilages and muscles of facial expression facial expression The External Nose contains the most anterior The External Nose contains the most anterior part of the Nasal Cavity and Nasal Vestibule.part of the Nasal Cavity and Nasal Vestibule.

External NoseExternal Nose

ApexD

orsu

m

Bridge

AlaP

hiltru

mS

eptu

m

Root

AlaNasalvestibule

Nasal CartilagesNasal Cartilages

Nasalbone

Nasalbone

Nasalbone

External Nose, Nasal Bones & CartilagesExternal Nose, Nasal Bones & Cartilages

Nose, Nasal Bones & CartilagesNose, Nasal Bones & Cartilages

Nose & Nasal CartilagesNose & Nasal Cartilages

Muscles of Facial Expression

Vibrissal Hairs

Main Functions of Nasal CavityMain Functions of Nasal Cavity

It provides an airway for respirationIt provides an airway for respiration

It filters and cleans inspired airIt filters and cleans inspired air

It moistens and warms (cools) the entering airIt moistens and warms (cools) the entering air

It serves as a resonating chamber for speechIt serves as a resonating chamber for speech

It houses the olfactory (smell) receptorsIt houses the olfactory (smell) receptors

Functions of Nasal CavityFunctions of Nasal Cavity

It is also filtered & cleaned there.

Walls of Nasal CavityWalls of Nasal Cavity

The Nasal Cavity is divided by its septum into The Nasal Cavity is divided by its septum into the right and left halves and each half has 4 the right and left halves and each half has 4 walls:walls:– Superior (Roof)Superior (Roof)– Inferior (Floor)Inferior (Floor)– LateralLateral– Medial (Nasal Septum)Medial (Nasal Septum)

Bones of Nasal CavityBones of Nasal CavityWalls:Walls:– Nasal RoofNasal Roof

Nasal Nasal FrontalFrontalEthmoid (cribriform plate)Ethmoid (cribriform plate)Sphenoid (anterior & inferior surfaces of body)Sphenoid (anterior & inferior surfaces of body)

– Nasal FloorNasal FloorIntermaxillary (incisive) boneIntermaxillary (incisive) bonePalatine process of MaxillaPalatine process of MaxillaHorizontal plate of Palatine boneHorizontal plate of Palatine bone

– Lateral WallLateral WallNasalNasalMaxillaMaxillaLacrimalLacrimalEthmoid (labyrinth) Ethmoid (labyrinth) Inferior conchaInferior conchaPalatine (vertical lamina)Palatine (vertical lamina)Sphenoid (medial lamina of pterygoid process)Sphenoid (medial lamina of pterygoid process)

– Medial Wall (Nasal Septum)Medial Wall (Nasal Septum)VomerVomerEthmoid (perpendicular plate)Ethmoid (perpendicular plate)

Bones Of Facial SkeletonBones Of Facial Skeleton

Individual Cranial BonesIndividual Cranial Bones

Frontal

Temporal

Parietal

Occipital

Zygomatic Maxilla

Mandible

Ethmoid

Nasal

Vomer

Sphenoid

LacrimalInferior Nasal Concha

Bones of Nasal Cavity

Nasal Cavity

Ethmoid Bone – Coronal Cross SectionEthmoid Bone – Coronal Cross Section

Right LabyrinthLeft Labyrinth

Cribriform Plate

Perpendicular Plate

RightMiddle Concha

LeftMiddle Concha

Areas of Lateral Nasal WallAreas of Lateral Nasal WallVestibule of noseVestibule of noseAtrium of middle meatusAtrium of middle meatus

It is above and posterior to vestibule and anterior to It is above and posterior to vestibule and anterior to middle meatusmiddle meatusAgger nasi – Additional concha close to nasal boneAgger nasi – Additional concha close to nasal bone

Inferior conchaInferior conchaInferior meatus – below conchaInferior meatus – below concha

Middle conchaMiddle conchaMiddle meatus – below conchaMiddle meatus – below concha

Superior conchaSuperior conchaSuperior meatus – below conchaSuperior meatus – below concha

Spheno-ethmoidal recessSpheno-ethmoidal recessAbove superior conchaAbove superior concha

Nasal Vestibule Nasal Vestibule

Is a slight dilation inside the nostril, limited by a Is a slight dilation inside the nostril, limited by a ridge (limen nasi) over which skin is continuous ridge (limen nasi) over which skin is continuous with the mucosawith the mucosa

It is surrounded by cartilageIt is surrounded by cartilage

It is lined with the skin containing coarse hairs It is lined with the skin containing coarse hairs sebaceous glands and sweat glands sebaceous glands and sweat glands

Lateral wall & Openings of Paranasal SinusesLateral wall & Openings of Paranasal Sinuses

Inferior Meatus

Middle Meatus

Sphenoethmoidal Recess

Superior Meatus

NasopharynxAtri

um o

f Mid

dle M

eatu

s

Nasal Vestibule

Oral Cavity

F

S

Bones of Lateral Nasal WallBones of Lateral Nasal Wall

Bones of Nasal Roof & FloorBones of Nasal Roof & Floor

Nasal Roof

Nasal Floor

Ethmoid

Maxilla

Inferior Nasal Concha

Nasal

Frontal

Sphenoid

Palatine

Bones of Nasal FloorBones of Nasal Floor

Components of Inferior Nasal Wall in AdultComponents of Inferior Nasal Wall in AdultView from Oral Cavity

or Incisive bone(primary palate)

Secondary Palate

Interpalatine suture

Nasal SeptumNasal SeptumComponents:Components:

VomerVomer

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bonePerpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

Nasal crest of maxillaNasal crest of maxilla

Nasal crest of palatine boneNasal crest of palatine bone

Nasal crest of sphenoid boneNasal crest of sphenoid bone

Vertical crest of nasal boneVertical crest of nasal bone

Nasal spine of frontal boneNasal spine of frontal bone

Nasal septal cartilageNasal septal cartilage

Components of Nasal SeptumComponents of Nasal Septum

Vomer

Septal Cartilage

Perpendicular platePerpendicular plateof Ethmoid boneof Ethmoid bone

Nasal Crest of Palatine BoneNasal Crest of Maxilla

Nasal Crest of Sphenoid Bone

Nasal Spine of Frontal Bone

Vertical Crest of Nasal Bone

Paranasal SinusesParanasal SinusesThese are air-filled cavities, which develop in facial and cranial These are air-filled cavities, which develop in facial and cranial bones.bones.The paranasal sinuses are paired and are named for the bone The paranasal sinuses are paired and are named for the bone in which they are located:in which they are located:– Frontal bone – 2 Frontal sinusesFrontal bone – 2 Frontal sinuses– Sphenoid bone – 2 Sphenoidal sinusesSphenoid bone – 2 Sphenoidal sinuses– Ethmoid bone – 2 Labyrinths with Ethmoidal sinuses (groups of air cells)Ethmoid bone – 2 Labyrinths with Ethmoidal sinuses (groups of air cells)– 2 Maxillary bones – 2 Maxillary sinuses2 Maxillary bones – 2 Maxillary sinuses

Spaces of sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity via their Spaces of sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity via their openings. openings. The sinuses are lined with mucous membrane, which has The sinuses are lined with mucous membrane, which has mucous glands, and it is continuous with that of the nasal cavitymucous glands, and it is continuous with that of the nasal cavitySinuses drain into the nasal cavitySinuses drain into the nasal cavity due to coordinated ciliary due to coordinated ciliary activity.activity.This movement of mucus which is known as muco-ciliary This movement of mucus which is known as muco-ciliary clearance is not random but rather programmed so that mucus clearance is not random but rather programmed so that mucus moves along in a pattern.moves along in a pattern.This secretion keeps the nose and sinuses moist.This secretion keeps the nose and sinuses moist.The sinus does not “drain” by gravity-it is an active processThe sinus does not “drain” by gravity-it is an active process

Location of Paranasal SinusesLocation of Paranasal Sinuses FrontalFrontal- Paired, in the frontal bone. One sinus per side located in - Paired, in the frontal bone. One sinus per side located in

the forehead. They are separated from each other by a bony septum the forehead. They are separated from each other by a bony septum which deviates from the median plane. Usually asymmetrical, and which deviates from the median plane. Usually asymmetrical, and roughly in shape extending upward above the medial end of the roughly in shape extending upward above the medial end of the eyebrow and backward into the medial part of the roof of the orbiteyebrow and backward into the medial part of the roof of the orbit ..

EthmoidalEthmoidal- Contained within the labyrinths of the ethmoid bone. - Contained within the labyrinths of the ethmoid bone. Approximately 6-12 small sinuses per side, located in the lateral wall Approximately 6-12 small sinuses per side, located in the lateral wall of nasal cavity between the orbit and nasal cavity.of nasal cavity between the orbit and nasal cavity.

SphenoidalSphenoidal- Paired, in the body of sphenoid bone. One sinus per its - Paired, in the body of sphenoid bone. One sinus per its side, located behind the ethmoid sinuses, beside the midline of the side, located behind the ethmoid sinuses, beside the midline of the body. Pituitary fossa of Sella Turcica projects into this space. Each body. Pituitary fossa of Sella Turcica projects into this space. Each sinus opens into the spheno-ethmoidal recess above the superior sinus opens into the spheno-ethmoidal recess above the superior concha.concha.

Maxillary (Antrum) Maxillary (Antrum) - Paired, in maxilla. One sinus located in each - Paired, in maxilla. One sinus located in each side of the face. It is pyramidal in shape with the base forming the side of the face. It is pyramidal in shape with the base forming the lateral wall of the nose and the apex in the zygomatic process of the lateral wall of the nose and the apex in the zygomatic process of the maxilla. Inferiorly related to tooth-bearing area of maxilla. The roof is maxilla. Inferiorly related to tooth-bearing area of maxilla. The roof is formed by the floor of the orbit while the floor is formed by the formed by the floor of the orbit while the floor is formed by the alveolar process of maxilla. The roots of the first, second premolars, alveolar process of maxilla. The roots of the first, second premolars, the molar and sometimes the root of the canine project up into the the molar and sometimes the root of the canine project up into the sinus.sinus.

Location of Paranasal SinusesLocation of Paranasal Sinuses

Location of Paranasal SinusesLocation of Paranasal Sinuses

Location of Paranasal SinusesLocation of Paranasal Sinuses

Frontal Sinus (Sagittal Section)Frontal Sinus (Sagittal Section)

Right Frontal Sinus – Diploe is removedRight Frontal Sinus – Diploe is removed

Frontal Sinus

Orbit

Nose

Extension of Frontal Sinuses in Upper Orbital WallsExtension of Frontal Sinuses in Upper Orbital Walls

Frontal Sinus

Frontal Sinus

Anterior Cranial Fossa

Paranasal Air SinusesParanasal Air Sinuses

Sphenoid Air Sinus

Ethmoid Air Sinuses

Maxillary Air Sinus

Sagittal Cross Section

Sphenoidal Sinus – Sagittal Cross SectionSphenoidal Sinus – Sagittal Cross Section

Sphenoidal Sinus

Sphenoidal Sinus – Coronal Cross SectionSphenoidal Sinus – Coronal Cross Section (Posterior View)(Posterior View)

Sphenoidal Sinus

Ethmoidal Sinuses (Air Cells)Ethmoidal Sinuses (Air Cells)Coronal Cross Section

Roof of Ethmoidal Sinuses in LabyrinthsRoof of Ethmoidal Sinuses in LabyrinthsHorizontal Cross Section

Left Maxilla – Medial ViewLeft Maxilla – Medial View

Maxillary Sinus

Small Right Maxillary Sinus – Coronal SectionSmall Right Maxillary Sinus – Coronal Section

Right Orbit

Palate

Left Maxillary Sinus – Coronal SectionLeft Maxillary Sinus – Coronal Section

Maxillary Sinus

Hard Palate

Floor

Infraorbital CanalFrom Behind

Apex

Roof

Base

Inferior Orbital Wall

Molar Tooth

External Nose & Left Maxillary SinusExternal Nose & Left Maxillary Sinus

Knife Entering Left Maxillary SinusKnife Entering Left Maxillary Sinus

Paranasal Sinuses: Site of Drainage to Nasal CavityParanasal Sinuses: Site of Drainage to Nasal CavityMaxillaryMaxillary– It drains into the middle nasal meatus through the hiatus It drains into the middle nasal meatus through the hiatus

semilunarissemilunaris

FrontalFrontal– It drains into the middle meatus via frontonasal duct, It drains into the middle meatus via frontonasal duct,

infundibuluminfundibulum and hiatus semilunarisand hiatus semilunaris

SphenoidalSphenoidal– It drains into the sphenoethmoidal recessIt drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess

EthmoidalEthmoidal– Anterior Group of air cellsAnterior Group of air cells

They drain into the Infundibulum and into the middle They drain into the Infundibulum and into the middle nasal meatusnasal meatus

– Middle Group of air cells Middle Group of air cells They drain into the Middle nasal meatus on or above They drain into the Middle nasal meatus on or above bulla ethmoidalisbulla ethmoidalis

– Posterior Group of air cellsPosterior Group of air cellsThey drain into the Superior nasal meatusThey drain into the Superior nasal meatus

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCECLINICAL SIGNIFICANCESinuses frequently become infected due to Sinuses frequently become infected due to obstruction of normal drainage, and negative obstruction of normal drainage, and negative pressure in a sinus can cause headaches. pressure in a sinus can cause headaches. Blockage of the sinus ostium results in Blockage of the sinus ostium results in reduction of ventilation and drainage. reduction of ventilation and drainage. – If the ostium is smaller than 2.5 mm, sinus is If the ostium is smaller than 2.5 mm, sinus is

predisposed to development of disease. predisposed to development of disease. – Obstruction interrupts the self-cleaning mechanism Obstruction interrupts the self-cleaning mechanism

of the affected sinus therefore secretion stagnates of the affected sinus therefore secretion stagnates and changes composition.and changes composition.

Neoplasms which arise in the sinuses can be Neoplasms which arise in the sinuses can be occult for quite a long time, so that they are occult for quite a long time, so that they are usually very advanced at the time of diagnosis.usually very advanced at the time of diagnosis.

Water’s View of Paranasal sinusesWater’s View of Paranasal sinuses

Drainage of Nasolacrimal Duct into Inferior Nasal MeatusDrainage of Nasolacrimal Duct into Inferior Nasal Meatus

Nerves of Nasal SeptumNerves of Nasal SeptumOlfactory nervesOlfactory nervesMedial nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal Medial nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve nerve (anterior & upper part of septum)(anterior & upper part of septum)

Nasal Branches from pterygopalatine ganglionNasal Branches from pterygopalatine ganglion– Nasopalatine nerveNasopalatine nerve– Medial posterior superior nasal branchesMedial posterior superior nasal branches

Nasal branches of Infraorbital nerve (movable Nasal branches of Infraorbital nerve (movable part of nasal septum) part of nasal septum) Nasal branch of Anterior superior alveolar Nasal branch of Anterior superior alveolar nervenerve

Near anterior nasal spineNear anterior nasal spine

Nasal branches from nerve of pterygoid canalNasal branches from nerve of pterygoid canal

NERVES OF NASAL SEPTUMNERVES OF NASAL SEPTUM

Nerves of Nasal WallsNerves of Nasal Walls

Nerves of Lateral Nasal WallNerves of Lateral Nasal WallOlfactory nervesOlfactory nerves

External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerveExternal nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve

Lateral nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerveLateral nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve

Branches from pterygopalatine ganglionBranches from pterygopalatine ganglion– Lateral posterior superior nasal branchesLateral posterior superior nasal branches– Lateral posterior inferior nasal branches of greater palatine Lateral posterior inferior nasal branches of greater palatine

nervenerve

Infratrochlear nerve (side of the nose) Infratrochlear nerve (side of the nose)

Infraorbital nerve (maxillary sinus, nasal vestibule) Infraorbital nerve (maxillary sinus, nasal vestibule) – Nasal branch of Anterior superior alveolar nerve (floor and Nasal branch of Anterior superior alveolar nerve (floor and

lateral wall up to semilunar hiatus) lateral wall up to semilunar hiatus)

Facial nerve (nasal muscles) Facial nerve (nasal muscles)

Nerves of Lateral Nasal WallNerves of Lateral Nasal Wall

Autonomic Nerves of Nasal CavityAutonomic Nerves of Nasal Cavity

Arteries of Nasal SeptumArteries of Nasal SeptumSeptal branches of Sphenopalatine artery Septal branches of Sphenopalatine artery

Septal branches of anterior ethmoidal arterySeptal branches of anterior ethmoidal artery

Septal branches of posterior ethmoidal arterySeptal branches of posterior ethmoidal artery

Septal branch of superior labial arterySeptal branch of superior labial artery

Terminal nasal part of greater palatine arteryTerminal nasal part of greater palatine artery

Nasal ArteriesNasal Arteries

Arteries of Lateral Nasal WallArteries of Lateral Nasal WallLateral branches of Sphenopalatine artery Lateral branches of Sphenopalatine artery

Terminal nasal branch of Greater palatine Terminal nasal branch of Greater palatine arteryartery

Lateral branches of anterior Ethmoidal arteryLateral branches of anterior Ethmoidal artery

Lateral branches of posterior Ethmoidal arteryLateral branches of posterior Ethmoidal artery

Nasal branches of Infraorbital arteryNasal branches of Infraorbital artery

Superior (anterior & posterior) Alveolar arteriesSuperior (anterior & posterior) Alveolar arteries

Lateral branch of superior Labial arteryLateral branch of superior Labial artery

Lateral nasal branch of Facial arteryLateral nasal branch of Facial artery

Arteries of Lateral Nasal WallArteries of Lateral Nasal Wall

Arteries of External NoseArteries of External Nose

Venous Drainage of Nasal CavityVenous Drainage of Nasal Cavity

Drainage Drainage is via veins accompanying arteries. is via veins accompanying arteries.

Veins form rich submucosal cavernous plexus, Veins form rich submucosal cavernous plexus, which is dense in lower part of septum and in which is dense in lower part of septum and in middle and inferior conchae – middle and inferior conchae – swell bodiesswell bodies

Arteriovenous anastomoses occur there. Arteriovenous anastomoses occur there.

A few veins pass through cribriform plate to A few veins pass through cribriform plate to drain into intracranial veins of anterior cranial drain into intracranial veins of anterior cranial fossa. fossa.

When foramen caecum is patent it transmits a When foramen caecum is patent it transmits a vein from nasal cavity to superior sagital vein from nasal cavity to superior sagital venous sinus.venous sinus.

Nasal VeinsNasal Veins

Swell BodiesSwell Bodies

Every 20-30 minutes, swell bodies on one side Every 20-30 minutes, swell bodies on one side of nasal cavity become engorged with blood, of nasal cavity become engorged with blood, resulting in swelling of conchal mucosa and resulting in swelling of conchal mucosa and decrease in the flow of air, which is directed to decrease in the flow of air, which is directed to other side of nasal cavity. These periodic other side of nasal cavity. These periodic intervals of occlusion allow respiratory intervals of occlusion allow respiratory epithelium to recover from over chilling, epithelium to recover from over chilling, overheating or over drying (desiccation). overheating or over drying (desiccation).

Venous Drainage from External NoseVenous Drainage from External Nose

GROSS GROSS ANATOMY OF ANATOMY OF

THE THE PHARYNXPHARYNX

The PharynxThe PharynxIs located behind nasal cavities, mouth & larynxIs located behind nasal cavities, mouth & larynxIs a musculocutaneous tube, 12 – 14 cm longIs a musculocutaneous tube, 12 – 14 cm longExtends from cranial base to level of C6 & lower Extends from cranial base to level of C6 & lower border of cricoid cartilage of the larynxborder of cricoid cartilage of the larynxHas its width greatest superiorly (3.5 cm) and it is Has its width greatest superiorly (3.5 cm) and it is reduced up to 1.5 cm at junction with esophagusreduced up to 1.5 cm at junction with esophagusIs attached from above downwards on each side to:Is attached from above downwards on each side to:

Base of skull has strong liner attachment of pharyngobasilar fascia to Base of skull has strong liner attachment of pharyngobasilar fascia to basilar occipital & petrous temporal bones: basilar occipital & petrous temporal bones:

From pharyngeal tubercle - laterally, to external carotid foramen and From pharyngeal tubercle - laterally, to external carotid foramen and then anteromedially, to base of medial pterygoid plate then anteromedially, to base of medial pterygoid plate

Posterior Border of Medial Pterygoid PlatePosterior Border of Medial Pterygoid PlatePterygomandibular RaphePterygomandibular RaphePosterior end of Mylohyoid line of MandiblePosterior end of Mylohyoid line of MandibleSide of TongueSide of Tongue Hyoid boneHyoid boneThyroid & Cricoid cartilagesThyroid & Cricoid cartilages

The PharynxThe PharynxIs subdivided into three parts:Is subdivided into three parts:– Nasopharynx: behind choanaeNasopharynx: behind choanae

From base of the skull in front of C1 & C2From base of the skull in front of C1 & C2It communicates with Tympanic Cavity via Auditory tube It communicates with Tympanic Cavity via Auditory tube

– Oropharynx: behind the mouthOropharynx: behind the mouthIn front of C3In front of C3

– Laryngopharynx: behind the larynxLaryngopharynx: behind the larynxIn front of C4, C5, C6In front of C4, C5, C6

Pharyngeal wall has the following layers:Pharyngeal wall has the following layers:– Mucous membraneMucous membrane– Pharyngobasilar fasciaPharyngobasilar fascia– Muscular coatMuscular coat– Buccopharyngeal fasciaBuccopharyngeal fascia

The PharynxThe Pharynx

Nasopharynx

PharynxOropharynx

Laryngopharynx

C3

Skull – Attachment of Pharyngobasilar FasciaSkull – Attachment of Pharyngobasilar Fascia

Pharyngeal Tubercle

Line of Attachment

Skull – Attachment of Pharyngobasilar FasciaSkull – Attachment of Pharyngobasilar Fascia

Anterior Pharyngeal Wall from BehindAnterior Pharyngeal Wall from Behind

Pharyngeal MusculaturePharyngeal MusculatureIt includes It includes threethree ConstrictorConstrictor and and threethree ElevatorElevator muscles. muscles.Constrictor muscles:Constrictor muscles:– Superior Pharyngeal ConstrictorSuperior Pharyngeal Constrictor– Middle Pharyngeal ConstrictorMiddle Pharyngeal Constrictor– Inferior Pharyngeal ConstrictorInferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

Elevator muscles:Elevator muscles:– Stylopharyngeus Stylopharyngeus Glossopharyngeal nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve– PalatopharyngeusPalatopharyngeus– SalpingopharyngeusSalpingopharyngeus

Motor innervation is from cranial part of Accessory nerve Motor innervation is from cranial part of Accessory nerve through through Vagus: itsVagus: its branchesbranches forming forming Pharyngeal plexus Pharyngeal plexus (Exception: Stylopharyngeus)(Exception: Stylopharyngeus) Sensory innervation: Sensory innervation: Pharyngeal plexusPharyngeal plexus, which is formed by , which is formed by pharyngeal branches of pharyngeal branches of Vagus, Glossopharyngeal Vagus, Glossopharyngeal and rami of and rami of Sympathetic trunk. Nasopharynx is supplied by Sympathetic trunk. Nasopharynx is supplied by branches of the branches of the Maxillary nerve. Maxillary nerve.

Attachments of Pharyngeal ConstrictorsAttachments of Pharyngeal Constrictors

SuperiorMiddle

Inferior

Pharyngeal Muscles from BehindPharyngeal Muscles from Behind

Pharyngeal & Palatal Muscles from BehindPharyngeal & Palatal Muscles from Behind

Pharyngeal Muscles from the SidePharyngeal Muscles from the Side

View of Pharynx from BehindView of Pharynx from Behind

Naso & OropharynxNaso & Oropharynx

Middle Concha

Inferior Concha

Palatoglossal fold

LingualTonsil

S.S.

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

PharyngealTonsil

Palatopharyngeal fold

Tongue

Torus tubarius

Opening of Auditory Tube

Tubal Tonsil

PalatineTonsil

Epiglottis

C2

Right Auditory Tube (Cartilaginous Part)Right Auditory Tube (Cartilaginous Part)

Pharyngeal Blood SupplyPharyngeal Blood SupplyBranches of Ascending Pharyngeal ArteryBranches of Ascending Pharyngeal ArteryBranches of Facial ArteryBranches of Facial Artery

Ascending palatineAscending palatineTonsillar ramiTonsillar rami

Branches of Maxillary ArteryBranches of Maxillary ArteryGreater PalatineGreater PalatinePharyngealPharyngealArtery of Pterygoid CanalArtery of Pterygoid Canal

Branches of Lingual ArteryBranches of Lingual ArteryDorsal Lingual Rami Dorsal Lingual Rami

Venous Drainage:Venous Drainage:Pharyngeal plexus of veins to Pterygoid Plexus, Internal Pharyngeal plexus of veins to Pterygoid Plexus, Internal Jugular Vein & Facial veinJugular Vein & Facial vein

Structures of Naso & OropharynxStructures of Naso & Oropharynx

Pterygoid Plexus of VeinPterygoid Plexus of Vein

Pterygoid Plexus of Veins

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