gsm handover
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GSM Handover Algorithm N-1
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Copyright © 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
GSM Handover Algorithm
GSM Handover Algorithm N-2
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Foreword
Handover is a key technology of mobile communication system and
make continued conversation possible.
Handover algorithm in Huawei product is flexible and powerful.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-3
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Outline the types of handover
Master handover judgment flow
Understand algorithm of different handovers
Explain HO data configuration
GSM Handover Algorithm N-4
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Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. HO Algorithm Process
GSM Handover Algorithm N-5
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Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. HO Algorithm Process
GSM Handover Algorithm N-6
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Purposes of HO
To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
To improve network service performance
To reduce the call drop rate
To reduce the congestion rate
Handover can maintain the communication continuity of MS which moves across different cells and lower the call drop rate and provide better communication service.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-7
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Classification by Reason
No DL MR Emergency HOTiming Advance (TA) HOInterference HORx_Level_Drop HOBad Quality (BQ) HO
Emergency HO
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Load HO
Normal HO
1
2
3
4
Classification by
ReasonEDGE HO PBGT HOLayer HO MS Fast Moving HOConcentric Cell HOAMR HO
GSM Handover Algorithm N-8
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Classification by Synchronization
CELL
Case 1
Synchronous Handover: the target BTS shall not send PHY INFO message
Case 2
Asynchronous Handover: the target BTS shall send PHY INFO message
Case 3 Case 4 Case 5
MSC
BSC
BTS
BSC BSC
MSC
BTS BTS BTS BTS
NSS Network
Synchronous handover: source and target cell belong the same BTS
Asynchronous handover: source and target cell belong the different BTS
GSM Handover Algorithm N-9
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Classification by Equipment and Channel
SDCCH SDCCH →→ TCHTCH(Direct Retry)(Direct Retry)
SDCCH SDCCH →→ SDCCHSDCCH
Intra Intra –– Cell Cell HOHO
Inter Inter –– Cell HOCell HO
Intra Intra –– BSC HOBSC HO
Intra Intra –– MSC HOMSC HO
Inter Inter –– MSC HOMSC HO
TCH TCH →→ TCHTCH
GSM Handover Algorithm N-10
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Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. HO Algorithm Process
GSM Handover Algorithm N-11
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Contents
2. HO Algorithm Process
2.1 General HO Process
2.2 Measure and Measurement Result Report
2.3 Measurement Report Preprocessing
2.4 Handover Judgment
2.5 Handover Implementation
GSM Handover Algorithm N-12
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General HO Process
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes into Dedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report1
Measurement Report Preprocessing2
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
GSM Handover Algorithm N-13
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General HO Process
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes into Dedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report1
Measurement Report Preprocessing2
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
GSM Handover Algorithm N-14
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The downlink measurement reportof the neighbor cell (BCCH)
Measurement Report
Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.
Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink receiving
quality of the serving cell and other downlink receiving levels from
the neighbor cells.
Serving cell
Neighbor cell
The uplink MR
The downlink MR
In dedicated mode, the system performs handover and power control judgment based on measurement reports. The downlink MR are reported to the network via uplink SACCH channel.
Downlink--In dedicated mode, MS reports MR via uplink SACCH channel periodically. The report includes the receiving level, received quality, TA, power class and whether DTX is used. At the same time, MS will perform pre-synchronization to neighbor cell defined by the system to obtain BCCH frequencies and BSIC, measure their received signal level and report the six max. neighbor cells with the highest received signal level.
Uplink--The uplink measurement report is measured by BTS, including the receiving level and receiving quality from the MS.
Both parts are sent by BTS to BSC for further processing at the same time.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-15
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Measurement Report
There are two values in the measurement report: FULL MR and SUB MR.
FULL--Averaging 100 TCH bursts (except the four idle frames in the four 26-multiframes)
SUB--Averaging 12 bursts (four SACCH bursts and eight TCH bursts in specific position).
SUB should be selected when the Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) function is activated.
RXQUAL level in MR Huawei value BER behind 0 0 Less than 0.2% 1 10 0.2% ~ 0.4% 2 20 0.4% ~ 0.8% 3 30 0.8% ~ 1.6% 4 40 1.6% ~ 3.2% 5 50 3.2% ~ 6.4% 6 60 6.4% ~ 12.8% 7 70 Greater than 12.8%
GSM Handover Algorithm N-16
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Period of Measurement Report
The downlink MR is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink
The interval is 480ms/per time when MS is on TCH
The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH
12TCH 12TCH1SACCH 1 Idle
480ms 4 TCH Multi-frames
SACCH is a bidirectional channel.It sends the downlink measurement report to BTS in uplink SACCH.It sends SYS.INFO. 5 and SYS. INFO. 6 to MS in downlink SACCH.
1. The SACCH measurement report period varies with the channel occupied by MS in dedicated mode.
2. When associated with SDCCH, SACCH measurement period is 470ms, this is because there is an entire SACCH message block in 2 SDCCH 51-multiframes.
3. When associated with TCH, SACCH measurement period is 480ms, this is because there is an entire SACCH message block in 4 TCH 26-multiframes
A complete measurement report is formed by four consecutive SACCH bursts. In SDCCH channel the four bursts are transmitted continuously. In TCH channel there is only one SACCH burst in each 26-multiframe, therefore only four 26-multiframe can constitute a complete measurement report.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-17
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General HO Process
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes into Dedicated Mode
Measurement Report Preprocessing
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
Measure and Measurement Result Report1
2
GSM Handover Algorithm N-18
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MR Preprocessing
MR Preprocessing
Interpolation
Recover the lost
measurement report
Filtering
Smooth the instantaneous
fading point
MR preprocessing consists of two steps: interpolation and filtering.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-19
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MR Interpolation
MR
MR
No. n
No. n+4
Continuous MR Flow
MRMR
MR
Missing by some reasons
…
…
MR Interpolation – recover the lost measurement report
BTS may fail to receive the MR from MS, and it needs to recover the lost measurement reports. If the lost MR amount is within the allowed range (Allowed MR Number Lost), then recovers the lost MR according to the specific algorithm.
Service cell: linear algorithm
Neighboring cell: the lowest value defined in GSM specification (-110dBm)
The continuity of measurement report is judged by measurement report number. Each measurement report has a serial number. If the serial numbers of received measurement reports are not consecutive, there must be missing measurement reports, and the system will make them up according to the interpolation algorithm.
As shown in the diagram, the network receives measurement reports n and n+4, whose serial numbers are not consecutive, so the system will make up for the missing measurement reports n+1, n+2 and n+3 with a certain algorithm.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-20
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MR Filtering
MR
MRContinuous MR Flow MR
MR
MR
…
…Filter----Average several consecutive MRs
MR
Filtering – smooth the instantaneous fading point
Calculate the average value within the filter window
When the network receives the measurement report, it can not judge the current condition of MS according to just one measurement report due to the signal fluctuation. Therefore, filtering, a more suitable method is applied.
Different filters are applied in receiving level, receiving quality and TA of uplink and downlink.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-21
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Data Configuration of MR Preprocessing
[MR Preprocessing]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the BTS pre-processes the MR.
This parameter determines the location where power control is performed. If this parameter is set to Yes, power control is performed by the BTS. Otherwise, the power control is performed by the BSC.
When this parameter is set to No, the MR is processed by the BSC, in which case, both Transfer original MR, Transfer BS/MS power class and Sent Freq of preprocessed MR are invalid.
When this parameter is set to Yes, the load over Abis interface and that over the BSC are reduced, thus shortening the response time and improving the network performance.
[Transfer Original MR]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the original MR is transferred to the BSC after the BTS pre-processes the MR.
When the parameter is set to Yes, the BTS transfers to the BSC both the processed MR and the original MR.
•Remarks:In case of 4:1 configuration, this parameter must be set to No if SDCCH/8 is greater than 2.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-22
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Data Configuration of MR Preprocessing
[Transfer BS/MS Power Class]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the original BS/MS power class is transferred to the BSC.
•Remarks:When MR pre-processing is enabled, uplink and downlink balance measurement is affected if this parameter is set to No. In addition, power compensation handovers, such as PBGT handovers, load handovers, and Concentric Cell handovers, may become abnormal.
[Sent Freq of Preprocessed MR]
•Value Range: Do not Report, Twice every second, Once every second, Once every two seconds, Once every four seconds
•Default Value: Twice every second
•Description: This parameter indicates the frequency that the BTS transfers the preprocessed MR to the BSC. After the MR is preprocessed by BTS, the BTS transfers the preprocessed MR to the BSC. For example, if this parameter is set to Twice every second, the BTS transfers the preprocessed MR to the BSC twice per 0.5 second.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-23
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Data Configuration of MR Preprocessing
[Allowed MR Number Lost]
•Value Range: 0~31
•Default Value: 4
•Description: This parameter indicates the number of MRs allowed to be lost in succession. When this threshold is not reached, the lost MR is estimated via the linear interpolation basing on the first and the last MRs received. When this threshold is reached, all previous MRs are discarded, and calculations are made again when new MRs are received.
•Remarks: MRs fail to be decoded correctly when the signal strength in the serving cell is poor. When this threshold is reached, all previous MRs are discarded and handover may fail. Thus, it is advised to assign this parameter with a greater value to enable emergency handover.
[Filter Length for TCH Level]
•Value Range: 1~31
•Default Value: 4
•Description: This parameter indicates the number of MRs used for averaging the TCH signal strength.
This parameter helps to avoid sharp drop of signal levels caused by Raileigh Fading and to ensure correct handover decisions.
•Remarks: When this parameter is too large, the impact of sudden changes is reduced, and the response is delayed, thus affecting the network performance.
[Filter Length for TCH Qual]
•Value Range: 1~31
•Default Value: 4
•Description: This parameter indicates the number of MRs used for averaging the TCH signal quality.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-24
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Data Configuration of MR Preprocessing
[Filter Length for SDCCH Level]
•Value Range: 1~31
•Default Value: 2
•Description: This parameter indicates the number of MRs used for averaging the SDCCH signal strength.
It is recommended that you assign this parameter with a lower value because the SDCCH occupation time is shorter than the TCH occupation time.
[Filter Length for SDCCH Qual]
•Value Range: 1~31
•Default Value: 2
•Description: This parameter indicates the number of MRs used for averaging the SDCCH signal quality.
It is recommended that you assign this parameter with a lower value because the SDCCH occupation time is shorter than the TCH occupation time.
[Filter Length for Ncell RX_LEV]
•Value Range: 1~31
•Default Value: 4
•Description: This parameter indicates the number of MRs used for averaging the signal strength in neighboring cells. This parameter helps to avoid sharp drop of signal levels and to ensure correct handover decisions.
•Remarks: When this parameter is too large, the impact of sudden changes is reduced, and the response is delayed, thus affecting the network performance.
[Filter Length for TA]
•Value Range: 1~31
•Default Value: 4
•Description: This parameter indicates the number of MRs used for TA averaging.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-25
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General HO Process
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes intoDedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report1
MR. Preprocessing2
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
TA HO
Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Bad Quality HO
Load HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
AMR HO
No DL MR HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
Normal HO
GSM Handover Algorithm N-26
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Penalty Processing
Intra-cell HO
HO Fails Emergency (TA&BQ)HO
MS Fast Moving
HO
Concentric Cell HO
Penalty
Punish on the target cell
Punish on the original cell
Punish on other high priority layer cells
AMR HOFails
There are several kinds of penalty process
Penalty on target cell when a HO fails.
Penalty on source cell when an emergency HO (BQ and TA ) is performed.
Penalty on other high priority layer cells after fast moving HO is performed.
Penalty for concentric cell HO
Penalty for intra-cell HO
Penalty for AMR HO
GSM Handover Algorithm N-27
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Penalty for Handover Failure
Punish the target cell when a HO fails.
This is to avoid the MS to select this cell again in next HO judgment.
Cell A
BTSHO Fail
BSC
Cell B
BTS
When MS fails to handover to a target cell, a penalty will be given on the signal level of this target cell during a so called “handover failure penalty time” period. That is, when ranking the neighbor cells in the cell list, the corresponding neighbor cell with a failure record within the penalty time will be penalized by cutting certain value on the reported signal level.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-28
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Data Configuration of Penalty for Handover Failure
[Penalty Level after HO Fail]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 30
•Description: This parameter indicates the penalty level given to a target cell. A penalty level is given to a target cell to avoid further attempts when a handover fails due to any of the following reasons:
Cell congestion
A message indicating internal handover refusal is received.
A message indicating Um interface handover failure is received during out-going BSC handover.
A message indicating Um interface handover failure is received during internal handover.
•Remarks: This parameter is valid only before the penalty time of handover failure expires.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-29
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Data Configuration of Penalty for Handover Failure
[RscPenaltyTimer]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the length of the penalty timer for handover failure between adjacent cells due to cell congestion.
[UmPenaltyTimer]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 10
•Description: This parameter indicates the length of the penalty timer for handover failure between adjacent cells due to failed air interface connection.
[CfgPenaltyTimer]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 255
•Description: This parameter indicates the length of the penalty timer for handover failure between adjacent cells due to incorrect data configuration.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-30
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Cell A
Cell B
BTSBQ&TA HO
BSC
Penalty for Emergency Handover
Punish the original cell when an emergency HO ( due to BQ and TA)
occurs.
In case of BQ emergency handover, the original serving cell will be penalized (called signal level penalty by BQ HO ), during BQ HO penalty time, to avoid MS to be handed back to the original serving cell again within certain time.
It is the same for TA handover, i.e. the original serving cell is penalized (signal level penalty by TA HO ) during TA HO penalty time.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-31
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Data Configuration of Penalty for Emergency Handover
[Penalty Level after BQ HO]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 63
•Description: This parameter indicates the penalty level given to the original serving cell where emergency handover is performed due to bad quality. After emergency handover is performed due to bad quality, the receive level of the original serving cell is decreased by the penalty level. Thus, other cells are given higher priority and handover to the original serving cell is not allowed.
•Remarks: This parameter is valid only before the penalty time of handover due to bad quality expires.
[Penalty Time after BQ HO (s)]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 15
•Description: This parameter indicates the penalty time given to the original serving cell where emergency handover is performed due to bad quality. During the penalty time, the receive level of the original serving cell is decreased by the penalty level. Thus, other cells are given higher priority and handover to the original serving cell is not allowed.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-32
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Data Configuration of Penalty for Emergency Handover
[Penalty Level after TA HO]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 63
•Description: This parameter indicates the penalty level given to the original serving cell where emergency handover is performed due to TA. After emergency handover is performed due to TA, the receive level of the original serving cell is decreased by the penalty level. Thus, other cells are given higher priority and handover to the original serving cell is not allowed. This parameter is valid only before the penalty time of handover due to TA expires.
[Penalty Time after TA HO(s)]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value:30
•Description: This parameter indicates the penalty time given to the original serving cell where emergency handover is performed due to TA. During the penalty time, the receive level of the original serving cell is decreased by the penalty level. Thus, other cells are given higher priority and handover to the original serving cell is not allowed.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-33
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Back? No way!Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
Penalty for MS Fast-moving Handover
Giving penalty on the other three layers(Non-umbrella Layer ) after MS
handovers to Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO.
This is to keep MS staying in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO.
Purpose of such penalty: When MS crosses continuously several micro cells, it handover to the umbrella cell with lower hierarchical priority level, to avoid too frequent handovers which will affect the communication quality between those cells. At the same time, penalty is started to avoid handover back to original cell again. A possible example is that a fast moving car is running on a highway.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-34
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Data Configuration of Penalty for MS Fast-moving Handover
[Penalty on MS Fast Moving HO]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value:30
•Description: This parameter indicates the penalty given to the level in a neighboring cell when an MS is moving fast. Only the cells in the umbrella layer can give penalty to the cells in other three layers.
•Remarks: This parameter is valid only before the penalty time of fast moving expires.
[Penalty Time on Fast Moving HO]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 40
•Description: This parameter indicates the period during which penalty is performed on the neighboring cells of the fast moving MS. During this period, penalty on the neighboring cells (on only the other three layers except the umbrella layer) of fast moving MS is valid.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-35
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Underlaid
Overlaid Do not attempt again during penalty time
after one failed HO(O->U)!
Penalty for Concentric Cell
A new concentric cell HO is prohibited within a penalty time after a
concentric cell HO failure.
Do not attempt again after N failed
HO(U->O)!
Huawei concentric cell HO failure means the failure of handover from the Underlaid to the Overlaid, or from the Overlaid to the Underlaid.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-36
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Data Configuration of Penalty for Concentric Cell
[Penalty Time after UtoO HO Fails(s)]
•Value Range: 10~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 40
•Description: After a UL to OL handover fails, no UL to OL handover request is allowed before the penalty time expires.
[Penalty Time after OtoU HO Fails(s)]
•Value Range: 0~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 10
•Description: After an OL to UL handover fails, no OL to UL handover request is allowed before the penalty time expires.
[MaxRetry Time after UtoO Fail]
•Value Range: 0~8 Default Value: 3
•Description: This parameter indicates the threshold of UL to OL handover failures. UL to OL handover is not allowed if the number of handover failures reaches this threshold.
•Remarks: When this parameter is set to 0, not this threshold but the penalty time restricts the permission of handover.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-37
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Underlaid
OverlaidDo not
attempt back too fast!
Penalty for Enhanced Concentric Cell
A new U O HO is prohibited within a penalty time after a
O U HO is performed successfully.
This penalty is valid only for Enhanced Concentric Cell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-38
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Data Configuration of Penalty for Enhanced Concentric Cell
[Penalty Time of UtoO HO(s)]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 10
•Description: This parameter indicates the penalty time for forbidding ping-pong handovers. After an OL to UL handover is performed, UL to OL handover is not allowed before the penalty time expires. If this parameter is set to 0, a UL to OL handover is allowed when required.
•Remarks: This parameter is valid only when Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-39
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Penalty for Intra-cell HO
A new intra-cell HO is prohibited if it occurs too frequently.
3 7 12 32 T (s)0
Penalty time
Intra-cell HO Time
2nd.3rd.
4th.
Max. consecutive HO times: 3
Forbidden time after Max. times: 20s
Interval for consecutive HO Jud: 6s
1st.
Because of the co-channel interference and other interference, the voice quality of a MS on certain frequency may lower than the handoverthreshold, now, the voice quality can be satisfied if the MS hands over to another frequency in the same cell. On the other side, the signaling flow of this kind of intra-cell handover is less and handover successful ratio is higher.
But under some specific condition (for example: several frequency are all interfered in a cell), then continual intra-cell handover may occurred. So it is necessary to control the frequency of intra-cell handover.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-40
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Data Configuration of Penalty for Intra-cell HO
[Max Consecutive HO Times]
•Value Range:1~20
•Default Value: 3
•Description: This parameter indicates the maximum number of consecutive intra-cell handovers allowed. If the interval of two continuous intra-cell handovers is less than a specified threshold, the two handovers are regarded as consecutive handovers.Intra-cell handover is forbidden if the number of consecutive handovers exceeds this threshold.
[Forbidden Time after Max Times]
•Value Range: 1~200
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 20
•Description: This parameter indicates the timer that starts when the threshold of maximum consecutive intra-cell handovers is reached. Intra-cell handovers is allowed only when the timer expires.
[Interval for Consecutive HO Jud.]
•Value Range: 1~200
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 6
•Description: This parameter indicates the period for judging whether two continuous intra-cell handovers are consecutive.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-41
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Data Configuration of Penalty for AMR FR HR Handover Failure
[Penalty Time after AMR TCHF-H HO Fails(s)]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 30
•Description: This parameter indicates the penalty time for AMR full rate to half rate (FR-to-HR) handovers. Before the timer expires, no AMR FR-to-HR handover request is allowed if the previous full-half handover fails due to channel unavailability or channel mismatch.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-42
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General HO Process
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes intoDedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report1
MR. Preprocessing2
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
TA HO
Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Bad Quality HO
Load HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
AMR HO
No DL MR HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
Normal HO
GSM Handover Algorithm N-43
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Ranking Processing
M rule
K rule
Basic ranking
16 bits ranking
Network feature adjustment
The ranking result: target cell selection of handover
Ranking processing of cells are major parts of the HO judgment.
The ranking result is used for target cell selection of handover.
The ranking processing includes:
Basic ranking
M rule
K rule (Integrated with 16bits ranking, will be discussed together with 16bits ranking)
Network feature adjustment
16 bits ranking
GSM Handover Algorithm N-44
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M Rule Begin
Finish to all neighbor cells?
An BSC external neighboring cell& the current channel is
SDCCH ?
No
Yes
Direct retry? [Inter-BSC SDCCH HO Allowed] (S) is Yes?
Delete the cell from the cell list?
the cell overload ?
Yes No
Yes
No
RX_LEV_DL(n) < [Min DL Poweron HO Candidate Cell](n)+
[Min Access Level Offset](s->n)?
RX_LEV_UL(n) < [Min UP Power on HO Candidate Cell](n)+
[Min Access Level Offset](s->n)?
Delete this cell from the cell list
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
End
For service cell: Min Access Level Offset=0
M rule will remove the neighbor cells from the candidate cell listaccording to the flow.
Yes
Yes
M rule will remove the cells from the candidate cell list according to the following conditions:
Under the condition of non-direct retry, if “Inter-BSC SDCCH HO Allowed” is No, and this is an external neighboring cell, and the current channel is SDCCH
If the cell is overload
RX_LEV_DL < Min DL Power on HO Candidate Cell + Min Access Level Offset
RX_LEV_UL < Min UL Power on HO Candidate Cell + Min Access Level Offset
For service cell: Min Access Level Offset is 0.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-45
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Data Configuration of M Rule
[Inter-BSC SDCCH HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter indicates whether an inter-BSC SDCCH handover is allowed. An inter-BSC SDCCH handover is triggered when an MS succeeds in requesting SDCCH but fails to request TCH in a BSC.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-46
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Data Configuration of M Rule
[Min UP Power on HO Candidate Cell]
•Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm) Default Value: 10
•Description: The M criterion supports the minimum value constraint of uplink received level of the neighbor cell. Expected uplink level of the neighbor cell >= (the minimum uplink power of the candidate cell for handover + the minimum access level offset)The M criterion is satisfied only when the expected downlink level of the neighbor cell >= (the minimum downlink power of the candidate cell for handover + the minimum access level offset).0-63 with 0 indicating -110 dBmand 63 indicating -47 dBm.
[Min DL Level on Candidate Cell]
•Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm) Default Value: 15
•Description: This parameter indicates the lower threshold of downlink receive level when a cell becomes a candidate cell.
•Remarks: This parameter must be appropriately specified. If it is too high, some desired cells may be excluded from the candidate cells. If it is too low, an unwanted cell may become the target cell, thus leading to handover failures or call drops. A cell can become a candidate cell only when the receive level minus this parameter is greater than the minimum access level offset.
[Min Access Level Offset]
•Value Range: 0~63 Unit: dB Default Value: 0
•Description: This offset is based on the Min DL level on Candidate Cell. For different adjacent cells, different offsets can be defined. Only when the receiving level of an adjacent cell > Min DL Level on Candidate Cell + Min Access Level Offset, then this cell become a candidate cell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-47
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Network Feature Adjustment
After network feature adjustment, all the candidate cells have their own
16 bits value.
The smaller the value is, the higher the handover priority and position of
the cell are in the candidate cell list, then it is possible to be the
candidate cell.
The Lowest
Weight
The Highest
Weight16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
GSM Handover Algorithm N-48
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Network Feature Adjustment
The 1st~3rd bits
The bit value indicates the priority of downlink receiving level according to
the cell signal level and the penalty process taking place beforehand.
The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell
according to the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell with
the strongest signal level is 000, for the cell with second strongest signal
level is 001 and so on.
Actually that is the core of K rule.
141516 12345678910111213
GSM Handover Algorithm N-49
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Network Feature Adjustment
The 4th bit: [Inter-cell HO hysteresis] bit.
141516 12345678910111213
serving cell?
Always set to 0
No
RX_LEV_DL (n) >=RX_LEV_DL (s) +
[Inter-cell HO hysteresis] (s->n) ?
Yes
Set to 0Yes
Set to1
No
Service cell: always 0
Neighboring cell: when RX_LEV_DL (n) >= RX_LEV_DL (s) + Inter-cell HO hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 0. Otherwise, set to 1
GSM Handover Algorithm N-50
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Data Configuration of Inter-cell HO Hysteresis
[Inter-cell HO Hysteresis]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the handover hysteresis between adjacent cells of the same layer. The purpose of setting this parameter is to reduce the "Ping-Pong" handovers. The value of this parameter is invalid if cells are not on the same layer. 4 dB for populous urban areas and 8 dB for suburbs.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-51
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Network Feature Adjustment
The 5th~10th bits
The bit value is decided according to their position in Huawei hierarchical
network structure.
Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be
further divided into 16 different priorities.
So there are 64 different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.
141516 12345678910111213
GSM Handover Algorithm N-52
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Hierarchical Cell Structure
GSM900 Cell
Micro Cell
Umbrella Cell GSM 900
GSM1800 GSM1800GSM1800
GSM 900
GSM900GSM900
GSM1800GSM1800
GSM1800 Cell
GSM 900
GSM900GSM900
GSM1800GSM1800
Layer 4(low)
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1(high)
The handover algorithm of Huawei divides the whole network into four layers, each of which further divided into 16 levels. The lower the layer is, the higher the handover priority level will be. The “Micro Cell” layer has the highest priority level.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-53
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Data Configuration of Cell Hierarchical Network Structure
[Cell Layer]
•Value Range:1~4 (mapping to the PICO layer, the MICRO layer, the MACRO layer, and the UMBRELLA layer)
•Unit: Layer
•Default Value: 3
•Description: The framework of Huawei network is divided into four layers: Umbrella layer, Macro layer, Micro layer, and Pico layer. Each layer is designed with 16 priorities. The Umbrella layer refers to the GSM900 layer with a large coverage area. It implements the high-layer coverage and the connection of MSs moving at a high speed. The Macro layer carries most traffic on the GSM900 band. The Micro layer carries most traffic on the DCS1800 band. It solves the problem of insufficient resources. The Micro layer is a main cell layer for dual-band MSs in the future. The Pico layer is a microcell layer on the GSM900 and DCS1800 bands. It meets the requirements for the provisioning of traffic at hot spots and dead zones.
•Remarks: You can set multiple priorities (a maximum of 16 priorities) for each layer. From the aspect of traffic priority, if the layer and level of a cell is low, the priority is high.
[Cell Priority]
•Value Range:1~16
•Unit: Level
•Default Value:1
•Description: This parameter controls handover between cells at the same layer. Generally, the cells at the same layer have the same priority. If the cells at the same layer have different priorities, the cell with a smaller value has a higher priority.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-54
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Network Feature Adjustment
The 11th bit: The bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.
This bit is affected by 14th bit.
141516 12345678910111213
System load>=[System Flux Threshold for Load HO](s) or [Load HO Allowed](s) =No ?
Yes 11th bit is turned off
serving cell?
set to 0
NoYes
Cell load >= [Load HO Threshold](s)?
set to 1 set to 1
cell load >=[ Load Req. on Candidate Cell](n)?
set to 0
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion. And this bit will be turned off when the system load is higher than System Flux Threshold for Load HO or Load HO Allowed is set to NO
Service cell: if cell load >= Load HO Threshold, bit 11th is set to 1. Otherwise, set to 0
Neighboring cell: if cell load >= Load Rep. on Candidate Cell, bit 11th is set to 1. Otherwise, set to 0
GSM Handover Algorithm N-55
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Data Configuration of Cell-load-sharing
[Load HO Allowed]
• Value Range: Yes, No
• Default Value: No
• Description: This parameter indicates whether a traffic load-sharing handover is allowed. Load-sharing helps to reduce cell congestion, improve the success rate of assignment, and balance the traffic load among cells. Load-sharing functions only within the same BSC or in cells of the same layer. It applies to only TCH. If load handover is frequently required, TRX configuration and network planning should be properly adjusted.
• Remarks: In areas with tight frequency reuse, extra interference may occur if Load HO Allowed is set to Yes.
[System Flux Threshold for Load HO]
• Value Range: 0~11
• Default Value: 10
• Description: System Flux Threshold for Load HO is obtained based on message load, CPU load, and so on. The system flow level is the current flow control level of the system.
0~11:It is the system flux control level when the alarm module send out alarms information. Level 11 is the highest and level 0 is the lowest.
A load handover is allowed only when the system flow is lower than this threshold. Otherwise, unexpected situations may occur. Therefore, this parameter must be set properly.
Flow control threshold for the CPU to start to discard the channel access messages and paging messages: 80%
Flow control threshold for the CPU to discard all the channel access messages and paging messages: 100%
CPU usage smaller than 80% corresponds to level 0. CPU usage equal to or greater than CPU flow control threshold 80% corresponds to level 2.
An increase of 5% means an increase of 2 levels.
Level 10 is the highest. The level value can be 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-56
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Data Configuration of Cell-load-sharing
[Load HO Threshold]
Value Range: 0~100(%)
Default Value: 85
Description: When the load handover is switched on, it is recommended that the Load HO Threshold is set to 85.The cell load refers to TCH usage. When the cell load exceeds the value of Load HO Threshold, the BSC starts the load handover. That is, the BSC starts the load handover after the TCH in the cell are proportionally occupied.
Remarks: Even if the Load HO Allowed is set to Yes, the Load HO Threshold and Load Req. on Candidate Cell affect the queuing of the candidate cell handover. Therefore, when the cell is overloaded, the handovers such as PBGT cannot be performed if this parameter is not properly set.
[Load Req. on Candidate Cell]
Value Range: 0~100(%)
Default Value: 75
Description: If the cell load is lower than the value of this parameter, the cell accepts users that are handed over to the cell due to their cell load. If the cell load is not lower than the value of this parameter, the cell refuses the users.
Remarks: The same as that of Load HO Threshold
GSM Handover Algorithm N-57
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Network Feature Adjustment12th bit and 13th bit: Whether share the same BSC or MSC.
141516 12345678910111213
serving cell?NoYes
Both 12th and 13th set to 0
12th set to 113th set to 0
Is [Co-BSC/MSC Adj] (s)yes?
Yes
No
Co-BSC?
Co-MSC?
No
Yes
12th set to 113th set to 1
No
Yes
Turn off 12th &13th bit
12th set to 013th set to 0
12th bit: if neighbor cell is co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is set to 0. Otherwise, set to 1
13th bit: if neighbor cell is co-MSC with the serving cell, 13th bit is set to 0. Otherwise, set to 1
Service cell: is always set to 0
These two bits will be turned off when Co-BSC/MSC Adj. is set to NO
GSM Handover Algorithm N-58
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Data Configuration of Co-BSC&MSC
[Co-BSC/MSC Adj]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the sequence of candidate cells is adjusted. After the sequence is adjusted, the handover within the same BSC/MSC takes priority.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-59
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The 14th bit: [Inter-layer HO Threshold/Hysteresis] adjustment bit.
Network Feature Adjustment
141516 12345678910111213
The 15th/16th bits are reserved
Yes
serving cell?
set to 0
NoYes
Bit 14th set to 1, and bit 5th ~13th are turned off
set to 0
Yes
RX_LEV_DL >= [Inter-layer HO Threshold](s) – [Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](s)?
RX_LEV_DL >= [Inter-layer HO Threshold](n) + [Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](s->n)?
No No
The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit
Serving cell: RX_LEV_DL >= Inter-layer HO Threshold – Inter-layer HO Hysteresis, bit 14th is set to 0
Neighboring cell: RX_LEV_DL >= Inter-layer HO Threshold + Inter-layer HO Hysteresis, bit 14th is set to 0.
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1. At the same time, bit 5th- 13th bits are turned off.
The 15th/16th bits are reserved
GSM Handover Algorithm N-60
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Data Configuration of Layer HO Threshold Adjustment
[Inter-layer HO Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~63(-110 dBm to -47 dBm)
•Default Value: 25
•Description: In BSC handover algorithm, the M criterion is used to rank the handover candidate cells. The M criterion includes 16 bits. This parameter is one bit of the 16 bits and it affects the rank of a candidate cell. When the downlink level of a cell is lower than this threshold, the cell takes low priority as far as comprehensive sequence is concerned.
•Remarks: Make sure that the receive level of the destination cell is higher than this threshold in inter-layer handover or load handover. Otherwise, the MS may be handedfrom a cell with heavy load and high level (high priority cell) to a cell with light load and low level (low priority cell), thus leading to call drops.
[Inter-layer HO Hysteresis]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 3
•Description: This parameter indicates the hysteresis of an inter-layer or inter-priority handover. It is used to avoid inter-layer ping-pong handovers. Actual Inter-layer HO Threshold of a serving cell = Inter-layer HO Threshold C Inter-layer HO hysteresis Actual Inter-layer HO Threshold of a neighboring cell = Inter-layer HO Threshold + Inter-layer HO hysteresis
GSM Handover Algorithm N-61
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General HO Process
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes intoDedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report1
MR. Preprocessing2
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
TA HO
Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Bad Quality HO
Load HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
AMR HO
No DL MR HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
Normal HO
GSM Handover Algorithm N-62
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No DL MR HO
Serving Cell Neighboring Cell
When the quality of Um interface become worse and worse, it is for
the worse uplink quality that MS can not deliver downlink MR, while
the downlink quality is not bad enough for MS to receive the
downlink message normally.
Baduplink quality
When the quality of Um interface become worse and worse, it is for the worse uplink quality that MS can not deliver downlink MR, while the downlink quality is not bad enough for MS to receive the downlink message normally. Under this kind of urgency condition, in order to save this call, the network send handover command to MS.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-63
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Position of No DL MR HO
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes intoDedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report
1
MR. Preprocessing2
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
TA HO
Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Bad Quality HO
Load HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
AMR HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
Normal HO
No DL MR HO
Attention: After MR. Preprocessing, the No DL MR handover is triggered if trigger condition is satisfied.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-64
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No DL MR HO
Begin
Report 1 DL MR at least?
[No Dl Mr. HO Allowed](s) Yes ?
<=[Cons.No Dl Mr.Ho Allowed Limit](s)?
serving cell?Select the candidate cell with the highest priority,
exluding serving cell
Trigger No DL Mr. HO
No
End
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
signal quality filter length:For TCH:[Filter Length for TCH Qual]For SDCCH:[Filter Length for SDCCH Qual]
No Dl Mr. in current Mr.?
Yes
UL_Qua. (after filtering)>=[No Dl Mr.Ul Qual
HO Limit](s)?
Yes
Only one cadidate cell?
Within Penalty Time
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
[Intracell HO Allowed](s)?
Yes
No
No
Triggering condition
No DL information in current MR
Stored UL Rx_Qual Value Number >= Filter Length for TCH/SDCCH Qual
UL Rx_Qual >= No DL MR HO UL Rx_Qual Threshold
Number of Lost DL MR < Cons. No DL MR HO Allowed Limit
Object cell selection
Prefer neighboring cell
If choose the service cell, it cannot in the penalty time for intra-cell handover.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-65
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Data Configuration of No DL MR HO
[No Dl Mr. HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter is used to control the handover algorithm without downlink measurement report. If this parameter is set to 0, the no handover algorithm without downlink measurement report is disabled. Therefore, handover decision without downlink measurement report is not allowed in this cell. If this parameter is set to 1, the no downlink measurement report handover algorithm is enabled. Therefore, handover decision without downlink measurement report is allowed in this cell.
[No Dl Mr. Ul Qual HO Limit]
•Value Range: 0~70 (mapping to RQ (0~7)×10)
•Default Value: 60
•Description: This parameter indicates the uplink receive quality threshold of triggering an emergency handover when no measurement result on downlink channels is contained in the MR. The emergency handover is allowed only when the filtered uplink receive quality crossed this threshold. When an emergency handover is triggered, inter-cell handover takes priority. Intra-cell handover, however, is triggered if no candidate cell is available and intra-cell handovers are allowed.
[Cons. No Dl Mr. HO Allowed Limit]
•Value Range: 0~64
•Default Value: 8
•Description: This parameter indicates the upper threshold of consecutive MRs containing no downlink measurement result for a call. Each call is configured with a global timer, which counts the number of consecutive MRs containing no downlink measurement. When the timer exceeds thisthreshold, the handover is disabled and the timer is reset.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-66
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TA(Time Advance) HO
Serving Cell Neighboring Cell
[TA Threshold](s)
Time
TA(s)
HandoverTriggering
[TA Threshold](n)
or
Handover Triggering ZoneTA(n)
Because a MS is far away from its serving BTS, the practice TA value is more than TA threshold configured in data configuration, TA handover is triggered.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-67
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TA(Time Advance) HO
TriggerTA handover
Begin
The actual TA >=[TA Threshold](s)?
[TA HO Allowed] Yes ?
Any neighbour cell exist?
serving cell?
Select the cell with the highest priority in the
cadidate cell list
Suitable cell exist?
Yes
No
End
No
No
YesYes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
[TA Threshold](n,in the same BTS) <= [TA Threshold](s)
Triggering condition
The actual TA >= TA Threshold
Object cell selection
The cell must be of the highest priority in the candidate cell sequence and meet the following restrictions.
Restriction
The service cell cannot be the object cell.
HO is not allowed when TA Threshold of the neighboring cell with the same BTS is equal or smaller than that of the service cell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-68
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Data Configuration of TA HO
[TA HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: The parameter indicates whether a Timing Advance (TA) handover is allowed. A TA handover is triggered when the TA is higher than the triggering threshold. TA is calculated based on the distance between the MS and the BTS. The longer the distance is, the greater the TA is.
[TA Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Bit period (A bit period corresponds to 0.55 km.)
•Default Value: 255
•Description: This parameter indicates the TA threshold of triggering emergency handover. Emergency handover is triggered when TA is equal to or greater than this threshold.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-69
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Interference Handover
Lev_Thr
Rx_Qual
RX_Lev
Qual_Thr
InterferenceOrigin
Serving Cell Neighboring Cell
Handover Triggering Zone
For a MS or a BTS, when the receiving quality is lower than the interference quality threshold and receiving level is higher than the interference level threshold, it is considered that interference exists in serving cell, so interference handover is triggered.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-70
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Interference HOBegin
UL or DL receiving
Quality(s)>=A?
[Interference HO Allowed] Yes ?
Any neighbour cell exist?
serving cell?
Select the cell with the highest priority in the
cadidate cell list
Rx_Level(n)>= [Inter-layer HO Threshold](n) +
[Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](s->n)?
Yes
No
End
No
No
Yes No
NoYes
None AMR FR: A = RXQUALn, 1<=n<=12 AMR FR:A = RXQUAL1, n=1; A = RXQUALn + RXLEVoff, 2<=n<=12
[Intracell HO Allowed](s) yes& cell not punished?
Any suitable cell exist?
Trigger interference handover
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Triggering condition
UL/DL receiving quality>=A
None AMR FR
A = RXQUALn, 1<=n<=12
AMR FR
A = RXQUAL1, n=1; A = RXQUALn + RXLEVoff, 2<=n<=12
Object cell selection
The cells must be of the highest priority in the candidate cell sequence and meet the following restrictions.
Restriction
The service cell that is not in the penalty time for intra-cell handover.
The neighboring cell with the receiving level higher than the inter layer HO Thrsh + Hysteresis.For none AMR FR, if one of the following conditions is met, the system will judge that interference occur:
1. Rx_lev <= 30, and Rx_qual > RXQUAL 1
2. Rx_lev = 31, and Rx_qual > RXQUAL 2
3. Rx_lev is within [32,35], and Rx_qual > RXQUAL3
4. Rx_lev is within [36,38], and Rx_qual >RXQUAL 4
5. Rx_lev is within [39,41], and Rx_qual > RXQUAL5
6. Rx_lev is within [42,45], and Rx_qual > RXQUAL6
7. Rx_lev is within [46,48], and Rx_qual > RXQUAL7
8. Rx_lev is within [49,52], and Rx_qual > RXQUAL8
9. Rx_lev is within [53,55], and Rx_qual > RXQUAL9
10. Rx_lev is within [56,58], and Rx_qual > RXQUAL10
11. Rx_lev is within [59,62], and Rx_qual > RXQUAL11
12. Rx_lev >= 63, and Rx_qual > RXQUAL12
GSM Handover Algorithm N-71
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Data Configuration of Interference HO
50>=63RXQUAL12
5159~62RXQUAL11
5256~58RXQUAL10
5353~55RXQUAL9
5449~52RXQUAL8
5546~48RXQUAL7
5642~45RXQUAL6
5739~41RXQUAL5
5836~38RXQUAL4
5932~35RXQUAL3
60=31RXQUAL2
70<=30RXQUAL1
Receiving QualityReceiving Level(-110dBm)Parameter
Default Value
GSM Handover Algorithm N-72
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Data Configuration of Interference HO
[Interference HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: The parameter indicates whether an interference handover is allowed. An interference handover is triggered when the receive level is higher than the receive threshold, but the transmission quality is lower than the handover triggering threshold.
•Remarks: Both downlink and uplink interference is judged, and inter-cell handover takes priority. If no target cell is available, intra-cell interference handover can be implemented in the serving cell if intra-cell handovers are allowed.
[RXQUAL1] ~ [RXQUAL12]
•Value Range: 0~70
•Description: Quality threshold 1~12 for the interference handover of nonCAMR FR voice services. The value corresponds to (quality level 0~7) x 10.See the next slide
[RXLEVOff]
•Value Range: 0~70
•Default Value: 5
•Description: The quality level offset of the interface handover of the AMR FR service relative to non-AMR services or the AMR HR service (x 10).
GSM Handover Algorithm N-73
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Rx_Level_Drop HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO will be triggered when receiving level drops fast because of barrier such as high building.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-74
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Rx_Level_Drop HOBegin
Satisfy the Formula& The latest RX_LEV_UL(s) <
[Edge HO UL RX_LEV Threshold](s)?
[Rx_Level_Drop HO Allowed] Yes ?
Any neighbour cell exist?
serving cell?
Select the cell with the highest priority in the
cadidate cell list
Yes
No
End
No
No
Yes
NoYes
Formula:
Is priority higher than serving cell?
Trigger Rx_Level_Drop handover
Yes
Yes
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) BXAXAXAXA
XAXAXAXA−<−+−+−+−
+−+−+−+−
88776655
44332211
1010101010101010
End No
Triggering condition
The lastest RX_LEV_UL < Edge HO UL RX_LEV Threshold
C1(nt)=(A1-10)X1+(A2-10)X2+(A3-10)X3+…+(A8-10)X8<-B
Object cell selection
The neighboring cell with the highest priority and whose priority is higher than that of the service cell in the candidate cell group.
Restriction
The service cell cannot be the object cell.
Filter Parameter A1–A8 and Filter Parameter B work together to decide whether the rapid drop of the receive level must be reflected in one or multiple MRs.
The conditions to trigger a rapid level dropping handover are as follows;
C1(nt)=(A1-10)X1+(A2-10)X2+(A3-10)X3+…+(A8-10)X8,
In the algorithm above, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, and X8 indicate the uplink receive levels of the last eight MRs in the queue.
Filter Parameter A1–A8 must meet the following conditions: A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6+A7+A8=80
For example, if you want to reflect the rapid drop of the cell level in a MR, you can set A3–A8 equal to 10, A1 to 0, and A2 to 20.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-75
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Data Configuration of Rx_Level_Drop HO
[Rx_Level_Drop HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: No
•Description: The parameter indicates whether the emergency handover algorithm is allowed. The emergency handover algorithm is used to prevent call drops when the receive level of the MS drops rapidly. Generally this algorithm is not enabled until the conditions are met. To enable this algorithm, original MR is required for the BSC.
[Filter Parameter A1~A8]
•Value Range: 0~20 Default Value: 10
•Description: Filter Parameter A1~A8 and Filter Parameter B work together to decide whether the rapid drop of the receive level must be reflected in one or multiple MRs. The conditions to trigger a rapid level dropping handover are as follows; In the algorithm above, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, and X8 indicate the uplink receive levels of the last eight MRs in the queue. Filter Parameter A1~A8 must meet the following conditions: A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6+A7+A8=80. For example, if you want to reflect the rapid drop of the cell level in a MR, you can set A3-A8 to greater than 10, A1 to 0, and A2 to 20.
[Filter Parameter B]
•Value Range: 0~200 Default Value: 0
•Description: This is one of the parameters that determine whether a handover is required due to fast dropping levels.Thisparameter indicates the drop trend of the receive level within a period. The greater the parameter B is, a more rapid level drop is required for triggering a rapid level dropping handover.See Filter Parameter A1-A8.
[Edge HO UL RX_LEV Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm) Default Value: 10
•Description: The parameter indicates the uplink receive level threshold of an edge handover. An edge handover will be triggered if the uplink receive level is constantly lower than "Edge HO UL RX_LEV Thrsh." for a period longer than Edge HO Valid Time(s) within Edge HO Watch Time(s). If PBGT handover is enabled, the corresponding edge handover threshold can be lowered. If PBGT handover is disabled, this parameter must be properly specified to avoid overlapping coverage and channel interference. This parameter should be adjusted based on the performance statistics and actual networks to achieve uplink-downlink balance.
•Remarks: Edge handover uplink/downlink receive level threshold < Uplink/downlink signal strength lower limit of HUAWEI II power control
GSM Handover Algorithm N-76
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BQ(Bad Quality) HO
Begin
Is [BQ HO Allowed] Yes ?
Any neighbour cell exist?
serving cell?
Select the cell with the highest priority in the
cadidate cell list
Yes
No
End
No
No
Yes
NoYes
Yes
UL_Rx_Q(s)>=[UL Qual. Threshold](s) or DL_Rx_Q(s)>=[DL Qual. Threshold](s)?
RX_LEV_DL (n) > RX_LEV_DL (s) + Inter-cell HO hysteresis(s->n)
-BQ HO Margin(s->n) ?
[Intracell HO Allowed](s) yes& cell not punished?
Suitable cell exist?
Trigger BQ handover
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
When the receiving level of a MS or a BTS is lower than the quality threshold, bad quality handover will be triggered.
Triggering condition
UL receiving quality >= UL Qual. Threshold
OR DL receiving quality >= DL Qual. Threshold
For AMR call, the quality threshold is DL/UL Qual. Limit AMR FR/HR
Object cell selection
The cells must be of the highest priority in the candidate cell sequence and meet the following restrictions.
Restriction
Prefer neighboring cell. If the number of neighboring cell is more than one, it is required that RX_LEV_DL (n) > RX_LEV_DL (s) + Inter-cell HO hysteresis - BQ HO Zone
If there is no neighboring cell, handover can occur to the service cell, and the channel at different frequency band, different MA, different TRX or different channel (from left to right) is preference.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-77
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Data Configuration of BQ HO
[BQ HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: The parameter indicates whether a Bad Quality (BQ) handover is allowed. BQ handover is triggered when Bit Error Ratio (BER) over uplink/downlink channels is higher than the triggering threshold. If BER rises, or signal strength drops, suspect that the signal power is low or channel interference increases.
•Remarks: Inter-cell BQ handover is preferentially performed. If no target cell is available, intra-cell BQ handover can be implemented in the serving cell if intra-cell handovers are allowed.
[DL Qual. Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~70 (RQ (0~7) 10)
•Default Value: 60
•Description: This parameter indicates the downlink receive quality threshold of triggering an emergency handover. When the receive quality of the downlink is greater than DL Qual Threshold, an emergency handover is triggered. When frequency hopping or DTX of the cell is enabled, it is recommended that you set this parameter to 70. When an emergency handover is triggered, inter-cell handover takes priority. An intra-cell handover, however, is triggered if no candidate cell is available and intra-cell handovers are allowed.
[UL Qual. Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~70 (RQ (0~7)10)
•Default Value: 60
•Description: This parameter indicates the uplink receive quality threshold of triggering an emergency handover. When the receive quality of the uplink is greater than UL Qual Threshold, an emergency handover is triggered due to bad quality. When frequency hopping or DTX of the cell is enabled, it is recommended that you set this parameter to 70.When an emergency handover is triggered, inter-cell handover takes priority. An intra-cell handover, however, is triggered if no candidate cell is available and intra-cell handovers are allowed.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-78
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Data Configuration of BQ HO
[DL/UL QuaLimitAMRFR]
•Value Range: 0~70
•Default Value: 65
•Description: This parameter indicates the urgent switchover downlink/uplink quality control for the AMR FR service. The values of this parameter match quality levels 0-7 multiplying 10. The urgent switchover is triggered only when the downlink/uplink receiving quality of the MS is greater than the switchover threshold, that is, the receiving quality is poor.
[DL/UL QuaLimitAMRHR]
•Value Range: 0~70
•Default Value: 60
•Description: This parameter indicates the urgent switchover downlink quality control for the AMR HR service. The values of this parameter match quality levels 0-7 multiplying 10. The urgent switchover is triggered only when the downlink receiving quality of the MS is greater than the switchover threshold, that is, the receiving quality is poor.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-79
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Data Configuration of BQ HO
[BQ HO Margin]
•Value Range: 0~127 (-64 dB to +63 dB)
•Default Value: 69
•Description: A Margin in BQ handover algorithm used to judge whether to perform BQ handover. When BQ Handover Allowed is set to Yes and Inter-cell HO Hysteresis > "Inter-cell HO Hysteresis-BQ HO Margin", the Inter-cell HO Hysteresis will act instead of the BQ HO Margin. When "Inter-cell HO Hysteresis-BQ HO Margin" is assigned with a value smaller than 64, MS can hand over to a lower level neighboring cell. 69 for popular urban areas, 72 for suburbs.
•Remarks: If the data is updated from M900/M1800 BSC to HUAWEI BSC6000,the default value of this parameter is 5.Then it's necessary to modify the value of this parameter to 69,otherwise the BQ HO algorithm will be invalid.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-80
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General HO Process
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes intoDedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report1
MR. Preprocessing2
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
TA HO
Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Bad Quality HO
Load HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
AMR HO
No DL MR HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
Normal HO
GSM Handover Algorithm N-81
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Enhanced Dual Band HO
Two single band cells which are configured as bi-directional neighbor
cell relationship can be configured as enhanced dual band cell to each
other.
Purpose
During the procedure of channel assignment and handover, the
two single band cells can share their resource.
Assign the channel with low load in UL to MS preferentially.
Make MS handover from the high load cell to the low load cell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-82
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Channel Assignment of Enhanced Dual Band
RX_LEV_OL>= [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)](o) andRX_LEV_UL – RX_LEV (n) >[Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)] Attention:RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and layer with underlaid subcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is -110dBmIf [ATCBHoSwitch] is [Close], the second condition is turn off.
A:
TCH assignment (SDCCH channel in UL)Begin
from UL
[Assignment Optimization of UL Subcell Allowed
or not] (u) ?
Cell load of UL >[UL Subcell General
Overload Threshold(%)](u)?
Yes
AYes
No
Any idle TCH Available in OL?
Assign TCHin OL
Yes
No
Yes
Assign TCH in ULor direct retry identification
or queuing
No
No
TCH assignment (SDCCH channel in underlaid)
If Assignment Optimization of UL Subcell Allowed or not is set to NO, assign TCH in underlaid as the normal assignment procedure
If Assignment Optimization of UL Subcell Allowed or not is set to YES, assign TCH in overlaid when the following conditions are met
Cell load of underlaid > UL Subcell General Overload Threshold
RX_LEV_OL >= Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold
RX_LEV_UL – RX_LEV (n) > Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells-Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcell(dB)
RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and layer with underlaid subcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is -110dBm
GSM Handover Algorithm N-83
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Data Configuration of Channel Assignment
[ATCBHoSwitch]
•Value Range: Close, Open
•Default Value: Open
Description: The switch of the ATCB handover algorithm.
[Assignment Optimization of UL Subcell Allowered Or Not]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the access request originated in the underlaidsubcell is preferably assigned between overlaid subcell cell and underlaid subcell cell according to the Out Cell Low Load Thred.
[UL Subcell General OverLoad Threshold(%)]
•Value Range: 0~100
•Unit: %
•Default Value: 80
•Description: If the ratio of underlaid subcell channel occupancy is greater than the value of this parameter, some calls in the underlaid subcell are handed over to the overlaid subcell. Moreover, calls originated in the underlaid subcell are preferably assigned to the channel in overlaid subcell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-84
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Data Configuration of Channel Assignment
[Distance Between boundaries of UL And OL Subcells(dB)]
•Value Range:0~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 10
•Description: This parameter indicates the distance between the overlaid subcell and underlaid subcell. The value of this parameter is comparative. The greater the value is, the longer the distance is. The enhanced dual-band network handover algorithm refers to the boundary between underlaid subcell and overlaid subcell based on the comparative value of signal strength of serving cell and neighboring cell. Suppose the signal strength of serving cell is SS(s), and neighboring cell SS(n). If SS(s) is equal to SS(n), the cell is in the underlaid subcell boundary. If the value of SS(s) - SS(n) is larger than the value of ”Distance Between boundaries of UL And OL Subcells(dB)”, the cell is in the overlaid subcell.
[Incming OL Subcell HO Level Threshold(dB)]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 30
•Description: This parameter indicates the lowest threshold of overlaid subcell level of the handover from underlaid subcell to overlaid subcell. When the MS receive level is higher than the value of this parameter, the BSC allows the handover of overlaid subcell cell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-85
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Begin from OL
[Assignment Optimization of OL Subcell Allowed or
not ](o) No ?
Cell load of UL< [UL Subcell LowerLoad Threshold](u)?
Yes
Yes
No
Assign TCHin UL
Any idle TCH Available in UL?
Assign TCHin UL
Any idle TCH Available in OL?
Assign TCHin OL
Yes No
Yes
Assign TCH in OLor direct retry identification
or queuing
No
No
TCH assignment (SDCCH channel in OL)
Channel Assignment of Enhanced Dual Band
TCH assignment (SDCCH channel in overlaid)
If Assignment Optimization of OL Subcell Allowed or not is set to NO, assign TCH in overlaid as the normal assignment procedure
If Assignment Optimization of OL Subcell Allowed or not is set to YES
Assign TCH in underlaid, if cell load of underlaid < UL Subcell Lower Load Threshold
Assign TCH in overlaid, if cell load of underlaid >= UL Subcell Lower Load Threshold
GSM Handover Algorithm N-86
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Data Configuration of Channel Assignment
[UL Subcell Lower Load Threshold(%)]
•Value Range: 0~100
•Unit: %
•Default Value: 50
•Description: If the underlaid subcell channel occupancy ratio is smaller than the value of this parameter, some calls of the overlaid subcell is handed over to the underlaid subcell. Moreover, the MS that requests for the overlaid subcell channel is preferably assigned to the underlaid subcellchannel.
[Assignment Optimization of OL Subcell Allowered Or Not]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the channel request in the overlaid subcell is preferably assigned between overlaid subcell and underlaid subcell according to the Out Cell Low Load Thred.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-87
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Enhanced Dual Band HO
Classification of TCH HO in enhanced dual band HO
OL to UL for low load in UL
UL to OL for high load in UL
OL to UL for moving
There are three kinds of handover for enhanced dual band network:
•UL to OL for high load in UL
•OL to UL for moving
•OL to UL for low load in UL
GSM Handover Algorithm N-88
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Enhanced Dual Band HO(U O )
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from UL to OL for high load in UL
The order of handover is from the MS who is near the OL to the MS who is far away from OL.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-89
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Enhanced Dual Band HO(U O )Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from UL to OL for high load in UL
RX_LEV_OL >= [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)] (o)andRX_LEV_UL – RX_LEV (n) > [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]A:
Cell load of UL>=[UL SubcellSerious Overload Threshold(%)](u)?
Begin [Load HO From UL Subcell
to OL Subcell Allowed](u) Yes ?
Cell load of UL>=[UL SubcellGeneral Overload Threshold(%)](u)?
No
A & Satisfy P/N ¬ within penalty time?
Trigger UL to OL
Yes No
Adjust HO zone basing on HO step and HO period
Refresh cell load per second
BB-C
Yes
Any MS in HO zone?
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes No
End
Cell load of OL>=[Inner Cell Serious Overload
Threshold(%)](o)?Yes
No
B=[UL Subcell Load Hierarchical HO Period(s)]
C=[Modified Step Length of UL Load HO Period(s)]
HO step: [Step Length of UL Subcell Load HO(dB)]
HO zone: [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)]~-47dBm
HO Period: [UL Subcell Load Hierarchical HO Period(s)]
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from underlaid to overlaid
Load HO of UL Subcell to OL Subcell Enable is YES
Cell load of underlaid > UL Subcell General Overload Threshold
RX_LEV_OL >= Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold
RX_LEV_UL – RX_LEV (n) > Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)
Satisfying P/N rule
HO zone is from Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold to -47dBmAttention:
RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and layer with underlaidsubcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is -110dBm
GSM Handover Algorithm N-90
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Data Configuration of Enhanced Dual Band HO(U O )
[UL Subcell General OverLoad Threshold(%)]
•Value Range: 0~100
•Unit: %
•Default Value: 80
•Description: If the ratio of underlaid subcell channel occupancy is greater than the value of this parameter, some calls in the underlaid subcell are handed over to the overlaid subcell. Moreover, calls originated in the underlaid subcell are preferably assigned to the channel in overlaid subcell.
[UL Subcell Serious OverLoad Threshold(%)]
•Value Range: 0~100
•Unit: %
•Default Value: 90
•Description: If the ratio of the underlaid cell channel occupancy is greater than the value of this parameter, the period of handover from underlaid subcell to overlaid subcell is reduced by the value of Out Cell Load HO Modify Step every second based on the value of Out Cell Load Classification HO Period. Thus the handover from underlaid subcell to the overlaid subcell speeds up.
[Load HO From UL Subcell to OL Subcell Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: When the ratio of underlaid subcell channel occupancy is high, whether some calls in the overlaid subcellare allowed to be handed over to the overlaid subcell.
[Incming OL Subcell HO Level Threshold(dB)]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 30
•Description: This parameter indicates the lowest threshold of overlaid subcell level of the handover from underlaidsubcell to overlaid subcell. When the MS receive level is higher than the value of this parameter, the BSC allows the handover of overlaid subcell cell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-91
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Data Configuration of Enhanced Dual Band HO(U O )
[UL Subcell Load Hierarchical HO Period(s)]
• Value Range: 1~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 5
• Description: This parameter indicates the period of the hierarchical handover from underlaid subcell to overlaid subcell. When the ratio of underlaid subcell cell channel occupancy is greater than the value of En Iuo Out Cell General OverLoad Thred, all the calls in the cell request for handover at the same time. The BSC load is sharply increased. Thus the call may drop because the target cell is congested. Therefore the algorithm of hierarchical handover is applied to hand over the calls in the cell hierarchically to the overlaid subcell.Thisparameter indicates the time duration of every hierarchical handover.
[Step Length of UL Subcell Load HO(dB)]
• Value Range: 0~63 Unit: dB Default Value: 5
• Description: This parameter indicates the level step of the hierarchical handover from underlaid subcell to overlaid subcell.
[Modified Step Lenghth of UL Load HO Period(s)]
• Value Range: 1~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 1
• Description: If underlaid subcell load is higher than the value of Out Cell Serious OverLoad Thred, the period of handover from underlaid subcell cell to overlaid subcell cell is shortened by the value of Out Cell Serious OverLoad Thred every second based on the value of the Out Cell Load classification HO Period.
[Total Number of ]
• Value Range: 1~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 5
• Description: P/N criterion: In P measurement reports, N measurement results meet handover requirements. Handover is started. This parameter indicates the P in P/N criterion.
[Satisfy Condition Time]
• Value Range: 1~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 4
• Description: P/N criterion: In P measurement reports, N measurement results meet handover requirements. Handover is started. This parameter indicates the N in P/N criterion.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-92
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Enhanced Dual Band HO(O U )Triggering condition for TCH HO from OL to UL for moving
RX_LEV_OL <[Outgoing OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)](o) orRX_LEV_UL – RX_LEV (n) < [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)] –
[Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
A:
Satisfy P/N?
Begin
A
Yes
End
Trigger OL to UL
Yes
Select Neighbor cellwith the highest priority
No
Yes
No
[Inner Cell Edge HO Enable] (o)Yes ?
RX_LEV_OL < RX_LEV_UL
Yes
No
No
Triggering condition for TCH Moving HO from overlaid to underlaid
RX_LEV_OL < Outgoing OL Subcell HO level Threshold
OR RX_LEV_UL – RX_LEV (n) < Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB) - Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)
Satisfying P/N rule
Object cell selection
The cell with highest priority. It could be underlaid subcell or normal neighboring cell
Attention:
RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and layer with underlaidsubcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is -110dBm
GSM Handover Algorithm N-93
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Data Configuration of Enhanced Dual Band HO(O U )
[Distance Between boundaries of UL And OL Subcells(dB)]
•Value Range:0~63 Unit: dB Default Value: 10
•Description: This parameter indicates the distance between the overlaid subcell and underlaid subcell. The value of this parameter is comparative. The greater the value is, the longer the distance is. The enhanced dual-band network handover algorithm refers to the boundary between underlaid subcell and overlaid subcell based on the comparative value of signal strength of serving cell and neighboring cell. Suppose the signal strength of serving cell is SS(s), and neighboring cell SS(n). If SS(s) is equal to SS(n), the cell is in the underlaid subcell boundary. If the value of SS(s) - SS(n) is larger than the value of ”Distance Between boundaries of UL And OL Subcells(dB)”, the cell is in the overlaid subcell.
[Distance Hysterisis Between Boundaries of UL And OL Subcell(dB)]
•Value Range: 0~63 Unit: dB Default Value: 2
•Description: To prevent ping-pong handover, the BSC determines whether the handover of the MS from overlaid subcell cell to underlaid subcell cell based on the value of this parameter. Suppose the signal strength of serving cell is SS(s), and neighboring cell SS(n). If the value of SS(s) - SS(n) is smaller than the value of Distance Between Out And Inn Cell boundary - Distance Hyst Between Out And Inn Cell boundary, the MS handover from overlaid subcell cell to underlaid subcell cell is allowed.
[Outgoing OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)]
•Value Range: 0~63 Unit: dB Default Value: 25
•Description: This parameter indicates the lowest threshold of overlaid subcell level of the handover from overlaid subcell to underlaid subcell. When the MS receive level is lower than the value of this parameter, the BSC allows the handover from overlaid subcell cell to underlaid subcell.
[Total Number of ]
•Value Range: 1~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 5
•Description: P/N criterion: In P measurement reports, N measurement results meet handover requirements. Handover is started. This parameter indicates the P in P/N criterion.
[Satisfy Condition Time]
•Value Range: 1~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 4
•Description: P/N criterion: In P measurement reports, N measurement results meet handover requirements. Handover is started. This parameter indicates the N in P/N criterion.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-94
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Enhanced Dual Band HO(O U )
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from OL to UL for low load in UL
The order of handover is from the MS who is near the UL to the MS who is far away from UL.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-95
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Enhanced Dual Band HO(O U )Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from OL to UL for low load in UL
HO zone: [Outgoing OL Subcell HO Level Threshold(dB)](o) ~ -47dBmHO step: [Step Length of OL Subcell Load HO(dB)](o)A: RX_LEV_UL >= Inter-layer HO Threshold(u) + Inter-layer HO Hysteresis(o->u)
Begin
[Load HO of OL Subcellto UL Subcell Enable](o) Yes ?
Cell load of UL <[UL SubcellLower Load Threshold(%)](u)?
Yes
NoEnd
Satisfy P/N?
Yes
No
Refresh cell load per second
The object cell must be the underlaid subcell
and satisfy condition A
Any MS in HO zone?
Yes
Trigger OL to UL
No
Yes
No
Adjust HO zone basing on HO step and HO period
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from overlaid to underlaid
Load HO of OL Subcell to UL Subcell Enable is YES
Cell load of underlaid < UL Subcell Lower Overload Threshold
Satisfying P/N rule
HO zone is from Outgoing OL Subcell HO level Threshold to -47dBm
Object cell selection
The object cell must be the underlaid subcell
RX_LEV_UL >= Inter-layer HO Threshold + Inter-layer HO Hysteresis
GSM Handover Algorithm N-96
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Data Configuration of Enhanced Dual Band HO(O U )
[Out Cell Low Load Thred]
•Value Range: 0~100 Unit: % Default Value: 50
•Description: If the underlaid subcell channel occupancy ratio is smaller than the value of this parameter, some calls of the overlaid subcell is handed over to the underlaid subcell. Moreover, the MS that requests for the overlaid subcell channel is preferably assigned to the underlaid subcell.
[Load HO of OL Subcell to UL Subcell Enable]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the load handover from overlaid subcell to underlaidsubcell is allowed.
[OL Subcell Load Diversity HO Period(s)]
•Value Range: 1~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value:10
•Description: This parameter indicates the period of the hierarchical handover from underlaidsubcell to overlaid subcell.When the ratio of overlaid subcell cell channel occupancy is greater than the value of En Iuo Out Cell General OverLoad Thred, all the calls in the cell request for handover at the same time. The BSC load is sharply increased. Thus the call may drop because the target cell is congested. Therefore the algorithm of hierarchical handover is applied to hand over the calls in the cell hierarchically to the underlaid subcell.This parameter indicates the time duration of every hierarchical handover.
[Step Length of OL Subcell Load HO(dB)]
•Value Range: 0~63 Unit: dB Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the level step of the load handover from overlaid subcell to underlaid subcell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-97
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General HO Process
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes intoDedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report1
MR. Preprocessing2
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
TA HO
Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Bad Quality HO
Load HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
AMR HO
No DL MR HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
Normal HO
GSM Handover Algorithm N-98
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Load HOHandover triggering zone
[Load HO Threshold]
Time
Load of Serving Cell
[Load Req. on Candidate Cell]
Load of Neighboring Cell
Congested CellCongested Cell
Congested CellNormal Cell
Normal CellNormal Cell
Normal Cell
GSM Handover Algorithm N-99
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Load HO
As load HO may trigger several HOs, we need to consider the
CPU load (system flow level) before triggering it. In addition,
load HO is executed step by step, that is, the edge HO thrsh.
raises according to certain step and period and will stop when
out of the Load HO Zone.
A handover band is defined in load handover, in the range of edge handover threshold ~ edge handover threshold + load handover bandwidth. The handover band itself is divided into multiple equalized handover step sizes, MS (falling within edge handover threshold + N*handover step sizes) are handover to adjacent cells one by one from low to high. Once load of the serving cell decreases (as lower than the load handover start threshold) or load of the adjacent cell increases to a certain extent (as higher than the load handover received threshold), the handover stops.
Load handover is an emergency measure, which mainly applicable to abnormal traffic peak in part of the radio network. It should not be used as the major means to solve the traffic congestion problem. If load handover always occurs to some area of a network, TRX re-configuration and network topology re-design is the right way.
Related parameters: Handover - [Load handover table]
System flux Thrsh. for load HO
Load HO Thrsh.
Load HO Req. on candidate cell
Load handover bandwidth (dB)
Load HO step level (dB)
Load HO step period (second)
GSM Handover Algorithm N-100
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Load HO
Congested Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
The handover bandwidth is gradually wider and wider.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-101
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Load HO Begin
[Load HO Allowed] (s)Yes ?
BSC internal cell?
Select the cell with the highest priority in the cadidate cell list
End
No
No
Yes
NoYes
Yes
Current system flux<=[System Flux Threshold
for Load HO](s)?
C & D
Suitable cell exist?
Trigger load handover
Yes
Yes
Yes
End No
Load of service cell >= [Load HO Threshold](s)?
Yes
No
Yes
Load HO timer T overflow?
Yes
StepPeriod
T×+ )1( [Load HO Bandwidth](s)
B
Yes
serving cell?
No
No
B: [Edge HO_DL_RX_LEV Threshod](s)<DL_RX_Lev(s) < [Edge HO_DL_RX_LEV Threshod](s)+A
C: RX_LEV (n)>= [Inter-layer HO Threshold](n) + [Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](s->n)
D: load(n)< Load Req. on Candidate Cell(n)Step: [Load HO Step Level](s)Period: [Load HO Step Period](s)
CNo
A=
No
Yes
Load HO timer T begin?
No
No
Star timer T
PeriodStep
TAStep ×−≤≤⇒≤≤ )1Bandwidth] HO [Load(0 Bandwidth] HO [LoadA T
Yes
A=
Triggering condition
The CPU load of system <= System Flux Threshold for Load HO
The load of service cell >= Load HO Threshold
The DL receiving level is in the load HO zones
Object cell selection
The service cell cannot be the object cell
If the service cell is a enhanced dual band cell, the other cell in this group cannot be the object cell
The load of object cell < Load Req. on Candidate Cell (Only valid for internal neighboring cell)
RX_LEV of object cell >= Inter-layer HO Threshold + Inter-layer HO Hysteresis
Restriction
It is not available with SDCCH.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-102
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Data Configuration of Load HO
[Load HO Bandwidth]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 25
•Description: Together with Edge HO DL RX_LEV Threshold, this parameter indicates whether a load handover is allowed. Only when the receive level of the serving cell is within the range of (Edge HO RX_LEV Threshold, Edge HO RX_LEV Threshold + Load HO bandwidth), a load handover is allowed.
[Load HO Step Period]
•Value Range:1~255
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 10
•Description: This parameter indicates the period required for each level of load handover. When the load of the cell is equal to or greater than the Load HO Thrsh, all connections in the cell may send handover requests simultaneously, thus leading to sudden increase of CPU load and possible call drops when the target cell is congested. Therefore, these requests are divided into steps based on the receive strength.
[Load HO Step Level]
•Value Range: 1~63
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the bandwidth of each step during level-based load handover. In a layer load handover, starting from the Downlink Edge Handover Threshold, the upper limit of the load handover band of increases by a Layer Load Handover Step every one Layer Load Handover Period. Go on like this, all calls whose receive levels are between Edge HO RX_LEV Threshold and Edge HO RX_LEV Threshold + Load HO bandwidth in the current serving cell are switched out through level by level handover.
•Remarks: This parameter must be less than Load HO Bandwidth.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-103
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General HO Process
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes intoDedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report1
MR. Preprocessing2
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
TA HO
Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Bad Quality HO
Load HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
AMR HO
No DL MR HO
Concentric Cell HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Penalty Processing
Ranking Processing
OM Forced HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
Normal HO
GSM Handover Algorithm N-104
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Edge HandoverHandoverTriggering
P/N
Serving Cell Neighboring Cell
P: Watch TimeN: Valid Time
RX_LEV Thr
Time
RX_Lev
As a MS moves to the edge of a cell, when the receiving level of MS or BTS is lower than the edge handover threshold, handover is triggered in order to look for a better serving cell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-105
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Edge HOBegin
[Fringe HO Allowed](s) Yes ?
End
No
Yes
Yes
UL_Rx_Lev(s) < [Edge HOUL RX_LEV Threshod](s)?
Yes
Any neighbor cell?No
Refreshits timer
Yes
Satisfy P/N rule(s)?
DL_Rx_Lev(s) < [Edge HODL RX_LEV Threshod](s)?
No
Refreshits timer
Yes
Satisfy P/N rule(s)?
No
Select cell(n) whose 16 bit priority ishigher than serving cell and
whose level satifys P/N rule(n)basing on A
Trigger Edge handover
No
No
Yes
A: DL_Rx_Lev(n)>DL_Rx_Lev(s)+[Inter-cell HO Hysteresis](s->n)
Triggering condition
The DL receiving level < Edge HO DL RX_LEV Thrsh.
OR The UL receiving level < Edge HO UL RX_LEV Thrsh.
Satisfying P/N rule
Object cell selection
The service cell cannot be the object cell
The neighboring cell with the highest priority and whose priority is higher than that of the service cell
GSM Handover Algorithm N-106
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Data Configuration of Edge HO
Should be lower than the[Outgoing OL Subcell HO Level Threshold(dB)] in
enhance dual band data table
[Edge HO UL/DL RX-LEV Threshold]<[UL/DL RX_LEV Lower
Threshold] in HWII/III power control tabel
[Fringe HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: The parameter indicates whether a fringe handover is allowed. A fringe handover is used to prevent call drops in cell edges and initiated when the downlink level in the serving cell is lower than Edge HO DL RX_LEV Threshold or the uplink level in the serving cell is lower than Edge HO UL RX_LEV Threshold.
•Remarks: To implement fringe handover, the comprehensive sequence of the target cell must be higher than that of the serving cell.
[Edge HO UL RX_LEV Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm)
•Default Value:10
•Description: The parameter indicates the uplink receive level threshold of an edge handover. An edge handover will be triggered if the uplink receive level is constantly lower than "Edge HO UL RX_LEV Thrsh." for a period longer than Edge HO Valid Time(s) within Edge HO Watch Time(s). If PBGT handover is enabled, the corresponding edge handover threshold can be lowered. If PBGT handover is disabled, this parameter must be properly specified to avoid overlapping coverage and channel interference. This parameter should be adjusted based on the performance statistics and actual networks to achieve uplink-downlink balance.
25: urban areas without PBGT handover
20: suburbs with a single BTS
20: urban areas with PBGT handover
•Remarks: Edge handover uplink/downlink receive level threshold < Uplink/downlink signal strength lower limit of HW-II/III power control
[Edge HO DL RX_LEV Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm)
•Default Value: 20
•Description: The parameter indicates the downlink receive level threshold of an edge handover. An edge handover will be triggered if the downlink receive level is lower than "Edge HO UL RX_LEV Thrsh." for a period longer than Edge HO Valid Time(s) within Edge HO Watch Time(s). If PBGT handover is enabled, the corresponding edge handover threshold can be lowered. If PBGT handover is disabled, this parameter must be properly specified to avoid manual overlapping coverage and channel interference. This parameter should be adjusted based on the performance statistics and actual networks to achieve uplink-downlink balance.
30: Urban areas without PBGT handover
25: Suburbs with a single BTS
GSM Handover Algorithm N-107
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Data Configuration of Edge HO
[Edge HO Watch Time(s)]
•Value Range: 1~16
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 3
•Description: This parameter indicates the period when uplink/downlink receive levels are measured to determine whether an edge handover is triggered.
[Edge HO Valid Time(s)]
•Value Range: 1~16
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 2
•Description: To trigger an edge handover, the receive level of the uplink or downlink should constantly remain lower than their corresponding edge handover thresholds within Edge HO Watch Time(s). This parameter indicates this duration.
[Edge HO AdjCell Watch Time(s)]
•Value Range: 1~16
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 3
•Description: This parameter indicates the period when uplink/downlink receive levels are measured to determine whether an edge handover neighbor cell is triggered.
[Edge HO AdjCell Valid Time(s)]
•Value Range: 1~16
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 2
•Description: During the edge handover continuance time, the UL/DL receive level should remain higher than the corresponding UL/DL edge handover threshold for a period. This parameter indicates the period.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-108
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Data Configuration of Edge HO
[Inter-cell HO Hysteresis]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Unit: Levels
•Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the handover hysteresis between adjacent cells of the same layer. The purpose of setting this parameter is to reduce the "Ping-Pong" handovers. The value of this parameter is invalid if cells are not on the same layer.4 dB populous urban areas and 8 dB for suburbs.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-109
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MS Fast-Moving Handover
Handover Triggering
TimeThreshold
Umbrella Cell
Time
P/NP: Watch CellsN: Valid Cells
1 1 2 3
Micro Cell
Cells Number
The condition of MS Fast-Moving Handover is that a MS is moving fast (for example
moving on a highway), and the area is covered by two layers, that is micro cell and
macro cell.
MS Fast-Moving Handover is mainly used to solve the handover of MS during fast-
moving, that is to say, to avoid MS handover to the micro cell to increase handover time
and signaling flow, thereby increase service quality
MS Fast-moving time Thrsh——If the time used by MS to pass this cell is less
than this threshold, it means that MS passes the cell quickly.
MS Fast-moving watch cells P —— The total number of cells for judging whether
a MS is fast moving or not.
MS Fast-moving valid cells N —— Total N of actual cells that MS fast passes.
When N equal to or more than P cells that MS lately passes are fast passing
ones, the fast moving handover algorithm will be started.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-110
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MS Fast-Moving HandoverBegin
[MS Fast Moving HO Allowed](s) Yes ?
End
No
Yes
Yes
the servingcell on layer 4?
Satisfy P / N rule?No Select the neighbor cell with the highest priority &
on the 4th layer & satisfy RX_LEV(n)>= [Inter-layer HO threshold](n) + [Inter-layer HO hysterisis](s->n)
Any cell satisfy the condition above?
Trigger MS fast-moving handover
No
Yes
Refresh timer(s)
No
Yes
Triggering conditionMS moves through P cells (watch cells), and the speed for Q cells (valid cells) among these p cells
is fast
The layer of service cell must be less than four
Object cell selectionThe service cell cannot be the object cell
The neighboring cell with the highest priority
The layer of the object cell must be the 4th layer
RX_LEV of the object cell >= Inter-layer HO threshold + Inter-layer HO hysterisis
GSM Handover Algorithm N-111
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Data Configuration of MS Fast-moving Handover
•[MS Fast Moving HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter indicates whether a fast moving handover is allowed. The fast moving handover enables a fast moving MS to hand over rapidly to a macro cell, thus reducing handovers. It is recommended that this algorithm be applied only to special areas, such as highways, to reduce the CPU load.[MS Fast-moving Watch Cells]
•Value Range:1~10
•Default Value:3
•Description: During the moving, the MS passes P micro cells. According to the P/N rule, when the MS fast crosses N ones among the P micro cells, the BSC starts to trigger a fast-moving micro cell handover.
•Remarks: If this parameter is excessively high, it is difficult to reduce the system load effectively. If this parameter is excessively low, the judgment is inaccurate.
[MS Fast-moving Valid Cells]
•Value Range: 1~10
•Default Value: 2
•Description: Suppose that the actual number of the micro cells that the MS fast crosses is N. According to the P/N rule, when the MS fast crosses N ones among the P micro cells, a fast moving handover is triggered by the BSC when this parameter satisfies the required conditions.
[MS Fast-moving Time Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 15
•Description: This parameter indicates the threshold for judging whether an MS moves fast across a cell. The threshold is obtained based on the cell radius and specified velocity. If the time for crossing a cell is lower than this threshold, the MS is regarded as moving fast.
•Remarks: Conditions for triggering fast-moving handover are as follows:
The serving cell does not belong to level-4.
The optimum target cell does belong to level-4.
A neighboring cell has a macro cell
GSM Handover Algorithm N-112
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Layer HO
Neighboring CellServing Cell
GSM900 Cell(Lay 3) GSM1800 Cell
(Lay 2)
The goal of layer handover is to control the destination cell of handover more flexibly, make a MS hand over to the most reasonable cell to reduce the occurrence of latter handover in order to save all kinds of system resources, and also effectively increase handover successful ratio, reduce call drop during handover, improve voice quality and service level.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-113
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Begin
[Level HO Allowed](s) Yes ?
End
No
Yes
Yes
Any neighbor cell exit?
16 bit value(n)<16 bit value(s)?
A & ( layer(n)< layer(s) or level(n)<level(s) )?
Satisfy P/N rule(n)?No
Trigger layer handover
Yes
No
Yes
No
A: RX_LEV(n)>= [nter-layer HO threshold](n) + [Inter-layer HO hysterisis](s->n)
Yes
Identify the next cell
No
Layer HO
Triggering condition
The layer or level of object cell is lower than that of the service cell
RX_LEV_DL of the object cell >= Inter-layer HO threshold + Inter-layer HO hysteresis
Satisfying P/N rule
Object cell selection
The service cell cannot be the object cell
The neighboring cell with the highest priority and whose priority is higher than that of the service cell
GSM Handover Algorithm N-114
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Data Configuration of Layer HO
[Level HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: The parameter indicates whether the layer level handover is allowed.AnInter Layer HO is realized by setting different layers and levels for the cells. It is used to guide the traffic to the cell that has a high priority. When this parameter is set to Yes, traffic is routed to a cell with a higher priority.
•Remarks: The lower the layer is, the higher the priority is. The higher the level is, the lower the priority is. Layer level handover is not implemented when the comprehensive sequence (including basic sequence and network sequence) of the serving cell is the highest or when the level of the target cell is not greater than the Inter-layer HO Threshold.
[Layer HO Watch Time(s)]
•Value Range: 1~16 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 3
•Description: Compare the candidate cells that are better than the current serving cell so as to decide whether to trigger a layer handover. This parameter indicates the duration to make the decision.
[Layer HO Valid Time(s)]
•Value Range: 1~16 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 2
•Description: If a cell is ranked 1 of the candidate cells for a whole segment of measurement period, this cell is called the best cell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-115
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Data Configuration of Layer HO
[Inter-layer HO Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Default Value: 25
•Description: In BSC handover algorithm, the M criterion is used to rank the handover candidate cells. The M criterion includes 16 bits. This parameter is one bit of the 16 bits and it affects the rank of a candidate cell. When the downlink level of a cell is lower than this threshold, the cell takes low priority as far as comprehensive sequence is concerned.
•Remarks: Make sure that the receive level of the destination cell is higher than this threshold in inter-layer handover or load handover. Otherwise, the MS may be handedfrom a cell with heavy load and high level (high priority cell) to a cell with light load and low level (low priority cell), thus leading to call drops.
[Inter-layer HO Hysteresis]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Default Value: 3
•Description: This parameter indicates the hysteresis of an inter-layer or inter-priority handover. It is used to avoid inter-layer ping-pong handovers.
Actual Inter-layer HO Threshold of a serving cell = Inter-layer HO Threshold - Inter-layer HO hysteresis
Actual Inter-layer HO Threshold of a neighboring cell = Inter-layer HO Threshold + Inter-layer HO hysteresis
GSM Handover Algorithm N-116
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Data Configuration of Layer HO
[Inter-layer HO Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Default Value: 25
•Description: In BSC handover algorithm, the M criterion is used to rank the handover candidate cells. The M criterion includes 16 bits. This parameter is one bit of the 16 bits and it affects the rank of a candidate cell. When the downlink level of a cell is lower than this threshold, the cell takes low priority as far as comprehensive sequence is concerned.
•Remarks: Make sure that the receive level of the destination cell is higher than this threshold in inter-layer handover or load handover. Otherwise, the MS may be handedfrom a cell with heavy load and high level (high priority cell) to a cell with light load and low level (low priority cell), thus leading to call drops.
[Inter-layer HO Hysteresis]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Default Value: 3
•Description: This parameter indicates the hysteresis of an inter-layer or inter-priority handover. It is used to avoid inter-layer ping-pong handovers.
Actual Inter-layer HO Threshold of a serving cell = Inter-layer HO Threshold - Inter-layer HO hysteresis
Actual Inter-layer HO Threshold of a neighboring cell = Inter-layer HO Threshold + Inter-layer HO hysteresis
GSM Handover Algorithm N-117
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PBGT HO
Serving Cell Neighboring Cell
PBGT HO Threshold
Time
Path Loss (dB)
126dB 119dB
5
126-119=7dB>5dB
HandoverTriggering
P/NP: Watch Time N: Valid Time
In areas with densely distributed cells, the actual radio coverage range has become far larger than the distance between BTS. If MSkeeps the conversation within a cell, it will not be effectively handed over to a nearby cell with low transmission power and that will lead to over shooting, thus increasing the interference of radio environment and complicating network planning and optimization. To solve this problem, Huawei develops PBGT handover algorithm thatis based on path loss.
PBGT handover algorithm is intended for the handover based on path loss, in real time, it seeks a cell with lower path loss and meeting certain system requirements, and judges whether it’s necessary to perform handover.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-118
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Begin [PBGT HO
Allowed] (s)Yes ?
End
No
Yes
current channel signaling channel?
Satisfy P / N rule?
No
Yes
Search next neighborcell
layer(n)=layer(s)&level(n)=level(s)?
Path loss (s) – Path loss (n) >PBGT HO Threshold(s->n)
Refresh timer(s)
Trigger PBGT HO
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
PBGT HO
NOTES: whichever the greater of the
[inter-cell HO hysteresis] and
[PBGT HO threshold], that value will be
used in the PBGT HO.
Triggering conditionThe layer and level of the object cell are the same as those of the service cell.
Path loss (service cell) – Path loss (neighbor cell) > PBGT HO Threshold
Satisfying P/N rule
Object cell selectionThe service cell cannot be the object cell.
The neighboring cell with the highest priority and whose priority is higher than that of the service cell.
RestrictionIt is not available with SDCCH.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-119
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Data Configuration of PBGT HO
[PBGT HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: The parameter indicates whether a POWER BUDGET (PBGT) handover is allowed.Based on path loss, PBGT handover is used to search for a desired cell in real time and to judge whether handover is performed. The cell must provide less path loss and meet other requirements.To avoid ping-pong handovers, PBGT handover applies to only cells of the same level on the same layer and is triggered only over TCH. On a SDCCH, it is not allowed to trigger a PBGT handover.Proper use of PBGT handover helps to reduce over-cell coverage and co-channel interference.
[PBGT Watch Time(s)]
•Value Range: 1~16
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 3
•Description: This parameter indicates the period when the path losses of neighboring cells are measured. Thus, operators can determine whether a PBGT handover is triggered.
PBGT Valid Time(s)
•Value Range: 1~16
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 2
•Description: This parameter indicates the period that satisfies PBGT handover.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-120
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Data Configuration of PBGT HO
[PBGT HO Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~127 (-64 dB to +63 dB)
•Default Value: 68
•Description: A threshold in PBGT handover algorithm used to judge whether to perform PBGT handover. When PBGT Handover Allowed is set to Yes and Inter-cell HO Hysteresis > PBGT HO Thresh., the Inter-cell HO Hysteresis will act instead of the PBGT HO Thresh. When this parameter is assigned with a value smaller than 64, MS can hand over to a lower level neighboring cell. 68 for popular urban areas, 72 for suburbs.
•Remarks: When PBGT handover is enabled, and Inter-cell HO Hysteresis> PBGT HO Thresh, the Inter-cell HO hysteresis instead of the PBGT HO Thresh works. PBGT HO Thresh must be adjusted as per handover performance statistic result and actual network.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-121
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Concentric CellPurposes
Maximize coverage area
Reduce interference and improve frequency reuse density
Construction methods
Different combiner loss
Different propagation loss
Modify the transmission power of TRX, the down tilt of antennas, etc.
By HO parameters
Overlaid
Underlaid
GSM Handover Algorithm N-122
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Classification and HO Judgment of Concentric Cell
Receiving level
Time advance
Quality
…
Receiving level
Time advance
Quality
ATCB
Cell load of underlaid
…Normal concentric cell Enhance concentric cell
There are two kinds of concentric cell handover:
•Normal concentric cell handover
•Enhance concentric cell handover
The difference of these two handovers is that enhance concentric cell handover takes into account the cell load of underlaid.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-123
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Data Configuration of Concentric Cell
[Concentric Circles HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: The parameter indicates whether a concentric cell handover is allowed. A concentric cell handover is implemented to achieve mass coverage in the underlaid subcelland tight frequency reuse in the overlaid subcell, thus improving the system capability and service performance. A concentric cell handover consists of inward handover and outward handover.
[Enhenced Concentric Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter indicates whether a enhenced concentric circle handover is allowed.
While the Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed is set as "Yes", compare the receive level of the MS with O to U HO Receive Level Threshold and U to O HO Receive Level Threshold to decide whether to trigger an O to U HO or a U to O HO.
While the Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed is set as "No", compare the receive level of the MS with RX_LEV Threshold so as to decide whether to trigger an enhanced concentric cell HO. It is required to consider the load of the UL when deciding whether to trigger a U to O HO.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-124
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Normal Concentric Cell HO
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink receive
level ,TA value and quality.
underlaid
overlaid
Receiving Level Threshold
Receiving Level Hysteresis
Receiving Qaulityl Threshold
TA Threshold
TA Hysteresis
An illustration of how to define the border between the underlaid and the overlaid.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-125
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Normal Concentric Cell HO
U to O O to U
GSM Handover Algorithm N-126
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Normal Concentric Cell HO(O U )Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid
Begin within Penalty Time End Yes
No
[RX_LEV for UO HO Allowed] Yes?
Yes
[OL to UL HO Allowed] Yes ?
NoYes
[RX_QUAL for UO HO Allowed] Yes?
Yes
Rx_Dl_Quality>=[RX_QUAL Treshold]? Current TA>=[TA Threshold]+
[TA Hysteresis]?
[TA for UO HOAllowed] Yes?
Trigger OL to UL
P/N rule?
Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
No
NoNo
No No No
End
Rx_Dl_Level<=[RX_LEV thshold]-[RX_LEV Hysteresis]
NoYes
Criterion for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid:
TA value >= TA Threshold + TA Hysteresis
OR RX_LEV <= RX_LEV Threshold -RX_LEV Hysteresis
OR Quality >= RX_QUAL Threshold
Satisfying P/N rule
GSM Handover Algorithm N-127
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Normal Concentric Cell HO(U O )Criterion for TCH HO from underlaid to overlaid
Begin
With Penalty Time ? End Yes
No
Current TA<=[TA Threshold]-[TA Hysteresis]?
[RX_QUAL for UO HO Allowed] Yes?
Yes
Yes
No
No[RX_LEV for UO HO Allowed] Yes?
Rx_Dl_Level >=[RX_LEV Threshold] + [RX_LEV Hysteresis]
No
[TA for UO HOAllowed] Yes?
Rx_Dl_Qual<=[RX_QUAL Treshold]?
Yes
P/N rule?
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
[UL to OL HO Allowed] Yes ?
End
Yes
No
Trigger UL to OL
Criterion for TCH HO from underlaid to overlaid:
TA value <= TA Threshold - TA Hysteresis
AND RX_LEV >= RX_LEV Threshold + RX_LEV Hysteresis
AND Qua. <= RX_QUAL Threshold
Satisfying P/N rule
GSM Handover Algorithm N-128
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Data Configuration of Normal Concentric Cell HO
[UL to OL HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether an underlay (UL) to overlay (OL) handover is allowed.
[OL to UL HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether an OL to UL handover is allowed.
[RX_LEV for UO HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the downlink receive level is used to determine a Concentric Cell handover.
[RX_QUAL for UO HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: The default value is generally set to Yes. When the cell is a dual-timeslot cell, the default value is set to No.
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the downlink receive quality is used to determine a Concentric Cell handover.
[TA for UO HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the TA is used to determine a Concentric Cell handover.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-129
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Data Configuration of Normal Concentric Cell HO
[UO Signal Intensity Difference]
•Value Range: 0~63
•Default Value: 0
•Description: This parameter indicates the signal intensity compensation between the overlaid and underlaidsubcells. It equals the sum of power difference between overlaid and underlaid power amplifiers, insertion loss difference between combiners, path loss difference caused by antennas, and path loss difference caused by frequencies.The parameter is invalid when Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed.
[RX_LEV Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm)
•Default Value: 35: This parameter is greater than the sum of fringe handover threshold and UO signal intensity difference. 0: The cell is a dual-timeslot extended cell. 40: The cell is a mixed cell. Description: This is one of the parameters that determine the regions of overlaid and underlaid subcells. It is invalid when Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed.When Enhanced Concentric Cell is not allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_LEV Threshold, RX_LEV Hysteresis, RX_QUAL Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.
[RX_LEV Hysteresis]
•Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm)
•Default Value: 5 When the cell is a dual-timeslot cell, the default value is set to 0.DescriptionThis is one of the parameters that determine the regions of overlaid and underlaid subcells. It is invalid when Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed.When Enhanced Concentric Cell is not allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_LEV Threshold, RX_LEV Hysteresis, RX_QUAL Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.
[RX_QUAL Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~70 (RQ (0-7) 10)
•Default Value: The default value is 60, but it is 70 when the cell is a dual-timeslot extended cell.
•Description: This is one of the parameters that determine the regions of overlaid and underlaid subcells. When Enhanced Concentric Cell is not allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_LEV Threshold, RX_LEV Hysteresis, RX_QUAL Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis. When Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_QUAL Threshold, UtoO HO Receive Level Threshold, OtoU HO Receive Level Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-130
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Data Configuration of Normal Concentric Cell HO
[TA Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Bit period (a bit period denotes 0.55 km)
•Default Value: 63 Note: TA threshold is not used to distinguish the boundary between overlaid and underlaidsubcells.
•Description: This is one of the parameters that determine the regions of overlaid and underlaid subcells. When Enhanced Concentric Cell is not allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_LEV Threshold, RX_LEV Hysteresis, RX_QUAL Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.When Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_QUAL Threshold, UtoO HO Receive Level Threshold, OtoU HO Receive Level Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.
•Remarks: This parameter must be less than the TA threshold of an emergency handover. When set to 63, this parameter can be used to distinguish the boundary of Underlaid subcell and OverLaid subcell of a dual-slot concentric cell instead of the boundary of a normal concentric cell.
[TA Hysteresis]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Bit period (a bit period corresponds to 0.55 km)
•Default Value: The default value is generally set to 0. When the cell is a dual-timeslot cell, the default value is set to 3.
•Description: This is one of the parameters that determine the regions of overlaid and underlaid subcells. When Concentric Circles HO Allowed is set to No, the regions are co-determined by RX_LEV Threshold, RX_LEV Hysteresis, RX_QUAL Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis. When Concentric Circles HO Allowed is set to Yes, the regions are co-determined by RX_QUAL Threshold, UtoO HO Receive Level Threshold, OtoUHO Receive Level Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.
[UO HO Watch Time]
•Value Range: 0~16
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the duration during which the BSC counts the duration when the conditions for an concentric cell handover are met to decide whether to trigger a concentric cell handover.
[UO HO Valid Time]
•Value Range: 0~16
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 4
GSM Handover Algorithm N-131
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Enhance Concentric Cell HO
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink receive
level, quality, TA value and cell load of underlaid.
underlaid
overlaid
U to O HO Receiving Level Threshold
O to U HO Receiving Level Hysteresis
Receiving Qaulityl Threshold
TA Threshold
TA Hysteresis
GSM Handover Algorithm N-132
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Enhance Concentric Cell HO
Classification of TCH HO in enhance concentric cell HO
O to Ufor low load in U
U to Ofor high load in U
O to Ufor moving
GSM Handover Algorithm N-133
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Enhance Concentric Cell HO(U O )
A: RX_LEV_UL – RX_LEV (n) >[Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)] RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and layer with underlaid subcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is -110dBm
Flow for TCH HO from underlaid to overlaid for high load in UL
Begin
Within Penalty Time ? End Yes
No
Current TA<[TA Threshold]-[TA Hysteresis]?
[ATCBHoSwitch] Open?
[RX_QUAL for UO HO Allowed] Yes?
Go to the user selection flow in the next slide
Yes
Yes
No
No[RX_LEV for UO HO Allowed] Yes?
Rx_Dl_Level>[UtoO HO Received Level Threshold]
No
AYes
No
[TA for UO HOAllowed] Yes?
Rx_Dl_Qual<[RX_QUAL Treshold]?
Yes
P/N rule? YesNo
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
[UL to OL HO Allowed] Yes ?
End
Yes
No
Criterion for TCH HO from underlaid to overlaid
RX_LEV > UtoO HO Received Level Threshold
And RX_LEV_UL – RX_LEV (n) > Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)
And RX_QUAL < RX_QUAL Threshold
And TA < TA Threshold – TA Hysteresis
Satisfying P/N rule
GSM Handover Algorithm N-134
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Enhance Concentric Cell HO(U O ) (Con.)
User selection flow from UL to OL for high load in UL
Cell load of UL>=[En Iuo OutCell Serious OverLoad Thred]?
Begin [UtoO Traffice
HO Allowed] Yes ?
Cell load of UL>=[En Iuo Out Cell General OverLoad Thred]?
Trigger UL to OL
Yes No
Adjust HO zone basing on HO step and HO period
Refresh cell load per second
B(B-1)/second
Yes
B=[Underlay HO Step Period(s)]HO step: [Underlay HO Step Level]HO period: B-x or BHO zone: begin from -47dBm
Any MS in HO zone?
Yes
No
Yes
No
End
No
GSM Handover Algorithm N-135
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Enhance Concentric Cell HO(O U )
Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid for low load in underlaid
HO period: [En Iuo in Cell Load Classification HO Period]HO step: [En Iuo in Cell Load Classification HO Step]HO zone: begin from [OtoU HO Received Level Threshold] to -47dBm
Begin [[OL to UL HO Allowed] Yes ?
Cell load of UL<[En Iuo Out Cell Low Load Thred]?
No
Trigger UL to OL
Adjust HO zone basing on HO step and HO period
Refresh cell load per second
Yes
Any MS in HO zone?
Yes
No
Yes
No
End
Criterion for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid for underlaid low load
Cell load of underlaid < En Iuo Out Cell Low Load Threshold
HO Zone is from OtoU HO Received Level Threshold~-47dBm
Object cell selection
The object cell must be the underlaid subcell
GSM Handover Algorithm N-136
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Enhance Concentric Cell HO(O U )Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid for moving
No
Begin With Penalty Time ? End Yes
No
[ATCBHoSwitch] Open?
No[RX_LEV for UO HO Allowed] Yes?
Rx_Dl_Level<[OtoU HO Received Level Threshold] A
Yes
[OL to UL HO Allowed] Yes ?
NoYes
[RX_QUAL for UO HO Allowed] Yes?
YesRx_Dl_Qual>
[RX_QUAL Treshold]? Current TA>[TA Threshold]+[TA Hysteresis]?
[TA for UO HOAllowed] Yes?
Trigger OL to UL
P/N rule?
Select the underlaid subcell or the neighbour cell with the highst priority in 16 bits list
Yes Yes Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No No
No No
NoEnd
A: RX_LEV_UL – RX_LEV (n) < [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]-[Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Criterion for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid for moving
RX_LEV < OtoU HO Received Level Threshold
OR RX_QUAL > RX_QUAL Threshold
OR TA > TA Threshold + TA Hysteresis
OR RX_LEV_UL – RX_LEV (n) < Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB) – Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)
Satisfying P/N rule
Object cell selection
The cell with highest priority. It could be underlaid subcell or normal neighboring cell
GSM Handover Algorithm N-137
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Data Configuration of Enhance Concentric Cell HO
[ATCBHoSwitch]
•Value Range: Closed Open Unit: None Default Value: Open
•Description: The switch of the ATCB handover algorithm.
[UL to OL HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether an U to O handover is allowed.
[OL to UL HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: Yes
•DescriptionThis parameter indicates whether an OL to UL handover is allowed.
[RX_LEV for UO HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the downlink receive level is used to determine a Concentric Cell handover.
[RX_QUAL for UO HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: The default value is generally set to Yes. When the cell is a dual-timeslot cell, the default value is set to No.
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the downlink receive quality is used to determine a Concentric Cell handover.
[TA for UO HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the TA is used to determine a Concentric Cell handover.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-138
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Data Configuration of Enhance Concentric Cell HO
[RX_QUAL Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~70 (RQ (0-7) 10)
•Default Value: The default value is 60, but it is 70 when the cell is a dual-timeslot extended cell.
•Description: This is one of the parameters that determine the regions of overlaid and underlaid subcells. When Enhanced Concentric Cell is not allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_LEV Threshold, RX_LEV Hysteresis, RX_QUAL Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis. When Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_QUAL Threshold, UtoO HO Receive Level Threshold, OtoU HO Receive Level Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.
[TA Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~255 Unit: Bit period (a bit period denotes 0.55 km)
•Default Value: 63 Note: TA threshold is not used to distinguish the boundary between overlaid and underlaidsubcells.
•Description: This is one of the parameters that determine the regions of overlaid and underlaid subcells. When Enhanced Concentric Cell is not allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_LEV Threshold, RX_LEV Hysteresis, RX_QUAL Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.When Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_QUAL Threshold, UtoO HO Receive Level Threshold, OtoU HO Receive Level Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.
•Remarks: This parameter must be less than the TA threshold of an emergency handover. When set to 63, this parameter can be used to distinguish the boundary of Underlaid subcell and OverLaid subcell of a dual-slot concentric cell instead of the boundary of a normal concentric cell.
[TA Hysteresis]
•Value Range: 0~255 Unit: Bit period (a bit period corresponds to 0.55 km)
•Default Value: The default value is generally set to 0. When the cell is a dual-timeslot cell, the default value is set to 3.
•Description: This is one of the parameters that determine the regions of overlaid and underlaid subcells. When Concentric Circles HO Allowed is set to No, the regions are co-determined by RX_LEV Threshold, RX_LEV Hysteresis, RX_QUAL Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis. When Concentric Circles HO Allowed is set to Yes, the regions are co-determined by RX_QUAL Threshold, UtoO HO Receive Level Threshold, OtoUHO Receive Level Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-139
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Data Configuration of Enhance Concentric Cell HO
[UO HO Watch Time]
•Value Range: 0~16
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the duration during which the BSC counts the duration when the conditions for an concentric cell handover are met to decide whether to trigger a concentric cell handover.
[UO HO Valid Time]
•Value Range: 0~16
•Unit: Seconds
•Default Value: 4
•Description: This parameter indicates the duration when the conditions for a concentric cell handover are met within UO HO Watch Time.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-140
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Data Configuration of Enhance Concentric Cell HO
[OtoU HO Received Level Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm) Default Value: 25
•Description: This is one of the parameters that determine the regions of overlaid and underlaid subcells. When Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_QUAL Threshold, UtoO HO Receive Level Threshold, OtoU HO Receive Level Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.
[UtoO HO Received Level Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm) Default Value: 35
•Description: This is one of the parameters that determine the regions of overlaid and underlaid subcells.When Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed, the regions are co-determined by RX_QUAL Threshold, UtoO HO Receive Level Threshold, OtoU HO Receive Level Threshold, TA Threshold, and TA Hysteresis.
[UtoO Traffic HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: No: dual-timeslot cells Yes: other cells
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the traffic in the underlaid subcelldetermines the underlaid to overlaid (UL to OL) handover.When this parameter is set to Yes, the handover is allowed only when the traffic in the underlaid cell is equal to or greater than Traffic Threshold of Underlay.When this parameter is set to No, the traffic is not taken into consideration.
•Remarks: This parameter is valid only when Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-141
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Data Configuration of Enhance Concentric Cell HO
[Underlay HO Step Period(s)]
•Value Range: 1~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the interval between two grades of level-based handovers. When multiple UL to OL handover requests are initiated simultaneously, it is possible that calls with low level are handed over. This does not conform to the principle that the call with the best quality should be handed over firstly. Thus, level grade-based handover is used to hand over high-level calls with higher priority.
•Remarks: This parameter is valid only when Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed.
[Underlay HO Step Level]
•Value Range: 1~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm) Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the length of a grade in level grade-based UL to OL handover. Thus, high-level calls are handed over with higher priority.After a step period of UL to OL handover, the handover band is decreased by the length of a grade.This parameter and Underlay HO Step Period control the level band of the step-by-step handover from underlaid subcells to overlaid subcells together. The time for the handover band to step down for Underlay HO Step Level is Underlay HO Step Period.
•Remarks: This parameter is valid only when Enhanced Concentric Cell is allowed.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-142
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Data Configuration of Enhance Concentric Cell HO
[En Iuo Out Cell Low Load Thred]
•Value Range: 0~100 Unit: % Default Value: 20
•Description: If the ratio of the underlaid subcell channel occupancy is smaller than the value of this parameter, some calls in the overlaid subcell are handed over to the underlaid subcell.
[En Iuo Out Cell General OverLoad Thred]
•Value Range: 0-100 Unit: % Default Value: 85
•Description: If the ratio of the underlaid subcell channel occupancy is greater than the value of this parameter, some calls in the underlaid subcell are handed over to the overlaid subcell.
[En Iuo Out Cell Serious OverLoad Thred]
•Value Range: 0~100 Unit: % Default Value: 90
•Description: If the ratio of the underlaid cell channel occupancy is greater than the value of this parameter, the period of hierarchical handover from underlaid subcell to overlaid subcell is shorten. That is, the value of Out Cell Load HO Modify Step is reduced every second based on the value of Out Cell Load Classification HO Period. Thus the handover from underlaid subcell to the overlaid subcell speeds up.
•Remarks: The value of this parameter must be greater than that of the En Iuo Out Cell General OverLoad Thred.
[En Iuo In Cell Load classification HO Period]
•Value Range: 1~255 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 5
•Description: When the ratio of overlaid subcell cell channel occupancy is greater than the value of En Iuo Out Cell General OverLoad Thred, all the calls in the cell request for handover at the same time. The BSC load is sharply increased. Thus the call may drop because the target cell is congested. Therefore the algorithm of hierarchical handover is applied to hand over the calls in the cell hierarchically.This parameter indicates the time duration of every hierarchical handover.
[En Iuo In Cell Load classification HO Step]
•Value Range: 0-63 Unit: Db Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the level step of the hierarchical handover from underlaid subcell to overlaid subcell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-143
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Data Configuration of Enhance Concentric Cell HO
[Distance Between Boundaries of UL And OL Subcell(dB)]
•Value Range: 0~63 Unit: dB Default Value: 10
•Description: This parameter indicates the distance between the overlaid subcelland underlaid subcell. The value of this parameter is comparative. The greater the value is, the longer the distance is.The enhanced dual-band network handover algorithm refers to the boundary between underlaid subcell and overlaid subcellbased on the comparative value of signal strength of serving cell and neighboring cell. Suppose the signal strength of serving cell is SS(s), and neighboring cell SS(n). If SS(s) is equal to SS(n), the cell is in the underlaid subcell boundary. If the value of SS(s) - SS(n) is larger than the value of Distance Between Out And Inn Cell boundary, the cell is in the overlaid subcell.
[Distance Hysterisis Between Boundaries of UL And OL Subcell]
•Value Range: 0~63 Unit: dB Default Value: 2
•Description:To prevent ping-pong handover, the BSC determines whether the handover of the MS from overlaid subcell cell to underlaid subcell cell based on the value of this parameter. Suppose the signal strength of serving cell is SS(s), and neighboring cell SS(n). If the value of SS(s) - SS(n) is larger than the value of Distance Between Out And Inn Cell boundary - Distance Hyst Between Out And Inn Cell boundary, the MS handover from overlaid subcell cell to underlaidsubcell cell is allowed.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-144
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Channel Assignment strategies of Concentric Cell
Channel Assignment Strategies of Concentric Cell
Immediate Assignment Assignment
Intra-BSC Inter-cell
Handover
Incoming Cell
Handover
GSM Handover Algorithm N-145
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The preferred SDCCH channel in two layers is controlled by parameter
“TA pref. Of Imme-Assign Allowed ”
If "No", system prefers the channel in Underlaid subcell
If “Yes", system prefers the channel according to in Channel
Request message
TA smallerTA bigger
Immediate Assignment
When “TA pref. Of Imme-Assign Allowed ” is set as “Yes”, if the TA is larger than the “TA Threshold of Imme-Assignment Pref.”, the underlay cell is assigned first. if the TA is smaller than the threshold, the overlay cell is assigned first.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-146
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Data Configuration of Immediate Assignment
[TA Pref of Imme-Assign Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter indicates whether access_delay is used in the channel request message for immediate assignment. When this parameter is set to No, a channel in the underlaidsubcell is assigned. When this parameter is set to Yes, a channel in the overlaid subcell is assigned if access_delay is less than TA Threshold of Imme-Assign Pref. If not, a channel in the underlaidsubcell is assigned.
[TA Threshold of Imme-Assign Pref]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Bit period (a bit period corresponds to 0.55 km)
•Default Value: 63: Dual-timeslot extended cells 0: Other cells
•Description: This parameter indicates the threshold of overlaid cell-based immediate assignment. If TA Pref of Imme-Assign Allowed is set to Yes, the system prefers the channel in overlaid subcell while ACCESS_DELAY is smaller than TA Thrsh. of Imme- Assign pref. Otherwise, the system prefers the channel in Underlaid subcell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-147
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Preferred assignment in the overlay or underlay cell
Assign the channel of overlay or underlay cell according to
the Rx_level and TA in the measurement report
TA smaller and Rx-level higher
Assignment
The channel of overlay cell is assigned first only when the Rx level on the SDCCH is equal to or larger than the “Assign-optimum-level Threshold” and the TA is smaller than the “TA Threshold of Assignment Pref.”. Otherwise, the channel of underlay cell is assigned first to ensure the successful assignment.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-148
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Data Configuration of Assignment
[Assign Optimum Layer]
•Value Range: System Optimization, Overlaid Subcell, Underlaid Subcell, No Preference
•Default Value:
Underlaid Subcell: The cell system is GSM900&DCS1800 and enhanced concentric cell.
System Optimization: The cell system is not GSM900&DCS1800.
•Description: This parameter indicates the method of TCH assignment a concentric cell.
System Optimization: The system selects the optimum serving layer according to the MR provided through the SDCCH.
Underlaid Subcell: Channel assignment in the underlaid subcell has higher priority.
Overlaid Subcell: Channel assignment in the overlaid subcell has higher priority.
No Preference: No specific instruction is given.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-149
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[Assign-optimum-level Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm to -47 dBm)
•Default Value: When the uplink and the downlink are not balanced, the default value = receive level + balance margin for uplink and downlink When the uplink and the downlink are balanced, the default value can be set to 35, which is the same as RX_LEV Threshold. When the cell is a dual-timeslot cell, the default value is set to 0. When the cell is a hybrid cell, the default value is set to 40.
•Description: When the optimal layer is selected through system optimization, the current SDCCH level can be estimated (inserted/filtered) based on the uplink measurement result in the previous SDCCH MR. Then, overlaid and underlaid subcells are allocated by comparing this parameter with the receive level of SDCCH, and by comparing TA with the TAthreshold of optimum assignment. The MS is allocated with overlaid subcell only when the receive level is greater than level threshold and TA is smaller than the TA threshold. Otherwise, the MS is allocated with the underlaid cell.
[TA Threshold of Assignment Pref.]
•Value Range: 0~255
•Unit: Bit period (a bit period corresponds to 0.55 km)
•Default Value:63
•Description: When the optimal layer is selected through system optimization, the current SDCCH level can be estimated (inserted/filtered) based on the uplink measurement result in the previous SDCCH MR. Then, overlaid and underlaid subcells are allocated by comparing this parameter and the receive level of SDCCH, and by comparing TA and the TA threshold of optimum assignment. The MS is allocated with overlaid subcell only when the receive level is greater than level threshold and TA is smaller than the TA threshold. Otherwise, the MS is allocated with the underlaid cell.
•Remarks: When this parameter is set to 0, the MS is allocated with the underlaid cell.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-150
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Intra-BSC Inter-Cell HandoverIn the case of intra-BSC inter-cell handover, the MS can be handed
over to the underlay or overlay cell first.
If “System Optimization” is selected, the preferred assignment is
conducted according to the level value in the measurement report.
overlaid
Underlaid
OverlaidAccording to the Rx-level
If the Rx level is higher than the “Rx level threshold”, the MS will be handed over to the overderlay cell. Otherwise, the MS will be handed over to the underlay cell
GSM Handover Algorithm N-151
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Data Configuration of Intra-BSC Inter-Cell Handover
[Pref. Subcell in HO of Intra-BSC]
•Value Range: System Optimization, Overlaid Subcell, Underlaid Subcell, No Preference
•Default Value: The default value is System Optimization. For a dual-timeslot extended cell or a hybrid cell, the default value is Underlaid Subcell.
•Description: This parameter indicates the method of channel assignment for intra-BSC handover in a concentric cell.
System Optimization: The BCCH of the target cell is specified in the handover request. Then, the target cell compares only the receive level with RX_LEV Threshold, thus selecting the layer with higher priority.
UnderLaid Subcell: Channel assignment in the underlaid subcell has higher priority.
OverLaid Subcell: Channel assignment in the overlaid subcell has higher priority.
No Preference: Channels are assigned based on routine algorithms.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-152
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Inter-BSC Handover
For the inter-BSC Handover, if the target cell is concentric cell , the
channel of underlay cell should be assigned first.
overlaid
Underlaid
Overlaid
BSC1 BSC2
Assign underlaid first
GSM Handover Algorithm N-153
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Data Configuration of Inter-BSC Inter-Cell Handover
[Incoming-to-BSC HO Optimum Layer]
•Value Range: Overlaid Subcell, Underlaid Subcell, No Preference
•Default Value:
Underlaid Subcell (common networks)
Overlaid Subcell (dual-frequency networks)
Underlaid Subcell (dual-frequency networks with decreasing success rate of handover)
•Description: This parameter indicates the method of selecting an optimum layer for an incoming handover.
•Remarks: The BCCH carrier must be configured in the underlaid subcell. The SDCCH must be configured in the underlaid subcell. Concentric Cell handover is forbidden if both RX-LEV Threshold and RX-LEV Hysteresis (or both TA Threshold and TA Hysteresis) are set to 63. The data configuration for a dual-timeslot extended cell adopts Concentric Cell techniques.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-154
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AMR Handover FlowBegin
Are [Intracell HO Allowed] & [Intracell F-H HO
Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
Is current channel TCH & version3?
No
A: Cell load > [AMR TCH/H Prior Cell Load Threshold]
During [Penalty Time after AMR TCHF-H HO
Fail(s)]?
Yes
Yes
current channel is FR
Satisfy P/N rule? Trigger internal cellAMR handover
Yes
NoEnd
RQI/2 >[F2H HO th] & A RQI/2 <[H2F HO th] End
Yes Yes
NoNo
No
No
No
Yes
GSM Handover Algorithm N-155
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Data Configuration of AMR HO
[Intracell HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter indicates whether an intra-cell handover is allowed. After an intra-cell handover, the timeslot and TRX that the MS occupies change.
•Remarks: This parameter does not affect concentric cell handovers and forced handovers. During an AMR handover, an interference handover, and a bad quality handover, an intra-cell handover is unavailable if this parameter is set to No.
[Intracell F-H HO Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the handover between full-rate channels and half-rate channels in the cell is allowed. Only the value of the Intracell HO Allowed is set Yes, this parameter is valid. Only when this parameter is set to Yes, the BSC makes an AMR handover decision. Otherwise, the BSC makes no decision.
[Intracell F-H HO State Time(s)]
•Value Range: 1~16 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 5
•Description: This parameter indicates the time threshold that satisfies full rate to half rate handover.
[Intracell F-H HO Last Time]
•Value Range: 1~16 Unit: Seconds Default Value: 4
•Description: This parameter indicates the period that satisfies full rate to half rate handover.
[F2H HO th]
•Value Range: 0~39 Unit: dBm Default Value: 25
•Description: This parameter indicates the threshold of a handover from full rate data TCH (TCHF) to half rate data TCH (TCHH). For AMR calls, intra-cell TCHF to TCHH handover is triggered when TCHF is in use and Radio Quality Indication (RQI) is constantly higher than this threshold.
[H2F HO th]
•Value Range: 0~39 Unit: dBm Default Value: 10
•Description: This parameter indicates the threshold of TCHH to TCHF handover. For an AMR call, if the current channel is a HR channel and the RQI is constantly lower than H2F HO th within a period, a TCHH to TCHF handover is triggered.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-156
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Data Configuration of AMR HO
[AMR TCH/H Prior Allowed]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: Yes
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the TCH/H prior function is allowed during the channel assignment. Yes—allowed; No—prohibited.
The channel type to be assigned is decided according to the channel types that are allowed by the MSC and the percentage of seized TCHs in the cell.
During the channel assignment, the TCHF or TCCH, TCHH Prior channels are required when:
Half rate and full rate channels are allowed to be assigned by the MSC.
The AMR TCH/H Prior Allowed is set to Yes.
The percentage of seized TCHs in the cell is greater than the value of AMR TCH/H Prior Cell Load Threshold.
In other cases, the TCHF or TCCH, TCHF Prior channels are required.
[AMR TCH/H Prior Cell Load Threshold]
•Value Range: 0~99
•Default Value: 40
•Description: The channel type to be assigned is decided according to the channel types that are allowed by the MSC and the percentage of seized TCHs in the cell.
During the channel assignment, the TCHF or TCCH, TCHH Prior channels are required when:
Half rate and full rate channels are allowed to be assigned by the MSC.
The AMR TCH/H Prior Allowed is set to Yes.
The percentage of seized TCHs in the cell is greater than the value of AMR TCH/H Prior Cell Load Threshold.
In other cases, the TCHF or TCCH, TCHF Prior channels are required.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-157
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General HO Process
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
MS Goes into Dedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement Result Report1
Measurement Report Preprocessing2
Handover Judgment3
Handover Implementation4
GSM Handover Algorithm N-158
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Handover Implementation
No power control during handover in order to make sure the handover is successful
Begin
[Power boost befor HO enabled or not](s)Yes ?
BTS(s) uses the max. power output
Yes No
BSC send “HO Command” to MS
HO execute
BTS(s) keeps current power output
BTS(s) keeps current power output For BTS
[Power boost befor HO enabled or not]
•Value Range: StartUp,not StartUp,None
•Default Value: not StartUp
•Description: When the MS is in a corner, the receive level may decrease swiftly. Handover may be triggered. At this time, the BSC cannot adjust the power of the MS and BTS in time. The MS cannot receive the handover command. Thus call drop occurs. So the power boosting is necessary before HO.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-159
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Data Configuration of Handover Implementation(BTS)
GSM Handover Algorithm N-160
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Handover Implementation
No power control during handover in order to make sure the handover is successful
Begin
[MS Power Predictionafter HO](s) Yes ?
BSC predict power
Yes No
BSC send “HO Command” to MS
HO execute
MS uses the highest power to access For MS
MS will use this predict power in new cell after finishing this handover
GSM Handover Algorithm N-161
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Data Configuration of Handover Implementation(MS)
[MS Power Prediction after HO]
•Value Range: Yes, No
•Default Value: No
•Description: This parameter indicates whether the MS uses the optimum transmit power to access a new channel after the handover. Using the optimum transmit power helps to reduce interference and improve the service performance.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-162
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Data Configuration of Handover Implementation(MS)
UL Expected Level at HO Access
•Value Range: 0~63(-110 dBm ~ -47 dBm)
•Unit: dB
•Default Value: 30
•Description: This parameter indicates the expected uplink receive level on a new channel after an MS is handed over to a new cell.This parameter is consistent with UL RX_LEV Upper Threshold in G-II power control.
GSM Handover Algorithm N-163
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Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Classification of HO
HO general procedure
HO judgment algorithm
HO implementation process
HO data configuration
GSM Handover Algorithm N-164
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