guide to developing video games
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Video Games
VGD 2012-2013
Francis Joseph Seria
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Goals
To understand the fundamental modules running in agame
To understand the fundamental structure of all videogames
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Objectives
Identify and implement the fundamental structure of allvideo games in C++
Identify and implement the different modules in a videogame
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Core Values
Creativity Free your mind
Curiosity Your thirst for knowledge can never be quenched
Patience Everything will turn out just right
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As a Software
Video Games are fundamentally, software.Development of Video Games follow SoftwareEngineering Practices and Methods.
Unlike Business applications, a Video Game shouldcontinue with or without User Input.
A major difference between Video Games and othersoftware is that development teams include more than
just programmers. They include artists, level designers,writers, etc. similar to movie production.
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Video Games
Video Games always require a computer to receiveplayer input, perform logic and return feedback to theplayer.
Thus, card games and board games are not consideredVideo Games (even if they have Video Game versions).
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Modules & Managers
Elements of a Video Game
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Sample Modules
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Sample Modules
A Video Game is comprised of different systems workingtogether
Each system is further divided into subsystems. For example: Game Logic may consist of Physics and AI Graphics may include 2D and 3D Resources may handle images, meshes, audio sources, etc.
Each module may have a Manager that would handle allthe subsystems and their interactions between other systems
Most of the modules correspond to specific hardware types
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Specialized Modules
There are devices which have specialized hardware forspecific modules. For example: Physics Modules (Physics Processing Units) Post Rendering Effects (Digital Signal Processor) Network Module Logging (Debugging)
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Game Manager
The Game Manager is the core of a Video Game.Ideally, it is the entry and exit point of the program. Thegame manager initializes the other modules in the game.
All objects in the scene that are either visible, has logic orboth is managed by the Game Manager. These objectsare commonly called Game Objects.
Game Objects are anything that is visible or has logic The Game Manager handles the Game Loop
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Time Manager
The Time Manager (or Timer) keeps track of the amountof time between iterations of the game loop
Usually measured in milliseconds Other information that the Timer may keep track of: Time elapsed since the Video Game started Time elapsed between video output (to determine or
control frames per second)
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Input Manager
The Input Manager (or simply Input) records the states of allavailable input devices to be used
Input devices may differ per platform as listed: For Desktop/Laptops; keyboard, joystick, mouse, webcam,
microphone, etc.
For Consoles/Handhelds; game pad buttons, joystick, IR, deviceorientation or motion, multi-touchscreen, camera, microphone,etc.
Other information the Input may record: Duration of an input state (ex: charging of a weapon) Events or Change of state of an input (ex: on press, on release) Order of consecutive events (ex: combo, double click)
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Output Manager
The Output Manager (or simply Output) handlesfeedback to the player
Output is usually split into Audio and Video subsystems The Audio subsystem control the playing of music and
sound effects
The Video subsystem manages the visual feedback tothe player, which may be in 2D, 3D or both
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The Game Loop
Fundamental Structure for all Video Games
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The Game Loop
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The Game Loop
As mentioned before, Video Games should continueprocessing whether the user has entered any input or not
Thus, we cannot use blocking input functions such asscanf() orcin to receive input. Instead, we save thestates of all input devices to be used later on
Then, we update the logic of the game and return anoutput before we repeat the cycle
Each cycle in the game loop is called a frame, similar tothe frames of a movie. After all, a video game is aninteractive movie J
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The Game Loop
bool isPlaying = true;
if (!Init()) return -1;
// Enter the game loop
while (isPlaying) {
Input();
Update();Output();
}
CleanUp();
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Init() and CleanUp()
Init() is used for initializing the video game, initializing themodules and loading resources
CleanUp() is used for releasing resources and shuttingdown the other modules
Note: The constructor and destructor may be used instead of Init()
and CleanUp()
These 2 functions are not part of the game loop
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Input()
Input() calls the Input Manager to recheck all the statesfrom the input devices
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Update()
Update() contains thelogic of the Video Game
Objects react to playerinput or collisions
Collision Tests, Physics andAI are also executed in the
Update
May not exactly be in theorder as shown
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Output()
Output() gives the playerfeedback
Output devices differ perplatform but they generally
involve both Video and
Audio
Rather than displayingdirectly to the screen, weput the output in a buffer
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Exiting the Game Loop
The Game Loop, and eventually the game itself, exitswhen the condition (
isPlaying) becomes false
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