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1
ERASMUS1 (European Commission)
1987 12
2007 31 3100 16 2
6 2
87 9 190
(Lifelong Learning) 3 2007
2013 7 6 9700
4 2 7880
European Credit Transfer and
Accumulation System ECTS
20
Ulrich Teichler 1987
2004
Ulrich
Teichler 2004
1957 3 128
4 1970 1980
1976 10 Joint Study Program
1987 6 3
1 European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students 2 European Commission, “Interest in the Erasmus Programme for Students and Universities Continues to
Increase” [Press Release, Reference no. IP/08/736] (Brussels, May 13, 2008); “ERASMUS” at
http://ec.europe.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/cod80_en.htm 3 1957 3 25
(EEC) 1958 1 1
4 Ulrich Teichler, “The ERASMUS Experience: Major Findings of the ERASMUS Evaluation Research Project”
Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Berufs-und Hochshulforschung der Universität Gesamthochschule Kassel,,
(Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996) p.6
2
5 (European
Community) 1993
1
(1987-1995 )
(1996-2000 ) 1993 EU 6
SOCRATES7
(Institutional Agreement)
(2000-2006 ) II
2000
2007-2013
4
(1987-1995 )
1968 (European Council)
1987 8 1989 3
1988 ECTS 1989 5
1990 1995 2 1992
12 9
European Free-Trade Association) 10 1994 20
5 , - -
17 15 3 p. 74 6 1993 1993
12 1995 3 2004
10 2007 2009 27 7 European Community Action Programme in Education 8 Teichler, 1996, p. 6 9
10
3
3 1
11
1 3,244
1990-1991 25,835 1993-1994
54,379 12
1996
1993 11 12
126 13
3 1996
1995
2 (1995-1999 )
1996
1
11 Teichler, 1996, p. 1 12 European Commission Directorate-General for Education and Culture,( EC) Gateway to Education,
SOCRATES, European Community Action Programme in the Field of Education (2000-2006) (Luxembourg,
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000), p. 30 13 1993 126 1997
126 149
1999
4
14
1995 15
( )
16
17
1997 UNESCO
18 1998
800 Mobility Employability
1999 6 19 29 31
19 2010 6
1999
14 Irving Mitchell) (2000 8 29
) 15 Andris Barblan and Ulrich Teicheler, “Implementing European Strategies in Universities: The Socrates
Experience”, in Andris Barblan, Sybbile Reichert et al. (ed.) Implementing European Policies in Higher Education Institutions (Kassel, Germany, Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Berufs-und Hochshulforschung der Universität
Gesamthochschule Kassel, 2000) p. 93 16 17 Barbara M. Kehm, Strategic Management of Internationalization Processes: Problems and Options, (Lutherstadt
Wittenberg, Germany: Institute for Higher Education Research Wittenberg, 1999) pp. 369-382. 18 Council of Europe-UNESCO Joint Convention, Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning
Higher-Education in the European Region [The European Treaty Series, no. 135](Lisbon, 11 April 1997). 19 The Confederation of EU Rectors’ Conferences and the Association of European Universities (CRE), Bologna
Declaration on the European space for higher education; an explanation (February 29, 2000) pp. 7-8
5
2 2000 2006
Teichler (2008)
20
3 (2000-2006 )
3 II 2000 1 1 2006 12 26
II 7 18 5
8 21
10
6
(ERASMUS Thematic
Network) ECTS
Diploma
Supplement DS 2004
ECTS DS
ECTS Label Institution DS Label Institution
21 ECTS 96 DS
TUNING Tuning Educational
Structures in Europe
22
EU-JAPAN EU-USA EU-CANADA EU-CHINA
EU-AUSTRALIA
2004
(2007-2013 )
2007-2013 7
20 Ulrich Teichler, Keynote Speech “Student Mobility: Where Do We Come from, Where Are We, Where Are We
Going to Inside the EHEA?” at the Bologna Conference “Fostering Student Mobility: Next Step? Involving
Stakeholders for an Improved Mobility Inside the EHEA” (Brussels, 29-30 May 2008). 21 The European Commission, SOCRATES Programme Guidelines for Application, (Document, June 2000 edition) ,
p. 3. 22 Julia Gonzalez and Robert Wagenaar, Tuning Educational Structures in Europe (Final Report): Phase One,
(Bilbao, Universidad de Deusto, 2003)
6
23 20
7 1
(Mobility), (2) (Multilateral Projects) (3)
Thematic Network 3
Transversal Programme 4
ERASMUS University Charter
4.5
16 26,000
1995199519951995----2006200620062006
1995-2006
149 150 24 25
(European Commission Office)
(Technical Assistance Office) 2
2006
36
(national agency)
2007 31 26
(a) (27 )
23 The European Commission, Lifelong Learning Programme-Call for Proposal 2008, [the Official Journal of the
European Union, C230/4], (February 10, 2007) 24 149 150 1993 126 127 1997
25 The European Commission, SOCRATES Programme: Guideline for Applications, (June 2000), p. 5. 26 EC, Gateway to Education,., p. 7.
7
(b) (EFTA/EEA27272727) (3 )
(c) (1 )
1987 2008 190
31 3,100 4
2008 2013 3 4.5
2000
II
2000 1 17 2000
3,850 222
2,180 ( 1,670
2,070 3
50.6
1 9,250 76.6
8,350
900
2) 2,150 17.8
1,150
1,000
670 5.6 3)
370 300
27 EEA: European Economic Area.
8
II
2007-2013
7 4
1 600
1 200 28
10101010
1995-1999 10 (
ECTS
)
29 II (2000-2006 )
(2007-2013 ) 10
(1) (OMS: Support for Organizing the Mobility of Students)
3 1
2005-2006 159,324
30 40 60 1994
2007 6.4 6.7 (42 )
31 2006-2007 (20.36 )
(14.94%) (11.8%) (10.8%) (6.58%)
32
28 600
1 2006/2007 190
”Chart: Average EU grant per student/month 2000/01-2006/07”
(http://ec.europa.eu/education/erasmus/doc920_en.htm.) 29 European Commission Directorate-General for Education and Culture,( EC) Socrates Programme;
ERASMUS Institutional Contact (Final Agreement 1998/99), (Official Document, Brussels, April 3,1998) 30 “Table: Erasmus student mobility 2006/2007: Total number of students by home and host country”
(http://ec.europa.eu/education/erasmus/doc920_en.htm.) 31 “Table: Erasmus student mobility: Average duration 1994/95 to 2006/07”
(http://ec.europa.eu/education/erasmus/doc920_en.htm.) 32 “Table: Erasmus student mobility 2006/2007: Subject areas EC”,
(http://ec.europa.eu/education/erasmus/doc920_en.htm.) ; Gateway to Education,., p. 5-6, 36 53-55.
9
10
4,000 1700
16 1
20
(2) (TS: Teaching Staff Mobility)
1
1997-1998
7,797 2001-2002 15,872 2006-2007
25,808 33 6
7 1 600
(3) (ECTS)
ECTS
ECTS (Learning
Agreement) DS
(4) (PV: Preparatory Visits)
(5) (ETF: ERASMUS Teaching Fellowship)
II (2000-2006 )
(6) (EM: European Modules)
(European Dimension)
(7) (CDI: Curriculum Development at Intermediate level)
33 “Table: Erasmus teacher mobility 1997/98 – 2006/07”
(http://ec.europa.eu/education/erasmus/doc920_en.htm.)
10
(8) (CDA: Curriculum Development at Advanced level)
(9) (ILC: Integrated Language Courses)
(
)
(10) (IP: Intensive Programmes)
10
2004
1
2004 2008 2 2009-2013
3
1
3
2
3
3 3
EU-USA
11
EFTA/EEA
2
3 2004-2008 5
6,000
1,000 3
2
2009 2013 5 9.5
12
Teichler 2008 34
1950 60
35
Quality
Assurance Agency
“Tuning Educational Structures in Europe” ( TUNING
)
ECTS (Learning Agreement) Diploma
Supplement, DS 36
34 Ulrich Teichler, Keynote Speech “Student Mobility: Where Do We Come from, Where Are We, Where Are We
Going to Inside the EHEA?” at the Bologna Conference “Fostering Student Mobility: Next Step? Involving
Stakeholders for an Improved Mobility Inside the EHEA” (Brussels, 29-30 May 2008) 35 Council of Europe and UNESCO, Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications Concerning Higher Education
in the European Region, (The European Treaty Series no. 135, Lisbon, 1997) Article XI.4. [ ]
50 90 36 Diploma Supplement
learning Outcomes
13
ECTS
ECTS
ECTS
37
ECTS ECTS
1,000
ECTS Learning Outcomes38 DS
ECTS
ECTS 25 30
ECTS ECTS
39
ECTS
ECTS
5
1 1 DS
40 DS
37 2005 2 15 38 Learning Outcomes
39 2005 2 15
2005 3 14 22 40 2000 2005 2007 2008
ECTS
14
1987-1995 1996
41
Teichler
1996
EU
42
1987-1995
43
1990
1997
(Council of Europe) UNESCO
41 Commission of the European Communities, Education-Training-Research: The Obstacles to Transnational
Mobility, [Green Paper], (Brussels, February 10, 1996, No. COM(96) 462 final) 55 pp 42 Ulrich Teichler, “The ERASMUS Experience: Major Findings of the ERASMUS Evaluation Research Project”
Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Berufs-und Hochshulforschung der Universität Gesamthochschule Kassel,,
(Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996) 209 pp 43 2008 12
15
NARIC44 ENIC45 46
1998 4
1
EU
ECTS
1999 29
1987-1995
1996 Teichler 1996
1997
6
ECTS
47
2010
1 2 48 2
ECTS 3 DS
1997
ENIC-NARIC
1999
2000
44 National Academic Recognition Information Centers 45 European Network of Information Centers 46 Council of Europe and UNESCO, 47 The Bologna Declaration on the European Space for Higher Education: an Explanation, Brussels, the
Confederation of EU Rector’s Conferences and the Association of European Universities (CRE), 1999, 10 pp. 48 5 3-4 1-2
16
European Network for Quality Assurance for Higher Education (
ENQA)
49 2003
2
2005
European Research Area
2004 ENQA
association
NARIC ENIC ENQA
1
2000
“Tuning Educational Structures in Europe” (
TUNING ) TUNING
2 ECTS
Learning
Outcomes
ENQA
TUNING
ENICENICENICENIC ENQAENQAENQAENQA
NARIC
ENIC
ENIC
49 ENQA 2009 3 17
17
50
ENQA 2000
2001 ENQA
ENQA, European University Association; EUA
European Association of Institutions of Higher Education; EURASHE
European Student Information Bureau; ESIB European Students' Union; ESU
51 2003
2005
ENQA 3
2005 52
Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area (
) 2005
5
53
ENQA
5
ENQA
50
16 3 29 p.52. 51 (standards/ réfé
rences) 4 28
2007 2 47p. 52 Ibid.; ENQA 2009 3 17 53 ENQA, Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area, (Helsinki, 2005)
p.5.
18
)
54
ENQA 3 1
55
2007
ENQA
56
ENQA
TUNINGTUNINGTUNINGTUNING
2000 TUNING
1
Learning Outcomes
54 Ibid. 55 ENQA 2009 3 17 56 Ibid.
19
Learning Outcomes
1 2000-2002
100 Learning Outcomes
57 Learning Outcomes
genetic competences58 subject competences59
TUNING 2 2003-2004
3 2005-2006
9 EU
60 2004 2007
TUNING
TUNING
2008 4 European Qualification
Framework EQF 61
TUNING
EQF TUNING
TUNING EQF
reference points
TUNING Learning Outcomes
TUNING
Learning Outcomes
62
57 Julia Gonzalez and Robert Wagenaar, ed., Tuning Educational Structures in Europe: First Report of Phase One,
(University of Deusto and University of Groningen, 2003), 316 pp. 58 Genetic competence
59 Subject competences 60 Julia Gonzalez and Robert Wagenaar, ed., Tuning Educational Structures in Europe II: Universities’ Contribution
to the Bologna Process, (University of Deusto and University of Groningen, 2005), 385 pp.; Robert Wagernaar
and Julia Gonzalez ( ) ”Tuning: Developing European an d Global Reference Points and Level (Cycle)
Descriptors for Subject Areas” http://www.jointquality.nl/content/5oktober/
Tuning%20and%20JQI%20Robert%20Wagenaar.ppt 61 European Communities, The European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF), (Belgium, 2008)
15pp. 62 SOCRATES-ERASMUS 2005 2 15 University of Deusto
2005 3 22
20
Learning Outcomes
ECTS
ECTS
TUNING Learning Outcomes
63 ECTS
ECTS 1 25 30 5
125 150 ECTS Learning
Outcomes 5
TUNING
ECTS Learning Outcomes
ENQA
ENQA TUNING
2010
64
63 University of Antwerpen ERASMUS 2005 2 16 64 2008 3 10 17 9 14 19
21
1 ENQA
65
2
3
Learning Outcomes Learning Oucomes
4 ECTS DS
65 ENQA 2009 3 17
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UNESCO. 67 Varaporn Bovornsiri (2006) “Thailand” in Higher Education in South-East Asia, UNESCO. 69 P.G. Varaporn Bovornsiri (2006)
“Thailand” in Higher Education in South-East Asia, UNESCO. 70 (2004) 3
24
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74 Varaporn Bovornsiri (2008) “Fact Findings and responses to the Harmonization of Higher Education in
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International Publication Series no. 10] (Hiroshima, Research Institute for Higher Education, Hiroshima
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35
2020 10
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44
4
1978 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006
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2004 61.7 6
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95
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2008
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48
100
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1993
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1995 1
2003 3
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102
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187,683 192,254 190,364 217,959 216,867
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6
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14 48 62 189 251
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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
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25
62
Fischer, K., “American Colleges See Potential in Korean Partnerships,” Chrobicle of Higher
Education, March 21, 2008.
Institute of International Education (2008), “Leading Places of Origin,” Open Doors: Report on
International Educational Exchange, November 12, 2007
(http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/?p=131534).
Kim, K. S., & Nam, S. H. (2007), “The Making of a World-Class University at the Periphery: Seoul
National University,” Philip G. Altbach (ed), In World Class Worldwide: Transforming Research
Universities in Asia and Latin America: Pittsburgh, Johns Hopkins University Press.
McNeill, A., “South Korea Seeks a New Role as a Higher-Education Hub,” Chrobicle of Higher
Education, March 21, 2008.
Yoon, S., “Gov’t Sets 100,000 International Student Goal by 2012”, Korea Net, August 5, 2008,
(http://www.korea.net/News/News/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20080804010).
63
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financial incentive
130
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AUN/SEED-Net
1
30
Buchori, M. & Malik, A. (2004). “The evolution of higher education in Indonesia” in Altbach, P. G &
Umakoshi, T (Eds.). Asian universities: Historical perspectives and contemporary
challenges. Baltimore, Maryland: JHU Press.
Homma, H. (May, 2004) “Accreditation system in Indonesia” in JSME International Journal Series
A: Solid Mechanics and Material Engineering. 47(3). Pp.4-7. Retrieved February 2, 2009,
70
from
http://nels.nii.ac.jp/els/110004820479.pdf?id=ART0007568717&type=pdf&lang=jp&host
=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1233738399&cp
Suhaenah, A. & Rahardjo, A. P. (2006). “BAN-PT, the National Accreditation Board for Higher
Education with one decade experience in Indonesia” Retrieved February 2, 2009, from
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/indonesia_ban-pt.pdf
. (1991). .
. pp. 78-90.
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Huang, P.L. & Fry G.W. (2004). “Universities in Vietnam,” in Altbach, P. G & Umakoshi, T (Eds.).
Asian Universities: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Challenges. Baltimore, Maryland:
JHU Press. pp.301-331.
Lasanowski, V. (2007). “Are the Pieces of the Puzzle Falling into Place?: Vietnam Re-confirms its
Long-term Strategic Higher Education Ambitions,” Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
(http://www.wes.org/ewenr/08jan/feature.htm).
139
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200
Education Data Table 18
84
Total Number of Inbound &
Outbound Students (1 term only)
Inbound Students for SY 2008-09
82Total Number of Inbound Students
71Inbound Exchange Students
12Japanese Students
Total Number of Inbound &
Outbound Students (1 term only)
Outbound Students for SY 2008-09
8Global Leadership
Program, Sophia University
15Japan Immersion Program, Kyushu Univ.
444Asia in Today’s World Program, Kyushu University
276734ADMU Exchange Students to Japan
28161372JTA students bound to Japan
195149116602417Number of JTA students
23517813476483023Total Number of Outbound students
2008200720062005200420032002
85
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Education-Investments and Returns, Analysis of the World Education Indicators
UNESCO Institute for Statistics
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SCO Yearbook
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,
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ij i j GDPi i GDPj j
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393.1676
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(repercussion effect)
95
96
Anderson, Fredrik and Kai A. Konrad (2003) “Human Capital Investment and Globalization in
Extortionary States,” Journal of Public Economics Vol.87, No.7-8, 1539-1555.
Becker, Gary S. (1964) Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special
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York and London.
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Belfield, R. Clive and Levin, M. Henry, ed., The Economics of Higher Education, Cheltenham, UK,
Edward Elger.
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Ninth Edition, Printice Hall International, Inc., New Jersey.
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Lucas, Robert E. Jr. (1988) “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary
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Romer, Paul (1986) “Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy 94,
1002-1037.
-----------------, (1990) “ Human Capital and Growth:Theory and Evidence ” ,
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Wong, Kar-Yu (1995) International Trade in Goods and Factor Mobility, Cambridge, MA: The MIT
Press.
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98
student mobility
ASEAN 2015
SMAAT Student Mobility in Asia for Academic Training ASEAN
ACTS ASEAN Credit Transfer System SMAAT SCTS
SMAAT Credit Transfer System
SMAAT
99
AUN
ASEAN
UMAP University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific
2020 50 2012 10
2020 30
ASEAN
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2011
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100
ASEAN
ASEAN
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Universitas21
SEED-Net 11 10 19
1 2003 2008 2
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101
2
SMAAT
ASEAN
SMAAT
27 )
13 ) 12 ) 12 ) 141
EU
SMAAT
141 (
1999 9 16 pp.
102
1111
1
SMAAT
SMAAT
ECTS
142 SMAAT
SMAAT
SMAAT
SEAMEO-RIHED
2
SCTS SCTS SMAAT
ECTS SCTS
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142 (Iris Thimm) 2000 9 22 )
(Per Dannetun) (2000 9 11 )
103
SMAAT SMAAT
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SMAAT Transcript)
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(Information Package)
(
ECTS
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143 Liduine Bremer and Astrid Scholten, “Recognition of Credits in the Framework of Socrates; A Dutch Case
Study,” Journal of Studies in International Education. vol. 3, No. 2, (Fall 1999) pp. 89-102
104
workload
ECTS 25 30 144
25 30 1
1
SCTS
ECTS
ECTS
SCTS
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SMAAT
SMAAT
SCTS SCTS SMAAT
146 Commission of the European Communities., Report from the Commission: Survey into the Socio-Economic
Background of ERASMUS Students, (Brussels: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,
Doc. # KT-Co-00-014-EN-C, January 18, 2000), pp. 5-6 53-55.
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