health and performance during the stocker and feedlot...
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Health and Performance During the Stocker and Feedlot Period
2018 Florida Beef Cattle Short Course
Overview
• Beef production/marketing system and bovine
respiratory disease (BRD) pathogenesis
• Why BRD negatively effects performance
• Preconditioning
• Vaccinating high-risk beef cattle
• Hydration therapy in high-risk beef calves
• Conclusions
Florida Beef Cattle Short CourseMay 11, 2018
Marketing Scenario for High-risk Calves
1. Separated from dam on Tuesday morning
2. Transported to auction market on Tuesday afternoon
3. Handled and sold at auction market on Wednesday (virus transmission)
4. Commingled with other calves onto truck on Thursday
5. Transported to order buyer facility on Thursday
6. Commingled again at order buyer facility on Thursday
7. Transported to feedlot Thursday overnight*
8. Unloaded in a novel environment on Friday morning
9. Processed on Saturday
10. Chronically Stressed with BRD outbreak within 14 days
bovine viral diarrhea virus
bovine herpesvirus-1
Manheimia haemolytica
parainfluenza-3 virusbovine respiratory
syncytial virus
bovine coronavirus
Weaning
Parasitic infection
Commingling
Castration
Transportation
Extreme heat/cold
Pastuerella multocida
Mycoplasma bovis
Social hierarchy disruption
Diesel exhaust
Dehydration
Auction Market
Drought
Processing/handling
Leukotoxin
Chronic inflammation
Dust
Shrink
Pathogenesis of bovine respiratory disease
Physiological Stress
Poor nutritional status
Bovine Respiratory Disease
In U.S. feedlots, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) account for:
• 70 - 80% of morbidity
• 40 - 50% of mortality
• 14.4% of all cattle placed in feedlots develop BRD (USDA, Feedlot 2011)
– 20 to 80% morbidity, 1 to 12% mortality in high-risk auction market derived calves
received at WTAMU Research Feedlot
• Average 35% morbidity, 5% mortality
– Over 90% of BRD cases occur before day 42 in high risk calves received at WTAMU
Research Feedlot
• Average antibiotic treatment cost of $12.59/treated animal (USDA, Feedlot 2011)
• Substantial losses in performance and carcass quality (~20% overall loss)
• Overall cost to beef industry = ~$1 Billion USD annually
“Sick cattle don’t eat”
• Stress
• Inflammation
Stress
General consequences of stress in beef cattle (Loerch and
Fluharty, 1999):
1. Transient endocrine responses are likely
2. Products of protein and energy metabolism are altered
3. Appetite and growth rate are affected
4. Digestion and rumen function are compromised
5. Immune system is challenged
Acute vs. Chronic Stress and
Digestibility
• Control
• Acute Stress
• Chronic Stress
Inflammation
Effect of inflammation on growth performance
Natural infection with respiratory or other pathogens
Vaccines
“Stress”
Immunostimulants?
“Direct and indirect effects of proinflammatory cytokines may
decrease feed intake by more than 50% during acute disease
challenge” (Klasing and Korver, 1997)
Immunity and convalescence takes
precedence over growth
Preconditioning
Preconditioning
• Requirements (listed in my biased order of importance):
1. Weaned and kept on ranch for ≥ 45 days
2. Castrated
3. Bunk-broke
4. Vaccinated
5. Dehorned
6. Dewormed
Buyer Benefit:
Cravey (1996)
Seeger et al. (2008)
Step et al. (2008)
Richeson et al. (2012)
Seller Benefit?
Vaccinating high-risk calves
Table 3. Vaccination recommendations by feedlot vet-
erinarians for low- and high-health-risk feeder cattle at
time of processing (% of total responses).
Antigen
High-risk cattle
Low-risk cattle
IBRa
23 (100%)e
23 (100%)
BVDb type 1 23 (100%) 22 (95.65%)
BVD type 2 23 (100%) 22 (95.65%)
BRSVc 15 (65.22%) 12 (52.17%)
PI3d 14 (60.87%) 12 (52.17%)
Histophilus somni 5 (21.74%) 1 (4.35%)
Moraxella bovis 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Mycoplasma bovis 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Leptospira vaccine 1 (4.35%) 1 (4.35%)
Clostridial bacterin-toxoids 14 (60.87%) 13 (56.62%)
Mannheimia haemolytica 17 (73.91%) 0 (0%)
Pasturella multocida 8 (34.78%) 0 (0%)
Autogenous bacterins 9 (39.13%) 0 (0%)
aInfectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus bBovine viral diarrhea virus cBovine respiratory syncytial virus dParainfluenza-3 virus eNumber of responses (percentage of responses)
In: Terrell et al. (2011)
Vaccine label statements
• “Vaccinate prior to times of stress or exposure”
• “Protect animals from exposure for at least 14 days after
vaccination”
Delayed MLV vaccination
• Richeson et al. (2008) JAS 86:999-1005
• Richeson et al. (2009) JAS 87:2409-2418
Item AMLV DMLV SEM P-value
BRD Morbidity rate, % 71.5 63.5 7.61 0.12
Days to first BRDdiagnosis
7.2 7.7 1.34 0.72
ADG (day 0 to 42), kg/day
0.65 0.75 0.09 0.05
Item AMLV DMLV SEM P-value
BRD Morbidity rate, % 73.4 65.1 9.60 0.23
Days to first BRD diagnosis
6.65 7.65 0.76 0.09
ADG (day 0 to 56), kg/day
0.97 0.92 0.07 0.34
In: Richeson et al. (2009)
Delayed MLV vaccination
• Poe et al. (2013) PAS 29:413-419
• Richeson et al. (2015) BP 49:37-42
Item AMLV DMLV SEM P-value
BRD Morbidity rate, % 78.5 82.3 12.3 0.62
Days to first BRDdiagnosis
1.05 1.1 0.3 0.66
ADG (day 0 to 42), kg/day
0.86 0.89 0.19 0.53
Item AMLV DMLV SEM P-value
BRD Morbidity rate, % 35.4 34.9 11.2 0.94
Days to first BRD diagnosis
9.9 9.7 2.2 0.91
ADG (day 0 to 56), kg/day
0.64 0.67 0.33 0.39
In: Poe et al. (2013)
Delayed MLV vaccination
• Rogers et al. (2016) BP 50:154-162
Item Arrival MLV Delayed MLV (30 DOF)
SEM P-value
BRD1 treatment1, %
22.5 22.9 1.83 0.70
BRD2 treatments1, %
9.5 7.9 1.16 0.04
BRD3 treatments1, %
4.5 3.9 0.74 0.35
BRDRe-treatment2, %
45.4 38.3 3.31 0.01
BRD case fatality2,%
12.8 10.2 2.07 0.13
BRD mortality,2 % 3.7 3.0 0.71 0.13
1At day 602At day 116
Why vaccines fail in high-risk calves
• The timing is wrong…
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
BR
D M
orb
idit
y, %
of
an
imals
Trial Date
AMLV
DMLV
Why vaccines fail in high-risk calves
• There is concurrent wild-type virus
challenge…
Truckload BHV-1 BVDV BRSV PI-3V
1 6/62 (9.68%) 0/62 (0%) 9/62 (1.45%) 1/62 (1.61%)
2 4/62 (6.45%) 1/62 (1.61%) 4/62 (6.45%) 1/62 (1.61%)
3 1/64 (1.56%) 0/64 (0%) 8/64 (1.25%) 19/64 (29.69%)
4 3/81 (3.70%) 1/81 (1.23%) 15/81 (1.85%) 2/81 (2.47%)
Overall 14/269 (5.20%) 2/269 (0.74%) 37/269 (13.8%) 23/269 (8.55%)
Why vaccines fail
• The MLV antigens, although attenuated, may
contribute to clinical disease when administered
to immunosuppressed cattle….
In: Richeson et al. (2016)
Metaphylaxis • “Treatment of an entire group or population of cattle with an FDA-
approved antimicrobial with the intention of controlling an anticipated outbreak of acute-onset respiratory disease in highly stressed, newly received calves” (Ives and Richeson, 2015)
• Metaphylaxis consistently decreases morbidity and mortality (Amrine et al., 2014; Frank et al., 2002; Tennet et al., 2014)
• 92.6% use in high-capacity feedlots, to cattle <700lbs (Feedlot 2011, USDA)
• PMI is highly valuable management tool and metaphylaxis adds significant value in high-risk calves
• Is this a sustainable practice?
Hydration Therapy Research
Materials and Methods
• 3 truckload blocks of high risk bull (n=242)
and steer (n=55) calves
• 2 experimental treatments:
– 0.57 L water/100 lb BW at initial processing (H20)
– No water (CON)
Materials and Methods
• Subset (n=60, 20/block) evaluated:
– Rumination and activity index
– Rumen pH and temperature
• Additional fixed effects evaluated:
– BRD cases (BRD) vs. non-treated controls (RCON)
– Block, pen, experimental treatment was random in the mixed model analysis
Rumination Minutes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55
Min
ute
s/d
ay
Day
Ptrt = 0.81Pday < 0.01Ptrtxday = 0.30
Rumination Minutes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Min
ute
s/h
ou
r
Time, hour of day
**
*
*
**
PBRD < 0.01Phour < 0.01PBRDxhour < 0.01
Rumen Temperature
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55
Ru
me
n t
em
pe
ratu
re, °F
Day
RCON BRD
*
*
*
* ** *
** *
*
** *
* * ** *
*
** *
*******
***
PBRD < 0.01Pday < 0.01PBRDxday < 0.01
Initial MLV vaccination
Activity Index
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55
Act
ivit
y in
dex
Day
RCON BRD
* ** *
*** *
* ** *
**
* * ***
* *
PBRD = 0.02Pday < 0.01PBRDxday = 0.04
Rumen pH
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55
Ru
me
n p
H
Day
Ptrt = 0.50Pday < 0.01Ptrtxday = 0.78
Conclusions
• Marketing strategy significantly impacts the
subsequent health and performance of beef
calves
• Preconditioning works, but there are seller
risks and limitations (i.e., commingling)
Conclusions
• Vaccine efficacy in high-risk calves is
equivocal at best – greater upstream adoption
is needed
• Need more research that focuses on addressing
dehydration and negative energy balance of high-
risk newly received cattle
Thank you!
John Richeson, PhD
jricheson@wtamu.edu
(806) 651-2522
@wtfeedlot
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