health benefits of yoga
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Health Benefits Health Benefits of Yogaof Yoga
Candace MartensCandace Martens
February 16, 2006February 16, 2006PAS 645PAS 645
Division of Physician Assistant StudiesDivision of Physician Assistant StudiesCollege of Health ScienceCollege of Health Science
University of KentuckyUniversity of Kentucky
YogaYoga
• Sanskrit for Sanskrit for “yoke” or “yoke” or “union”“union”– MindMind– BodyBody– SpiritSpirit
Elements of YogaElements of Yoga
• AsanasAsanas – poses – poses
• PranayamaPranayama – – breathingbreathing
• MeditationMeditation
• KriyasKriyas – – cleansing cleansing processesprocesses
Brief HistoryBrief History
• Stone seals excavated from Indus Stone seals excavated from Indus Valley carbon date to 3000 BCValley carbon date to 3000 BC
• Vedas, ancient texts record Yogic Vedas, ancient texts record Yogic teachings, 1800 – 300 BCteachings, 1800 – 300 BC– Pre-classical yogaPre-classical yoga
•Buddhist – meditation and ethical thoughtBuddhist – meditation and ethical thought
• Jainism – “liberation of the spirit”Jainism – “liberation of the spirit”
•Hinduism – “physical purification process”Hinduism – “physical purification process”
Brief History, cont’dBrief History, cont’d
• Classical yoga – 2Classical yoga – 2ndnd century AD century AD– 8 paths to be memorized8 paths to be memorized– Wisdom would be internalizedWisdom would be internalized
• Post classical yoga – 1800Post classical yoga – 1800– The body should be treated as a templeThe body should be treated as a temple
•Physical fitnessPhysical fitness
•Mental healthMental health
Clinical RelevanceClinical Relevance
• Complimentary Complimentary and Alternative and Alternative MedicineMedicine– Mind/bodyMind/body
• PreventionPrevention
• General healthGeneral health
• RehabilitationRehabilitation
Health BenefitsHealth Benefits
• Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal SystemSystem
• Nervous SystemNervous System
• Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem
Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal SystemSystem• ExerciseExercise
– Increased muscle strengthIncreased muscle strength– FlexibilityFlexibility– Stable jointsStable joints
• OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis
• OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
Washington State Washington State University ResearchUniversity Research• Therapeutic intervention of cervical Therapeutic intervention of cervical
spondylosisspondylosis– Degenerative disorder of cervical Degenerative disorder of cervical
intervertebral discsintervertebral discs– Nerve root irritationNerve root irritation
•Neck painNeck pain
•Brachial neuralgiaBrachial neuralgia
•Vertebro-basilar insufficiencyVertebro-basilar insufficiency
Washington State Washington State University Research, University Research, cont’dcont’d• 102 patients, ages 18-60102 patients, ages 18-60• Pain assessment pre-therapyPain assessment pre-therapy
– 39% reported moderate pain39% reported moderate pain– 60% reported severe pain60% reported severe pain
• Performed specific asanas twice daily Performed specific asanas twice daily for 8 weeksfor 8 weeks
• After 8 weeks re-assessment of painAfter 8 weeks re-assessment of pain– 100% patients reported NO pain100% patients reported NO pain
Carpal Tunnel Carpal Tunnel SyndromeSyndrome• 42 patients with CTS42 patients with CTS
– RandomizedRandomized– Treatment group (22)Treatment group (22)– Control group (20)Control group (20)– 11 asanas, twice weekly for 8 weeks11 asanas, twice weekly for 8 weeks– Pre-and-post therapy grip strength, pain Pre-and-post therapy grip strength, pain
intensity, sleep disturbance, Phalen sign, intensity, sleep disturbance, Phalen sign, Tinel sign, and median nerve motor and Tinel sign, and median nerve motor and sensory conduction time were measuredsensory conduction time were measured
Carpal Tunnel Carpal Tunnel SyndromeSyndrome• Results Results
– Yoga group showed significant Yoga group showed significant improvement in grip strength, Phalen improvement in grip strength, Phalen sign and a reduction in painsign and a reduction in pain
– Improvement was seen in other Improvement was seen in other symptoms however, not significantly symptoms however, not significantly greater than control groupgreater than control group
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem• Cedars-Sinai Preventive and Cedars-Sinai Preventive and
Rehabilitative Cardiac CenterRehabilitative Cardiac Center– Preventative Preventative
•““Stress management techniques”Stress management techniques”
– RehabilitationRehabilitation• Integral yoga – Hatha yogaIntegral yoga – Hatha yoga
HypertensionHypertension
• Two studies using Two studies using head-down-body up head-down-body up postural exercisespostural exercises
• Baroreceptor reflexBaroreceptor reflex– Carotid sinusCarotid sinus– Short term blood Short term blood
pressure regulatorpressure regulator
• Negative “g” Negative “g” sensitizes sensitizes baroreceptorbaroreceptor
Hypertension, Hypertension, cont’dcont’d• Pilot study on Pilot study on
baroreceptor reflexbaroreceptor reflex– 20 male patients 20 male patients
with essential with essential hypertensionhypertension
– Patients discontinued Patients discontinued drug therapy drug therapy
– Group I – tilt tableGroup I – tilt table– Group II – yoga posesGroup II – yoga poses
Hypertension, Hypertension, cont’dcont’d
– 30 minutes daily30 minutes daily– 3 weeks3 weeks
• Assessment measuringAssessment measuring– Blood pressureBlood pressure– Blood catecholaminesBlood catecholamines– Plasma renin activityPlasma renin activity
• ResultsResults– Significant reduction (P<0.001) Significant reduction (P<0.001)
Additional BenefitsAdditional Benefits
• StressStress– Suppresses immune Suppresses immune
systemsystem– Cardiac risk factorCardiac risk factor– InsomniaInsomnia
• AsthmaAsthma
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ReferencesReferences• Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, and Nelson Fausto. 2005. Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, and Nelson Fausto. 2005. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of
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