herbarium kid latest
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CONTENT
TITLE
APPRECIATION
OBJECTIVE
HERBARIUM
WEEDS
WEEDS FAMILY
20 SPECIMEN OF HERBARIUM
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
APPRECIATION
Assalammualaikum,firstly I want to say Alhamdulillah to god because with the
permission of Allah I have successfully finishing my herbarium assignment without any
problem. For this part one assignment, I have working hard and try my best make sure
that I can finishing this work and submit it on the date that have been stated. I also want
to say a thousand of thanks to my parent because they give supported to me since I
started studying here. To completed this assignment, they always give me a spirit to
make this herbarium assignment successfully done.
This appreciation also to my lecturer, Miss Nor Saleha Bt. Md Saleh ,the most
important person that are responsible of the AGR109 assignment for 2010 session. A
thousand of thanks for you because give me important point and introduce way how to
make this herbarium assignment. I can’t imagined what would happen if without all your
knowledge. From your given information, I have done my assignment earlier from the
expected date. Before I forget, I want to say a lot of thankful to my friends that help me
either in direct or indirectly.
Lastly, to my entire senior, I appreciate your knowledge and brilliant idea for my
herbarium assignment. I will remember all the knowledge that has thought. I appreciate
all people who was helps me in completing this Herbarium assignment until it totally
done. I will keep your duties always in my memories. Hopefully we can co-operation
again next time Insya-Allah.
OBJECTIVE
From this assignment, I only observed 3 main objectives there is to study about
the world of herbarium and way to deal with it, to learn how to prepare a herbarium
sheet and to appreciate a god creations.
Firstly is to study about the world of herbarium and how to deal with it. Generally,
a weed is a plant in an undesired place. It`s only grow as a parasites in a gardens,
lawns, or agricultural areas, but also in park and other natural areas. Weeds are known
as unwanted plant. For certain area, weeds are important as a legume cover plant or
land supporter such as field and fringe of hill.
Secondly, the objective for this assignment is learned how to prepare a
herbarium sheet. The materials that we need are old newspapers to cover the
specimens, old boxes as overlapping for specimen, scissor to cut the boxes, scalpel,
and forceps. These materials are important to make the specimen dried completely. The
important thing for this preparation is the newspaper must change everyday to prevent
the specimens from any infection like fungi or bacteria.
The last objective of doing this assignment is to appreciate the god creations and
to gain more knowledge about all these kind of weeds that live around UiTM Kuala
Pilah. From this, we are able to identify the plants part and know it`s common and
scientific name. By that ways, we are tried to improve our lesson and add more
knowledge about the plants that live around us.
HERBARIUM
Herbarium is a collection of dried and mounted plant specimen used in
systematic botany. Herbarium contains a wide range of plants from many different
families. The type of plants that can be used by this way is a weed shrub tree, plants
ranging from fungi, lichens, mosses (bryophytes), ferns, grasses, and forbs. The
specimen must have all the part of plant like root, stem leaf and flower.
In making Herbarium, student needs to collect the specimens and clean it`s.
Next, a pair of old boxes is already prepared with four piece of newspaper. Lay the
specimen on two piece of newspaper and cover the specimen with another two pieces.
After that, place the covered specimen in between a pair of old boxes. Use heavy books
on the top of old boxes to make the specimen flat and dried faster. We must always
check the specimens until it dried completely.
There are two aspects of preservation. The first aspect is the physical
specimen. After plants have been collected, it`s must be dried as soon as possible to
prevent the specimens become wilt. If wilt, we face a problem to handle it`s when we
tried to put the specimens in the newspapers. Other than that, the newspaper must
change everyday to prevent the specimens from any infection like fungi or bacteria.
The second aspect of preservation is maintenance of the information related to
the collection of each specimen. We should include the data for every specimen like it`s
scientific name, common name, family name, habitat, date when specimen was
collected, and the location from which the specimen was collected. This data is
important because it show the background of the specimens.
For every specimen, It usually take time at least 3 months before it completely
dried. The dried specimen can be placed into a clear folder. It`s must be kept carefully.
We also can frame the specimen and covered with plastic to prevent from insect or dirt.
The specimens that have already done can be reach for long time period. It can be used
as a reference for our next generation.
WEEDS
Weed may be defined as any unwanted plant that’s growing. Plants can be
defined as weed if they step cultivated useful plant with one aimed into competition
around growth factors such as nutrients, lights, water, so that the useful plant does not
achieve the desired yield. Weeds are familiar plant in our environment that is seen,
consciously, infesting lawns, sidewalk roadside fencerows, ditches and forest. Weed is
a part of agriculturalist’s every day of live. In general, weed adversely affect the use,
economic value, and aesthetic aspect of the land water they infest.
Weeds are controversial plant that are neither all bad all good, depending on
one’s lock. Weed prevent and reduce wind ,water erosion of the land. They appear and
growth quickly to cover unsightly scar in the landscape made by human and nature.
Some weeds, such as downy brome and Russian thistly; provide excellent forage for
livestock during certain period of the year, especially in the spring. Weeds provide
employment for local and transient labor hired to control them. Weeds serve as hoots
for insect and disease organism that move onto parasites nearly crops and ornamental
plant.
Briefly, weeds are familiar object; there are not easily to define. Some plant are
readily recognized as weeds due to their general undesirable mess. For example,
common chickweeds, field bindweeds, punctured vine, purple nut sedge, quack grass,
sandbur and Russian thistle.
WEEDS FAMILY
MELASTOMACEAE
The herbs and shrub trees, it has single leaves commonly in three (nini), [3(9)] veins
and intersect. The flowers looks real, one shape and dwisex. Mostly they have 4 or 5
sepal and rangy. They also have more stamen. Besides ,this type of family contains
many appendages. The fruit like berry or in capsule. It looks similarly surrounded by
‘kaliks’. While its seed not have an endosperm.
EUPHORBIACEAE
These shrub or herbs trees consist of internal and stipule. The flowers are small. It is
only have one shape and it is also unisex. Its have 5 rangy with lots of stamen.
Mostly ,the ovary have 3 locul. Besides, its microfilm are surrounded by carbuncles. In
fact, sometimes the fruit consist of 3 or 6 seeds and also contains an endosperm.
CYPERACEAE
One seasons and perennial herbs trees. The stems look like triangle. It leaves growth in
trees row. Sometimes the fruit are dwisex and sometimes unisex. Their flowers is
supported by a single glum. The gynesium contains 2 or 3 with one locul or one ovule.
The fruit usually hands looks like triangle shape.
GRAMINEAE
The one ,twice season grasses, or perennial grasses and bamboo. They have a joint
stem and all its cavity. The leaves is definitely elongated. Most of the leaves elongated
straight at the origin. It have small flowers which is dwisex and unisex. In the young
spike, the floral is usually support with a pair of glum lemma ‘a palae’. Its have 3 or 6
stamen. Gynesium are basically have 3 carpel, the ovary has one locul and one ovule,
essence thread 2 or 3 force. In the caryopsis, its contains endosperm and a lot of
starch.
MALVACEAE
Most species are herbs or shrubs but some are trees and lianas. Leaves are generally
alternate, often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. The margin may be
entire, but when dentate a vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). Stipules
are present. The stems contain mucous canals and often also mucous cavities. Hairs
are common, and are most typically stellate. The flowers are commonly borne in definite
or indefinite axillary inflorescences, which are often reduced to a single flower, but may
also be cauliflorous, oppositifolious or terminal. They often bear supernumerary bracts.
They can be unisexual or bisexual and are generally actinomorphic, often associated
with conspicuous bracts, forming an epicalyx. They generally have five valvate sepals,
most frequently basally connate. Five imbricate petals. The stamens are five to
numerous, connate at least at their bases, but often forming a tube around the pistils.
The pistils are composed of two to many connate carpels. The ovary is superior, with
axial placentation. Capitate or lobed stigma. The flowers have nectaries made of many
tightly packed glandular hairs, usually positioned on the sepals.
SELAGINELLACEAE
Selaginella is a genus of plants in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses
Selaginellas are creeping or ascendant plants with simple, scale-like leaves on
branching stems from which roots also arise. The plants are heterosporous
(megaspores and microspores), and have structures called ligules, scale-like
outgrowths near the base of the upper surface of each microphyll and sporophyll.
Unusually for the lycopods, each microphyll contains a branching vascular trace.
FABACEAE
The leaves are usually alternate and compound. Most often they are even- or odd-
pinnately compound, They are often trifoliate and rarely palmately compound , in the
Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae commonly bipinnate . They always have
stipules, which can be leaf-like, thorn-like or be rather inconspicuous. Leaf margins are
entire or, occasionally, serrate. Both the leaves and the leaflets often have wrinkled
pulvini to permit nastic movements. In some species, leaflets have evolved into tendrils.
LYCOPODIACEAE
A family of primitive vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses. These plants
bear spores on specialized structures at the apex of a shoot; they resemble a tiny battle
club, from which the common name derives. They are non-flowering and do not produce
seeds.
COMPOSITAE
The herbs and shrub trees. Sometimes its contains a liquid milk cell. The leaves
alternate or can be intersect. Usually the flowers are small, and exist in dwisex and
unisex. Sometimes, the head of bouquets involucel looks like have a shape and
sometimes unshaped. Its collar looks like chimney, and its flower have 2 sepal, 5
stamen that grow from rangy. The gynesium contains 2 carpels,an inferior ovary and
one locul. The seeds not contains albumen.
Myrsinaceae
Myrsinaceae is a rather large family from the order Ericales. It consists of 35 genera
and about 1000 species.
It is a widespread family belonging to temperate to tropical climates. The plants are
mostly monoecious, but a few are dioecious. The small flowers are arranged in
racemose terminal clusters, or in the leaf axils. The flowers are 4- merous or 5-merous,
i.e they have 4 or 5 sepals and petals. The floral envelope has a distinct calyx and
corolla. The calyx is regular and polysepalous. The non-fleshy petals of the corolla are
more or less united, closely overlapping. There are 4 or 5 stamens, usually isomerous
with the perianth. The carpel has one style and one stigma, with the ovary unilocular,
superior or semi-inferior.The one-seeded, indehiscent fruit is a thin-fleshed berry or
drupe.
Acanthaceae
The family Acanthaceae (or Acanthus family) is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering
plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species.
Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few
species are distributed in temperate regions. The four main centres of distribution
are Indonesia and Malaysia, Africa, Brazil and Central America. The representatives of
the family can be found in nearly every habitat, including dense or open forests,
in scrublands, on wet fields and valleys, at the sea coast and in marine areas, and
in swamps and as an element of mangrove woods.
Plants in this family have simple, opposite, decussate leaves with entire (or sometimes
toothed, lobed, or spiny) margins, and without stipules. The leaves may
contain cystoliths, calcium carbonate concretions, seen as streaks on the surface.
The flowers are perfect, zygomorphic to nearly actinomorphic, and arranged in
an inflorescence that is either a spike, raceme, or cyme. Typically there is a
colorful bract subtending each flower; in some species the bract is large and showy.
The calyx is usually 4-5 lobed; thecorolla tubular, 2-lipped or 5-lobed; stamens either 2
or 4 arranged in pairs and inserted on the corolla; and the ovary superior, 2-carpellate,
with axile placentation.
The fruit is a two-celled capsule, dehiscing somewhat explosively. In most species,
the seeds are attached to a small, hooked stalk (a modified funiculus called a jaculator)
that ejects them from the capsule.
A species well-known to temperate gardeners is Bear's Breeches (Acanthus mollis), a
herbaceous perennial plant with big leaves and flower spikes up to 2 m
tall. Tropical genera familiar to gardeners include Thunbergia and Justicia.
Avicennia, a genus of mangrove tree, usually placed in Verbenaceae or in its own
family, Avicenniaceae, is included in Acanthaceae by theAngiosperm Phylogeny
Group on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies that show it to be associated with
this family.
SUMMARY
Alhamdulillah, thanks to Allah s.w.t because I had finished my herbarium
assignment perfectly by the time given. From a started collect the weeds, I realize that it
is not too difficult as my friends thinking. From this activity, I realize that I’m improving
my knowledge about weeds and its function. Besides, I also know that in weeds, they
have their own local name, scientific name, their family, and their peculiar habitats. It is
very special. I’m very proud in giving fully percent of committing this assignment.
After finishing this assignment I found that I’m really achieve the objective of this
assignment. Now, I realize there are so many types of plant exist in the world. Before
this, when I see a grass, I just see it as ordinary grass, but now, I can determines and
specify the particular family name for the grass. From this, I indirectly appreciate to
Allah for His creation. Other than that, this particular assignment also gain me more
knowledge that I’ve never know before.
Of course this kind of assignment is very well in improving their general
knowledge and boost up their cleverness in studying process. Starting from now, I can
understand more about weeds for example, the effect on crop rotation seed quality ,the
advantages and much more.
REFERENCE
1) BOOKS REFERENCES : TITLE → Rumpai (panduan berilustrasi)
WRITER → Ahmad Azly b. Mohd Yusof
PUBLISHER → Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia,
Kuala Lumpur, 1944.
2) INTERNET REFERENCES :
• http://www-public.jcu.edu.au/discovernature/plantfamily/index.htm
• http://www.answers.com/topic/herbarium#Collections_management
• http://plants.usda.gov/index.html
3) HERBARIUM ASSIGMENT LAST SEMESTER.
20
SPECIMEN
OF
HERBARIU
M
COMMON NAME Selaput Tunggul
SCIENTIFIC NAME Mikania micrantha
FAMILY NAME Compositae
HABITAT Wet Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 3 September 2010
ROOT
LEAVES
STEM
COMMON NAME Kacang Kanabalia Darat
SCIENTIFIC NAME Canovilla maritim
FAMILY NAME Fabaceae
HABITAT Wet Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 3 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Paku Biru
SCIENTIFIC NAME Selaginella
FAMILY NAME Selaginellaceae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 4 September 2010
ROOT
STEMLEAVES
COMMON NAME Mata Pelanduk
SCIENTIFIC NAME Ardisia crispa
FAMILY NAME Myrsinaceae
HABITAT Wet Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 4 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Senduduk Bulu
SCIENTIFIC NAME Climedia hirta
FAMILY NAME Melastomaceae
HABITAT Wet Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 5 September 2010
ROOT
LEAVES
STEM
COMMON NAME Hempedu Bumi
SCIENTIFIC NAME Andrographis paniculata
FAMILY NAME Acanthaceae
HABITAT Wet Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 5 September 2010
ROOT
LEAVES
STEM
COMMON NAME Paku Serani
SCIENTIFIC NAME Lycopodium cerranum
FAMILY NAME Lycopodiaceae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 6 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Dukung Anak
SCIENTIFIC NAME Phyllantus amarus
FAMILY NAME Euphorbiaceae
HABITAT Wet Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 8 September 2010
ROOT
STEMLEAVES
COMMON NAME Pokok Kapal Terbang
SCIENTIFIC NAME Chromolaera odorata
FAMILY NAME Compositae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 8 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Kancing Baju
SCIENTIFIC NAME Tridax procumbent
FAMILY NAME Compositae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 9 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES FLOWERS
COMMON NAME Sedaguri
SCIENTIFIC NAME Sida acuta
FAMILY NAME Malvaceae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 9 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Kelutut
SCIENTIFIC NAME Urena lobata
FAMILY NAME Malvaceae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 9 September 2010
ROOTSTEM
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Rumput Telur Belalang
SCIENTIFIC NAME Sporobolus diander
FAMILY NAME Gramineae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 7 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
FLOWERS
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Rumput Payung Terjun
SCIENTIFIC NAME Eupatorium odoratum
FAMILY NAME Compositae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 7 September 2010
ROOT
LEAVES
STEM
FLOWERS
COMMON NAME Rumput Tahi Ayam
SCIENTIFIC NAME Ageratum conyzoides
FAMILY NAME Compositae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 6 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Rumput Bunga Jauh
SCIENTIFIC NAME Cyperus distans
FAMILY NAME Cyperaceae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 6 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
FLOWERS
COMMON NAME Hairy Spurge
SCIENTIFIC NAME Chamaesyce hirta
FAMILY NAME Euphorbiaceae
HABITAT Wet Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 6 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Senduduk
SCIENTIFIC NAME Melastoma malabathricum
FAMILY NAME Melastomaceae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 7 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Rumput Gandar
SCIENTIFIC NAME Cyperus aromaticus
FAMILY NAME Cyperaceae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 9 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
COMMON NAME Rumput Hakisan
SCIENTIFIC NAME Rhynchelytrum repens
FAMILY NAME Gramineae
HABITAT Dry Area
LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah
DATE FOUND 7 September 2010
ROOT
STEM
FLOWERS
LEAVES
STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM
ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT
LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES
FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS
STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM
ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT
LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES
FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS
STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM
ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT
LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES
FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS
STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM
ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT
LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES
FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS
STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM
ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT
LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES
FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS
STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM
ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT
LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES
FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER
S
FLOWERS
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