higher cortical functions and basis of language

HIGHER CORTICAL FUNCTIONS and the

BASIS OF LANGUAGE Imelda D. Rivera, RMT, MD, FPSP

Department of Anatomy

College of Medicine

UERMMMCI

OBJECTIVES

• At the end of the study, the student should be

able to:

– Identify the lobes, gyri and sulci.

– Enumerate the subdivisions & regions of the cerebral

cortex.

– Describe the layers of the cortex.

– Differentiate the anatomical, functional and Brodmann

areas.

– Discuss the basis of language.

– Explain cerebral dominance.

– Differentiate common disorders of the cortex.

DIENCEPHALON

HYPOTHALAMUS

OPTIC CHIASM

TUBER

CINEREUM

MAMMILARY

BODY

INFERIOR

CHOROID PLEXUS

SUPERIOR

MEDIAL

THALAMUS

STRIA

MEDULLARIS

THALAMI

INFUNDIBULUM

Central sulcus of

Rolando

Lateral sulcus of

Sylvius

Parieto-

occipital sulcus

Calcarine

sulcus Anterior horizontal ramus

Anterior ascending ramus

Posterior ramus

FRONTAL

Opercular

Triangular

PRECENTRAL

SUPERIOR FRONTAL

MIDDLE FRONTAL

Orbital

INFERIOR FRONTAL

gyrus sulcus

PRECENTRAL

SUPERIOR FRONTAL

INFERIOR FRONTAL

STRAIGHT/GYRUS RECTUS

OLFACTORY SULCUS

ORBITAL GYRI

PARIETAL

POSTCENTRAL SUPERIOR LOBULE

INFERIOR LOBULE/ANGULAR

GYRUS SULCUS

POSTCENTRAL

INTRAPARIETAL

PRECUNEUS

PARACENTRAL LOBLE

SUPERIOR

MIDDLE

INFERIOR

TEMPORAL

SUPRAMARGINAL

GYRUS SULCI

SUPERIOR TEMPORAL

INFERIOR TEMPORAL

INSULA

TRANSVERSE/HESCHL

TEMPORAL

OCCIPITAL

CUNEUS

LINGUAL GYRUS

CALCARINE

SULCUS

LIMBIC

CINGULATE

PARAHIPPOCAMPAL

CINGULATE SULCUS

COLLATERAL SULCUS

LATERAL

OCCIPITOTEMPORAL

MEDIAL

OCCIPITOTEMPORAL

OCCIPITOTEMPORAL

SULCUS

RHINAL SULCUS

PUTAMEN

GLOBUS

PALLIDUS

CLAUSTRUM

CAUDATE NUCLEUS,

HEAD

FIBERS (WHITE MATTER)

• COMMISSURAL

• ASSOCIATION

• PROJECTION

Commissural Fibers

• Corpus callosum

• Anterior commissure

• Posteior commissure

• Commissure/Crura of the fornix

• Habenular

Association Fibers

• Short

– Arcuate loops

• Long

– Uncinate fasciculus

– Cingulum

– Superior longitudinal fasciculus

– Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

– Fronto-occipital fasciculus

Projection Fibers

• Internal capsule

• External capsule

• Corona radiata

• Optic radiations

What’s a good pick up line an axon terminal

can use on a dendrite?

“Let’s connect!”

Why are neuroanatomy classes the

smartest?

Because they have lots of brains.

CORTEX (GRAY MATTER)

• Cells

• Layers

• Functional areas

• Brodmann areas

• Pyramidal

• Stellate/Granule

• Fusiform

• Horizontal cells (of Cajal)

• Cells of Martinotti

Cells

Cortex

SUBDIVISIONS

• Neocortex

• Paleocortex

• Archicortex

REGIONS

• Isocortex

• Mesocortex

• Allocortex

• Corticoid areas

Functional Areas

Functional Areas

• Primary areas

• Association areas

–Unimodal

–Heteromodal

Brodmann Areas

DISORDERS OF CORTICAL NETWORKS

• AGNOSIAS

– Visual

– Tactile

– Auditory

• APRAXIAS

– Ideomotor

– Ideational

– Kinetic/Motor

– Gait

• APHASIAS

– Broca

– Wernicke

– Global

– Conduction

Thank you.