hindlimb imaging quiz

Hindlimb Imaging QuizDeveloped by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark BrimsApproved by: Alison King & Maureen BainSupported by: The Chancellor’s Fund

Hindlimb Imaging Quiz

START!

Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark BrimsSupported by: The Chancellor’s Fund

Dog Hindlimb

• Choose a region:– Pelvis Q1– Pelvis Q2– Stifle Q3– Stifle Q4– Tarsus Q5– Foot Q6

Comparative Hindlimb

• Choose a species:– Cat– Horse– Horse 2– Ruminant– Pig

Dog Pelvis Q1• (i) What is A?

– Ischium– Ilium– Acetabulum

• (ii) What is B?– Ischium– Ilium– Acetabulum

• (iii) What is C?– Ischiatic Arch– Acetabulum– Pubis

• (iv) What is D?– Acetabulum– Obturator Foramen– Symphysis Pelvis

A

B

C

D

Canine

Correct

• Yes! A is the Ilium!

• Here is another example.

• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.

Iliac Crest

Wing of Ileum

Body of Ileum

Iliac Crest

Wing of Ileum

Body of Ileum

Feline

Canine

Incorrect • No, A is not the Ischium.

• The Ischium is labelled in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

IschiumIschiatic Tuberosity

Canine

Incorrect • No, A is not the

Acetabulum.

• The Acetabulum is labelled in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question. Acetabulum &

Head of Femur

Canine

Correct • Yes! B is the Ischium!

• Here is another example.

• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.

IschiumIschiatic Tuberosity

Canine

Incorrect

• No, B is not the Ilium.

• The Ilium is labelled in these x-rays.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Iliac Crest

Wing of Ilium

Body of Ilium

Wing of Ilium

Feline

Canine Iliac Crest

Body of Ilium

Incorrect • No, B is not the

Acetabulum.

• The Acetabulum is shown in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question. Acetabulum &

Head of Femur

Canine

Correct • Yes! C is the

Acetabulum!

• Here is another example.

• Try (iv)!• Choose a new question. Acetabulum &

Head of Femur

Canine

Incorrect • No, C is not the Ischiatic

Arch.

• The Ischiatic Arch is labelled in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Ischiatic Arch

Canine

Incorrect • No, C is not the Pubis.

• The Pubis is labelled in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Pubis

Canine

Correct • Yes! D is the Obturator

Foramen!

• Here is another example.

• What nerve passes through the obturator foramen and what is its function?

• Answer

• Try Dog Pelvis Q2!• Choose a new question.

Obturator Foramen

Canine

Answer• The obturator nerve

passes through the obturator foramen.

• It supplies the adductor muscles of the hindlimb.

Go Back!

Incorrect • No, D is not the

Acetabulum.

• The Acetabulum is labelled in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question. Acetabulum &

Head of Femur

Canine

Incorrect • No, D is not the

Symphysis Pelvis.

• The Symphysis Pelvis is labelled in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Symphysis Pelvis - unfused

Canine

Dog Pelvis Q2• (i) What is A?

– Humerus– Femur– Tibia

• (ii) What is B?– Head of Femur– Greater Trochanter– Greater Tubercle

• (iii) What is C?– Greater Tubercle– Head of Femur– Greater Trochanter

A

B

C

Canine

Correct • Yes! A is the Femur!

• Here is another example.

• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.

Femur

Canine

Incorrect • No, A is not the

Humerus.

• Remember: the Humerus is in the Forelimb!

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Humerus

Scapula

Canine

Incorrect • No, A is not the Tibia.

• Remember: the Tibia is located between the stifle and tarsal joints in the region known as the crus.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Canine

Femur

Fibula

Tibia

This dog has some Osteoarthritis

Correct • Yes! B is the Head of the

Femur!

• Here is another example.

• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.

Head of Femur

Canine

Incorrect • No, B is not the Greater

Trochanter.

• This x-ray shows the Greater Trochanter.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Greater Trochanter

Canine

Incorrect • No, B is not the Greater

Tubercle.

• The Greater Tubercle is shown in these x-rays.

– Remember: it is found on the Humerus, in the Forelimb!

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Greater Tubercle

Greater Tubercle

Canine

Canine

Correct • Yes! C is the Greater

Trochanter!

• Here is another example.

• Try Dog Stifle Q3!• Choose a new question.

Greater Trochanter

Canine

Incorrect • No, C is not the Greater

Tubercle.

• The Greater Tubercle is shown in these x-rays.

– Remember: it is found on the Humerus, in the Forelimb!

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Greater Tubercle

Greater Tubercle

Canine

Canine

Incorrect • No, C is not the Head of

the Femur.

• The Head of the Femur is shown in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Head of Femur

Canine

Dog Stifle Q3• (i) What is A?

– Head of the Femur– Condyle of the Femur– Trochlear Ridge

• (ii) What is B?– Fibula– Radius– Tibia

• (iii) What is C?– Fibula– Ulna– Tibia

• (iv) What is D?– Trochlear Ridge – Tibial Tuberosity– Tibial condyle

A

B

C

D

Correct • Yes! A is the Condyle of

the Femur!

• Here is another example.

• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.

Condyles of Femur

Incorrect • No, A is not the Head of

the Femur.

• The Head of the Femur is located at the Proximal end of the Femur.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Head of Femur

Incorrect • No, A is not the Trochlear

Ridge of the Femur.

• The Trochlear Ridge of the Femur is located on the Cranial aspect of the Femur.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Trochlear ridge of femur

Correct • Yes! B is the Fibula!

• Here is another example.– Remember: the Fibula is

the smaller of the two bones distal to the stifle. It is non- weight bearing

• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.

Fibula

Incorrect • No, B is not the Radius.

• Remember: the Radius is found in the Forelimb!

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Radius

Incorrect • No, B is not the Tibia.

• Remember: the Tibia is the larger of the two bones distal to the stifle! It is weight bearing

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Tibia

Correct • Yes! C is the Tibia!

• Here is another example.– Remember: the Tibia is

the larger of the two bones distal to the stifle! It is weight bearing

• Try (iv)!• Choose a new question.

Tibia

Incorrect • No, C is not the Fibula.

• Remember: the Fibula is the smaller of the two bones distal to the stifle. It is non- weight bearing

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Fibula

Incorrect • No, C is not the Ulna.

• Remember: the Ulna is found in the Forelimb!

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Ulna

Correct • Yes! D is the Tibial

Tuberosity!

• Here is another example.

• Try Dog Stifle Q4!• Choose a new question.

Tibial Tuberosity

Incorrect • No, D is not the

Trochlear Ridge.

• The Trochlear Ridge is shown in this x-ray.– Remember: it is on the

femur

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Trochlear Ridge

Incorrect • No, D is not the Tibial

Condyle.

• The Tibial condyles are shown in this x-ray.– Remember: there are 2

of them and they form part of the stifle joint

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Tibial condyle

Tibial condyle

Dog Stifle Q4• (i) What is A?

– Popliteal sesamoid– Fabella– Patella

• (ii) What is B?– Popliteal sesamoids– Fabellae– Patella

• (iii) Do you know what the shock absorbing structures found in the stifle are called?– Answer.

A

B

Correct • Yes! A is the Patella!

• Here is another example.

• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.

Patella

Incorrect • No, A is not the

Popliteal Sesamoid.

• The Popliteal Sesamoid is shown here– Remember: it is located

in the Popliteus Muscle.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Popliteal sesamoid

Incorrect • No, A is not a Fabella.

• The Fabellae are shown here. • Remember: these are

located in the tendons of origin of the gastrocnemius muscle

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Fabellae

Correct • Yes! B are the Fabellae!

• Here is another example.– Remember: these are

located in the tendons of origin of the gastrocnemius muscle

• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.

Fabellae

Incorrect • No, B is not the

Popliteal Sesamoid.

• The Popliteal Sesamoid is shown here– Remember: it is located

in the Popliteus Muscle.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Popliteal

Incorrect • No, B is not the Patella.

• The Patella is found on the Cranial aspect of the Stifle.– Remember: it is

associated with the quadriceps muscle

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Patella

Answer• The shock absorbing structures inside the stifle joint

are the Menisci (*).

• Did you know: a common causes of hindlimb lameness in dogs is Cranial Cruciate Ligament (+) Rupture.

• This often also causes the Menisci to tear although this may go unnoticed.

• Try Dog Tarsus Q5!• Choose a new question. * *+

Dog Tarsus Q5• (i) What is A?

– Talus– Calcaneus

• (ii) What is B?– Talus– Central tarsal bone – Fourth tarsal bone

• (iii) What is C?– Third tarsal bone– Central tarsal bone– Fourth tarsal bone

A

B C

Correct • Yes! A is Calcaneus!

• Here is another example.– Remember: the common

calcanean tendon inserts onto this bone

• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.

Calcaneus

Incorrect • No, A is not Talus.

• The Talus is shown in this x-ray.– Remember: it articulates

with the tibia to form the high motion component of the hock joint

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Talus

Correct • Yes! B is the Central

Tarsal Bone!

• Here is another example.

• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.

Central

Incorrect • No, B is not Talus.

• The Talus is shown in this x-ray.— Remember: it articulates

with the tibia to form the high motion component of the hock joint

• Try again!• Choose a new region.

Talus

Incorrect • No, B is not the Fourth

Tarsal Bone.

• The Fourth Tarsal Bone is shown in this x-ray.– Remember: it spans the

middle and distal rows of tarsal bones

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Fourth

Correct • Yes! C is the Fourth

Tarsal Bone!

• Here is another example.

• Try Dog Foot Q6!• Choose a new region.

Fourth

Incorrect • No, C is not the Third

Tarsal Bone.

• The Third Tarsal Bone is shown in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Third

Incorrect • No, C is not the Central

Tarsal Bone.

• The Central Tarsal Bone is shown in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Central

Dog Foot Q6• (i) What is A?

– Proximal Phalanx– Middle Phalanx– Distal Phalanx

• (ii) What is B?– 3rd Metacarpal Bone– 3rd Metatarsal Bone

• (iii) What is C?– Ungual Process– Proximal Sesamoids – Digital pad

A

B

C

Correct • Yes! A is the Proximal

Phalanx!

• Here are others examples.

• Try (ii)!• Choose a new question.

Proximal Phalanx

Incorrect • No, B is not the Middle

Phalanx.

• The Middle Phalanx is shown in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question. Middle

Phalanx

Middle Phalanx

Incorrect • No, A is not the Distal

Phalanx.

• The Distal Phalanx is shown in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Distal Phalanx

Distal Phalanx

Correct • Yes! B is the 3rd

Metatarsal Bone!

• Here is another example.

• Try (iii)!• Choose a new question.

3rd Metatarsal

Incorrect • No, B is not the 3rd

Metacarpal Bone.

• Remember: Carpal refers to the Carpus which is found in the Forelimb!

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

3rd Metacarpal

Correct • Yes! C is the Proximal

Sesamoids!

• Here is another example.– Remember: these are

located on the plantar aspect of the metatarso-phalangeal joint

• Look at the Comparative Section!

• Choose a new question.

Proximal Sesamoids

Incorrect • No, C is not the Ungual

Process.

• The Ungual Process is shown in this x-ray.– Remember: its function

is to support the structure of the claw

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Ungual Process

Incorrect • No, C is not the Digital

Pad.

• Digital pads are shown in this x-ray.

• Try again!• Choose a new question.

Digital pads

Cat Hindlimb - Differences

The cat’s pelvis is more box-shaped than the dog’s.

1. Patella – always present2. Medial fabella – small/may be absent3. Lateral fabella - usually present4. Popliteal sesamoid – may be absent

1

2

3

The Patella, in the cat, is more pointed than in the dog.

Horse Comparative!

4

Horse Hindlimb - Differences

Ca

4th

Ta

Ce

3rd

The 1st and 2nd Tarsal bones are fused. The rest are present.

Splint bone

The 3rd Metatarsal bears weight. The 2nd and 4th Metatarsal are non-weightbearing and fused to the 3rd Metatarsal bone - they are known as ‘splint bones’.

Horse Comparative 2!

Horse Hindlimb - Differences 2

Proximal sesamoids

Distal Sesamoid or ‘Navicular’

Ruminant Comparative!

Ruminant Hindlimb - Differences

Cow: Medial Trochlear Ridge larger than lateral.

Central and 4th Tarsal bones are fused.2nd and 3rd Tarsal bones are fused

3rd and 4th Metatarsal bones are fused.3rd and 4th digits are weight-bearing.Pig Comparative!

Pig Hindlimb - Differences

All tarsal bones present.

3rd and 4th Metatarsal are not fused.3rd and 4th digits are weight-bearing.

2nd and 5th metatarsals present but non-weight bearing.2nd and 5th digits non-weight bearing - do not touch the ground!

Back to the Start!