his 112 chapter 22 the progressive era. presidents 1885-1189: grover cleveland 1889-1892: benjamin...
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Presidents
1885-1189: Grover Cleveland 1889-1892: Benjamin Harrison 1892-1896: Grover Cleveland 1896-1900: William McKinley 1900-1901: William McKinley,
assassinated by Leon Czolgosz; shot 6 Sept. & died 14 Sept.
1901-1908: Teddy Roosevelt
The Progressive Era
Was between 1895 – 1920 Characterized as a series of
movements, aimed in some way at reforming or restoring American Society – its values and its institutions
Wanted to reform, not destroy
3 Goals
End abuses of power in business and politics
Replace corrupt power with reformed social institutions
Apply the principles of science and efficiency on a nationwide scale to all social, economic, and political institutions
Changing America
More moving to cities Rising middle class Influx of immigrants New business elite Industry with its advantages and
disadvantages Cities growing too rapidly Jobs and lay-offs
Progressives = Reformers who wished to correct the wrongs of society
Most were native-born Protestant middle class – both men and women
They worked in white collar jobs: lawyers, doctors, teachers, engineers, technicians, social workers, ministers, business professionals, & librarians
Progressivism was not one cohesive program of reform
It was a series of movements Reformers had their own pet projects
Stricter regulation of business Laws to protect workers & urban poor Reforms for government Others wanted to restrict immigration, curb
immorality, abolish prostitution and saloons
Lincoln Steffens who wrote Shame of the Cities in 1904 helped to make progressivism a national movement
Writers, reporters who investigated and attacked social, economic, and political wrongs were often called muckrakers – coined by Teddy Roosevelt
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair was published in 1906; it was about the sale of tainted meat, fraudulent insurance schemes, and prostitution
Very influential book This book helped get the Pure Food
and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act passed into law in 1906
Progressives believed they could restore order through research, legislation, and enlightened social thinking
There was also a repressive component
One group tried to impose its morality on others, sometimes by law
The Temperance Movement and the Anti-Saloon League of 1895 wanted to get rid of alcohol and then the abuses from it would lessenChild abuseDomestic abuseProstitutionPoverty
Reformers worked to get drugs regulated
Bayer Drug Company used to sell heroin in 1898
Reformers wanted cocaine removed from Coca-Cola; it contained cocaine until 1900
Some progressives wished to restrict immigrationThe Immigration Restriction League
(1894) of Boston wanted immigrants to pass literacy tests in English before being allowed in
Pseudo-scientific studies in 1911 said statistics proved new immigrants were degenerate with low mental capacities
Eugenics MovementWished to control reproduction to alter
characteristics of a speciesCarnegie Foundation funded genetics
research and Charles Davenport, a zoologist, racist, and anti-Semite who was for immigration restrictions
• He influenced the passage of sterilization laws in some states
Push for Rights
Both women and blacks pushed for their rights
Booker T. Washington was the foremost black leader from 1890s to 1915born a slave in Virginia in 1856Attended a freedmen’s school 1881, began Tuskegee Institute in
Alabama, a vocational school
Washington said that in order for blacks to get ahead, they needed to acquire useful vocational skills, so they could prove their economic value
He felt then racism would fade awayWashington made these statements in
in a speech known as the Atlanta Compromise
W.E.B. DuBois, a Ph.D. from Harvard, challenged this viewhe said blacks needed to agitate for
equalityHe said blacks must resist all forms of
racial discrimination and get an education
These issues were discussed in 1905 at a meeting in Niagra
That meeting became known as The Niagra Movement
W.E.B. DuBois and a group of white reformers founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the NAACP, in 1910
DuBois was its leader
Margaret SangerBorn in 18831 of 11 childrenSaw poverty connected to large
familiesMarried and had 3 children but wanted
moreFrequented Greenwich Village and
became familiar with young radicals
These radicals- Eugene Debs, Emma Goldman, and Bill Haywood- were determined to improve the conditions of the world
Sanger joined the Industrial Workers of the World, the IWW, and became a nurse
She tried to teach women about hygiene and their own bodies
Sanger wrote pamphlet that were banned in the mail
She became concerned about women who were denied contraceptives; they needed their husband’s permission
So Sanger learned all she could about contraception and wrote pamphlet about it
1916She opened the first birth control clinic
in Brooklyn and was sent to jail for 30 days for it
She formed the New York Birth Control League to push for laws to help physicians who wished to prescribe birth control
1921She started the American Birth
Control LeagueThe Catholic Church opposed itOthers like Eleanor Roosevelt joined
the movement
1940Eleanor Roosevelt came out officially
in support of family planning1940s, all states but Connecticut and
Massachusetts approved the distribution of birth control
Margaret Sanger helped found Planned Parenthood
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