his 2002 ch 20
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The High Tide of ImperialismThe High Tide of Imperialism
2020
The Spread of Colonial RuleThe Spread of Colonial Rule Expansion into Africa and Asia
“Christians and Spices” said Vasco da gama raw materials and markets
The Motives Economic National Grandeur Moral purposes
The Tactics From: Limited to controlling regional trade network and
established a few footholds for trade and missionary work To: solidifying hold over their territories for security
control, national prestige, before economic interests
The Spread of Colonial Rule, cont’dThe Spread of Colonial Rule, cont’d
Global land grab By 1900, almost all Africa and Asia under colonial rule
Exceptions:• Japan
• Strategy of political and economic reform
• Thailand• Used as buffer state
• Afghanistan and Ethiopia• Remote location and mountainous terrain
• Iran
The Colonial SystemThe Colonial System Resistance from societies with long traditions of national
cohesion
Direct and indirect rule
Philosophy of Colonialism Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest” Comfortable theory: brought benefits of Western democracy,
capitalism, and Christianity to tradition-ridden societies Enabled primitive peoples to adapt to challenges of modern
world Ignored brutal aspects of colonialism; persuaded that both
parties would benefit
The Colonial System, cont’dThe Colonial System, cont’d Assimilation or Association?
The French rationalization• Assimilation: Transform colonial societies in the Western
image• Association: Collaboration with local elites while leaving local
traditions alone• Aroused resentment among local population• Returned to ‘force by arms”
The British• No assimilation - treated subjects as culturally and racially
distinct
India Under the British RajIndia Under the British Raj
Territories owned by East India Company, British crown, local maharajas, and rajas
Colonial Reforms Order and stability Education - Thomas Babington Macaulay
• Educated elites, and girls Outlawed sati, ended brigandage, thuggee Introduced railroads, the telegraph, and postal service
Costs of Colonialism British textiles supplanted Indian textile industry Zamindar system
Failed to bring benefits of modern science and technology Psychological effects
India Under British Rule, 1805-1931 India Under British Rule, 1805-1931
The Company Resident and The Company Resident and His PuppetHis Puppet
Colonial Regimes in Southeast AsiaColonial Regimes in Southeast Asia “Opportunity in the Orient”: The Colonial Takeover in
Southeast Asia British – Malayan peninsula: Singapore, Burma French – Indochina: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos American – Philippines
The Nature of Colonial Rule Indirect rule and some direct rule
Administration and Education Slow to create democratic institutions Slow to adopt educational reforms
Economic Development Reluctant to take up “white man’s burden” Slow economic development
Colonialism and the CountrysideColonialism and the Countryside
Many continued to live by subsistence agriculture Emphasis of cash crops for exports created plantation
agriculture Peasants worked as wage laborers on rubber and tea
plantations for poverty wages “shanghaied” Taxes and population growth were a burden on rural areas Migration to the sitty led to squatter settlements modern economy created “Modernizing elite” or
entrepreneurial class
Colonial Southeast Asia Colonial Southeast Asia
Empire Building in AfricaEmpire Building in Africa The Growing European Presence in West Africa
Slave trade• Abolished by all major countries in the world by 1880s
“Legitimate trade” More permanent presence
• Gold Coast and Sierra Leone• Liberia
New class of Africans “Informal Empire”
Imperialist Shadow over the Nile Napoleon Muhammad Ali Suez Canal, 1854-1869 Sudan Algiers
The Opening of the Suez CanalThe Opening of the Suez Canal
The Suez CanalThe Suez Canal
Empire Building in AfricaEmpire Building in Africa
Arab Merchants and European Missionaries in East Africa Increase slave trade for plantation agriculture in
East Africa and islands off the coast• Réunion (sugar), Zanzibar (cloves)
Rise of Western interest against slave trade and Christian missionary activity
• David Livingstone – 1841• Abolitionist cause• Slave market at Zanzibar closed in 1873
Legacy of ShameLegacy of Shame
Bantus, Boers, and British in South AfricaBantus, Boers, and British in South Africa
Boers – Afrikaans-speaking farmers Great Trek – mid-1830s Believed that white superiority was ordained by god Set up the Orange Free State and the South African
Republic (Transvaal) British
Abolished slavery in British Empire in 1834 More sympathetic to rights of local African population
Zulus, a Bantu people, fought Europeans but were defeated and confined to reservations
The Struggle for Southern Africa The Struggle for Southern Africa
The Scramble for AfricaThe Scramble for Africa European rivalries Trade Missionary factor Superiority in firearms Belgium’s claim on the Congo Conference of Berlin, 1884 Britain and France at Fashoda; France backs down
Colonialism in AfricaColonialism in Africa
European governments ruled with least effort and expense
Indirect Rule in West Africa Preserve African political traditions because
thought Africans were inherently inferior to white race so incapable of adopting European customs and institutions
Relied on existing political elites and institutions• Cameroon• Nigeria
Africa in 1914 Africa in 1914
Colonialism in Africa, cont’dColonialism in Africa, cont’d British Rule in East Africa
Kenya White settlers sought self-government and dominion status, but British
avoided racial tensions. British established separate government organs for European and African
populations British Rule in South Africa
Higher percentage of European settlers Growing division between English-speaking and Afrikaner elements Discovery of gold and diamonds source of problems Boer War – British defeated Afrikaans Concession: gave power to vote only to whites in self-governing colonies British created independent Union of South Africa for Afrikaans in 1910
• Cape Colony, Natal, and Boer republics• Representative government only for European population
British: Basutoland (Lesotho), Bechuanaland (Botswana), Swaiziland, Rhodesia
Revere the Conquering Heroes Revere the Conquering Heroes
Colonialism in Africa, cont’dColonialism in Africa, cont’d
Direct Rule, French style Direct rule – centralized administrative system Governor-general, commissioners, local administrators Assimilate Africans into French culture rather than
preserve natives traditions Africans eligible to run for office and serve in French
National Assembly Relative absence of racist attitudes, superiority of
Gallic culture, belief in universality of human nature
Women in Colonial AfricaWomen in Colonial Africa Mixed impact on rights and status of women in Africa Sexual relationships changed Colonial governments tried to bring an end to forced marriage,
bodily mutilations (clitoridectomy), and polygamy. Missionaries educated women and encouraged them to organize
themselves to defend their interests End of matrilineal systems:
European settlers dealt with males while women restricted to traditional farming methods
Men used chemical fertilizer, women used manure Men transported goods using bikes and trucks, women carried
goods on heads Restrictions on women’s freedom
The Emergence of AnticolonialismThe Emergence of Anticolonialism Stirrings of Nationhood
Imperialism brought a consciousness of modern nationhood
Introduction of western ideas of citizenship and representative government
New elite Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism
Led by existing ruling class Resistance in India Peasant revolts
Religious ResentmentReligious Resentment Sudan – Mahdi – strong Islamic overtones India - The Sepoy Rebellion – 1857
Sipahi, horseman or soldier – native troops hired to protect British interests
Enfield rifle had cartridges covered with animal fat or lard which had to be bitten off
Hindus do not eat animal products and Muslims do not eat pork
Full-scale mutiny supported by uprisings in rural areas British suppressed rebellion with arms and armies
Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions What were the causes of the new imperialism of the 19th C,
and how did it differ from European expansion in earlier periods?
What were some of the major consequences of British rule in India, and how did they affect the Indian people?
What factors were behind the “scramble for Africa,” and what impact did it have on the continent?
How did the subject peoples respond to colonialism, and what role did nationalism play in their response?
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