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History of Computing Machines
History of Computing Machines
CSC 2001TTU
CSC 2001TTU
DisclaimerDisclaimer
lots of stuff will be left outenabling discoveries/inventions
electricity, vacuum tube, relays, typewriter, etc…
some theoretical developments
lots of stuff will be left outenabling discoveries/inventions
electricity, vacuum tube, relays, typewriter, etc…
some theoretical developments
MotivationMotivation
For most of history, computation has been a labor intensive (and therefore expensive) process.drive down cost of labor (ethics?)get work done faster
For most of history, computation has been a labor intensive (and therefore expensive) process.drive down cost of labor (ethics?)get work done faster
Timeline: 1621Timeline: 1621Calculator rulers (pre-cursors of
sliderulers)
More modern one…
Calculator rulers (pre-cursors of sliderulers)
More modern one…
Timeline: 1623Timeline: 1623
Mechanical adding machinecould count past 9
Mechanical adding machinecould count past 9
Timeline: 1642Timeline: 1642
Blaise Pascalmechanism to calculate with 8 figures
and carrying of 10's , 100's, and 1000's etc
not popular - hard to manufactureonly Pascal and one of his workmen
could fix them
Blaise Pascalmechanism to calculate with 8 figures
and carrying of 10's , 100's, and 1000's etc
not popular - hard to manufactureonly Pascal and one of his workmen
could fix them
Timeline: 1660Timeline: 1660
Watch making technology makes Pascal calculator more possible
Watch making technology makes Pascal calculator more possible
Timeline: 1672Timeline: 1672
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnizdevise machine that could divide and
multiplyalso wanted to develop a generalized
symbolic language and an algebra to go with his machines, so that: "the truth of any proposition in any field of human inquiry could be determined by simple calculation."
failed at that, but what else did Leibniz do?
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnizdevise machine that could divide and
multiplyalso wanted to develop a generalized
symbolic language and an algebra to go with his machines, so that: "the truth of any proposition in any field of human inquiry could be determined by simple calculation."
failed at that, but what else did Leibniz do?
LeibnizLeibniz
"It is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used.”
For most around this time, calculators were useless curiosities
"It is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used.”
For most around this time, calculators were useless curiosities
Timeline: 1694Timeline: 1694
Leibnizbuilt a machine that beside the
basic calculations also could take the root from a number
Leibnizbuilt a machine that beside the
basic calculations also could take the root from a number
Timeline: 1728Timeline: 1728Falcon (France)
first programmable loom. He used wooden punched cards tied together with ropes. This was the first punched card ever.
The combinations of the holes in the cards were the instructions to the loom mechanism. This is what we now usually call the first program ever.
The invention of the punched card meant the beginning of automation - a machine can perform a sequence of actions without interference of a human being. (ethics)
Falcon (France) first programmable loom. He used wooden
punched cards tied together with ropes. This was the first punched card ever.
The combinations of the holes in the cards were the instructions to the loom mechanism. This is what we now usually call the first program ever.
The invention of the punched card meant the beginning of automation - a machine can perform a sequence of actions without interference of a human being. (ethics)
Timeline: 1769Timeline: 1769
Chess playing machine hoaxChess playing machine hoax
Timeline:1784Timeline:1784
Johann Muellerdescribed intentions to build machine
that could calculate and print results
Johann Muellerdescribed intentions to build machine
that could calculate and print results
Timeline: 1799Timeline: 1799
Luddites???
Luddites???
Timeline: 1822Timeline: 1822
Charles Babbagedesigned a calculator. The concept of
this machine was that it's operated by punched cards and the results printed on paper
thought technology needed was too advanced to actually build
Charles Babbagedesigned a calculator. The concept of
this machine was that it's operated by punched cards and the results printed on paper
thought technology needed was too advanced to actually build
Timeline: 1832Timeline: 1832
Georg and Edvard Scheutz (Sweden)decide to build Babbage’s Difference
Enginecompleted in 1853
Georg and Edvard Scheutz (Sweden)decide to build Babbage’s Difference
Enginecompleted in 1853
Timeline: 1834Timeline: 1834
Charles Babbagebegins work on Analytical EngineIt was to be capable of carrying out any
mathematical operation.Instructions would tell it what operation to
perform and in what order.It would have a memory with a capacity of
one-thousand 50-digit numbers, it would draw on auxiliary functions such as logarithm tables (of which it would possess its own library) and subroutines.
Charles Babbagebegins work on Analytical EngineIt was to be capable of carrying out any
mathematical operation.Instructions would tell it what operation to
perform and in what order.It would have a memory with a capacity of
one-thousand 50-digit numbers, it would draw on auxiliary functions such as logarithm tables (of which it would possess its own library) and subroutines.
Analytical EngineAnalytical Engine
Countess Ada Augusta Lovelacedaughter of Lord Byronworked closely with Babbageplanned his computational problemshas been called the world's first
programmerdesigns some of the first examples of a
computer programs (1843)How was she commemorated by the U.S
DoD?
Countess Ada Augusta Lovelacedaughter of Lord Byronworked closely with Babbageplanned his computational problemshas been called the world's first
programmerdesigns some of the first examples of a
computer programs (1843)How was she commemorated by the U.S
DoD?
Timeline: 1857Timeline: 1857
Sir Charles Wheatstoneintroduced the first application of
paper tapes as a medium for the preparation, storage, and transmission of data
also the inventor of the accordion
Sir Charles Wheatstoneintroduced the first application of
paper tapes as a medium for the preparation, storage, and transmission of data
also the inventor of the accordion
Timeline: 1869Timeline: 1869
William Stanley Jevonsfirst practical logical machine that is
based on the principles of Boolean algebra (True/False)
William Stanley Jevonsfirst practical logical machine that is
based on the principles of Boolean algebra (True/False)
Timeline: 1887Timeline: 1887
Dorr E. FeltComptometer
“The Machine Gun of the Office”
Dorr E. FeltComptometer
“The Machine Gun of the Office”
Timeline: 1888Timeline: 1888
William S. Burroughsmore successful than Feltreally starts the office calculator
industry (1892)still manually poweredfirst version: hard to operate
with one exception…“a field agent who operated his calculator so well
he refused to sell it, preferring to haul it from saloon to saloon in a wheelbarrow betting drinks on his accuracy.”
William S. Burroughsmore successful than Feltreally starts the office calculator
industry (1892)still manually poweredfirst version: hard to operate
with one exception…“a field agent who operated his calculator so well
he refused to sell it, preferring to haul it from saloon to saloon in a wheelbarrow betting drinks on his accuracy.”
BurroughsBurroughs
later versions could print resultslater versions could print results
Timeline: 1889Timeline: 1889
Herman Hollerith (MIT)first electromechanical adding and
sorting machinehad to win a contest to prove its
utilityfirst major use??started the Tabulating and Recording
Company (what did that become?)
Herman Hollerith (MIT)first electromechanical adding and
sorting machinehad to win a contest to prove its
utilityfirst major use??started the Tabulating and Recording
Company (what did that become?)
Timeline: 1889Timeline: 1889
Multiplier machineLeon Bolleehuge and impractical
Multiplier machineLeon Bolleehuge and impractical
Timeline: 1893Timeline: 1893
Otto Steiger introduces the Millionairea multiplier designed for big business
but also used by scientists
Otto Steiger introduces the Millionairea multiplier designed for big business
but also used by scientists
Timeline: 1900Timeline: 1900
Jevon’s Logical Pianocould solve a problem faster than by
hand
Jevon’s Logical Pianocould solve a problem faster than by
hand
Timeline: 1902Timeline: 1902
The Dalton
2, 4, 5, 7, 91, 3, 0, 6, 8
modern keyboard design?
The Dalton
2, 4, 5, 7, 91, 3, 0, 6, 8
modern keyboard design?
Timeline: 1914Timeline: 1914
Thomas Watsonjoins the Tabulating Machine
Company.He transforms it into IBM.
Thomas Watsonjoins the Tabulating Machine
Company.He transforms it into IBM.
Timeline: 1917Timeline: 1917“ROBOT”in a play called R.U.R
(Rossum's Universal Robots) by Czech dramatist Karel Capek.intelligent machines
meant to serve their human makers
take over the world and destroy humanity
“ROBOT”in a play called R.U.R
(Rossum's Universal Robots) by Czech dramatist Karel Capek.intelligent machines
meant to serve their human makers
take over the world and destroy humanity
Timeline: 1918Timeline: 1918
Enigma machine first usedsignificance???
Enigma machine first usedsignificance???
Timeline: 1920Timeline: 1920
The first cash register that prints numbers is introduced on the market by C-T-R (later IBM).
The first cash register that prints numbers is introduced on the market by C-T-R (later IBM).
Timeline: 1935Timeline: 1935
IBM 601a punch card machine with an
arithmetic unit based on relays.capable of doing a multiplication in 1
second about 1500 of them will eventually be
made
IBM 601a punch card machine with an
arithmetic unit based on relays.capable of doing a multiplication in 1
second about 1500 of them will eventually be
made
Timeline: 1936Timeline: 1936
Konrad Zusestarted to construct the Z1, world's
first programmable computer, in his bedroom. This machine became so large that it occupied his parents’ living room as well.
Konrad Zusestarted to construct the Z1, world's
first programmable computer, in his bedroom. This machine became so large that it occupied his parents’ living room as well.
Timeline: 1936Timeline: 1936
Alan Turingpublishes 'On Computable Numbers'explained his ideas on the 'Universal
Turing Machine', an electronic calculator that could make any calculation or logical operation
his ideas will determine the internal architecture of computers in the future
Turing Award
Alan Turingpublishes 'On Computable Numbers'explained his ideas on the 'Universal
Turing Machine', an electronic calculator that could make any calculation or logical operation
his ideas will determine the internal architecture of computers in the future
Turing Award
Timeline: 1937Timeline: 1937
Claude E. Shannonwrites his master's thesis on machine logicrealizes that an electric circuit used the
same concept as Boolean Algebra. If an electric circuit is designed according to Boolean rules, it can be used to represent logic. Expressions can be validated and calculations be made.
It became clear that information could be manipulated by a machine
Claude E. Shannonwrites his master's thesis on machine logicrealizes that an electric circuit used the
same concept as Boolean Algebra. If an electric circuit is designed according to Boolean rules, it can be used to represent logic. Expressions can be validated and calculations be made.
It became clear that information could be manipulated by a machine
Timeline: 1939Timeline: 1939
George R. Stibitzmakes a call to a computer hundreds of
kilometers away with a teletype consoleThe "Model K" at the other side rattles for
some time as well. The program that ran at the other side then sends the result back. It all takes less than a minute.
The machine is built on a kitchen table.
George R. Stibitzmakes a call to a computer hundreds of
kilometers away with a teletype consoleThe "Model K" at the other side rattles for
some time as well. The program that ran at the other side then sends the result back. It all takes less than a minute.
The machine is built on a kitchen table.
Timeline: 1942Timeline: 1942Dr. John V.
Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berrybuild the first
electronic digital computer, named ABC (some controversy)
not programmable
Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berrybuild the first
electronic digital computer, named ABC (some controversy)
not programmable
Timeline: 1942Timeline: 1942
Konrad ZuseAn improved version of the Z4 is used
to calculate the aerodynamic characteristics of wings and rudders. Nonetheless the Z4 is still a mechanical machine.
Hitler put project on hold.
Konrad ZuseAn improved version of the Z4 is used
to calculate the aerodynamic characteristics of wings and rudders. Nonetheless the Z4 is still a mechanical machine.
Hitler put project on hold.
Timeline: 1942Timeline: 1942
Dr. John Mauchly and John Eckertcommissioned to design a electronic
machine that could compute trajectory table quickly for US Army
results in ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1946
Dr. John Mauchly and John Eckertcommissioned to design a electronic
machine that could compute trajectory table quickly for US Army
results in ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1946
Timeline: 1943Timeline: 1943
Howard Aikenfirst programmable calculator MARK IHUGE!! few tons of ice per day for its
cooling, multiplication of 2 numbers of 23 digits is done in 3 seconds
Howard Aikenfirst programmable calculator MARK IHUGE!! few tons of ice per day for its
cooling, multiplication of 2 numbers of 23 digits is done in 3 seconds
Timeline: 1943Timeline: 1943
John von Neumanndevelops the first programmable
calculator with a memoryvon Neumann architecture
John von Neumanndevelops the first programmable
calculator with a memoryvon Neumann architecture
Timeline: 1951Timeline: 1951
first generation of modern programmed electronic computersincluded UNIVAC (Universal
Automatic Computer)
first generation of modern programmed electronic computersincluded UNIVAC (Universal
Automatic Computer)
Timeline: 1951Timeline: 1951
Wang Labs foundedfirst invention is the ferrite core memory - a
system of copper wires mounted on a frame. At cross points a ferrite core is mounted. When a cross point becomes conductive (electrical current is running through the wires) the ferrite core becomes magnetic.
By detecting which core is magnetic and which not one could "determinate" certain values.
made by handmore solid and reliable than vacuum tubes
Wang Labs foundedfirst invention is the ferrite core memory - a
system of copper wires mounted on a frame. At cross points a ferrite core is mounted. When a cross point becomes conductive (electrical current is running through the wires) the ferrite core becomes magnetic.
By detecting which core is magnetic and which not one could "determinate" certain values.
made by handmore solid and reliable than vacuum tubes
Timeline: 1952Timeline: 1952
IBMModel 7011 Kb RAMfirst machine to use a tape drive
IBMModel 7011 Kb RAMfirst machine to use a tape drive
Timeline: 1952Timeline: 1952
Grace Hopperpublished "The Education of a
Computer”developed the first software that
could translate symbols of higher computer languages into machine languageWhat is that kind of program called?COMPILER
Grace Hopperpublished "The Education of a
Computer”developed the first software that
could translate symbols of higher computer languages into machine languageWhat is that kind of program called?COMPILER
Grace HopperGrace Hopper
PhD mathematics from YaleEventually a Rear Admiral in the
Navyfirst bug (1951)COBOL (1959)
Common Business Oriented Language
PhD mathematics from YaleEventually a Rear Admiral in the
Navyfirst bug (1951)COBOL (1959)
Common Business Oriented Language
Timeline: 1954Timeline: 1954
John Backusan employee of IBM designed the
programming language FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
challenge for it to be accepted
John Backusan employee of IBM designed the
programming language FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
challenge for it to be accepted
Timeline: 1955Timeline: 1955
John McCarthycoins term “Artificial Intelligence”
John McCarthycoins term “Artificial Intelligence”
Timeline: 1956Timeline: 1956
Bob Patrick and Owen Mockfirst Operating System is designedGM/NAA-I/OIBM 704
Bob Patrick and Owen Mockfirst Operating System is designedGM/NAA-I/OIBM 704
Timeline: 1958Timeline: 1958
Control Data Corporationcreated their contribution to the
supercomputer market with the fully transistorized -- CDC 1604
Seymour Cray was the chief architect
Control Data Corporationcreated their contribution to the
supercomputer market with the fully transistorized -- CDC 1604
Seymour Cray was the chief architect
Timeline: 1960Timeline: 1960
DECreleased its first mini computer: PDP-1priced at $125,000 to $250,000first in a very famous family of
computersfirst commercial modem
Bell Dataphone 103 with the speed of 300 bps (bits per second = appr 30 characters per second)
DECreleased its first mini computer: PDP-1priced at $125,000 to $250,000first in a very famous family of
computersfirst commercial modem
Bell Dataphone 103 with the speed of 300 bps (bits per second = appr 30 characters per second)
Timeline: 1963Timeline: 1963
audio cassette is invented by Phillips
audio cassette is invented by Phillips
Timeline: 1964Timeline: 1964
SABREfirst commercial network by IBMsix years to build this air reservation
program and the hardware belonging to it
BASIC developed (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
CAD (IBM and GM)First Local Area Network
SABREfirst commercial network by IBMsix years to build this air reservation
program and the hardware belonging to it
BASIC developed (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
CAD (IBM and GM)First Local Area Network
Timeline: 1965Timeline: 1965
mouse inventedmouse invented
Timeline: 1968Timeline: 1968
field of Software Engineering startNATO
first demo of keyboard, keypad, mouse and windowsshowed the use of a word processor,
a hypertext system, and remote collaborative work
priced too high
field of Software Engineering startNATO
first demo of keyboard, keypad, mouse and windowsshowed the use of a word processor,
a hypertext system, and remote collaborative work
priced too high
Timeline: 1969Timeline: 1969
ArpanetHoneywell H316 "Kitchen Computer"
sold via a Neiman- Marcus 1969 catalogover $10,000The computer can be programmed to
keep track of various things like golf scores, investments. It can also plan dinners and keep membership lists of charity organizations.
ArpanetHoneywell H316 "Kitchen Computer"
sold via a Neiman- Marcus 1969 catalogover $10,000The computer can be programmed to
keep track of various things like golf scores, investments. It can also plan dinners and keep membership lists of charity organizations.
Timeline: 1970Timeline: 1970
Ken Thompson develops the programming language 'B’
Relational Database by Ted CoddPascal (Niklaus Wirth)first computer chips from Intel
Ken Thompson develops the programming language 'B’
Relational Database by Ted CoddPascal (Niklaus Wirth)first computer chips from Intel
Timeline: 1971-75Timeline: 1971-75
UNIXKernighan and Ritchie develop “C”Atari - Pong
Internet now has 25 computersZ80Motorola 6800Microsoft founded
Bill Gates and Paul Allen
UNIXKernighan and Ritchie develop “C”Atari - Pong
Internet now has 25 computersZ80Motorola 6800Microsoft founded
Bill Gates and Paul Allen
Timeline: 1976-77Timeline: 1976-77
Ethernet describedCRAY-1 inventedApple II releasedDigital came out with first VAX
(VAX-11/780)TRS-80 model 1
my first computer
Ethernet describedCRAY-1 inventedApple II releasedDigital came out with first VAX
(VAX-11/780)TRS-80 model 1
my first computer
Timeline: 1978-80Timeline: 1978-80
TCP/IPIntel’s 8086 and 8087First commercial spreadsheet
(VisiCalc)Three students at two campuses of
UNC used the Unix to Unix Copy Program (uucp) to put messages in a newsgroup. Usenet was born.
TCP/IPIntel’s 8086 and 8087First commercial spreadsheet
(VisiCalc)Three students at two campuses of
UNC used the Unix to Unix Copy Program (uucp) to put messages in a newsgroup. Usenet was born.
Timeline: 1981-84Timeline: 1981-84
Microsoft buys QDOSApple introduces its first hard drive (5MB
$3500)IBM PCs3.5 inch floppyTRONCommodore 64Microsoft Word announcedMacintoshIBM-AT/MS-DOS 3.0
Microsoft buys QDOSApple introduces its first hard drive (5MB
$3500)IBM PCs3.5 inch floppyTRONCommodore 64Microsoft Word announcedMacintoshIBM-AT/MS-DOS 3.0
Timeline: 1985-88Timeline: 1985-88
Windows, MS-DOS 3.1OS/2NeXT386 processorsIRC (Internet Relay Chat) inventedInternet worm
Windows, MS-DOS 3.1OS/2NeXT386 processorsIRC (Internet Relay Chat) inventedInternet worm
Timeline: 1989-90Timeline: 1989-90
486WWW and HTML (Tim Berners-Lee)
CERN
486WWW and HTML (Tim Berners-Lee)
CERN
Timeline: 1991-93Timeline: 1991-93
Linux (Linus Torvalds)PentiumNCSA Mosaic
Windows 3.1PowerPC chipAdobe AcrobatApple Newton
Linux (Linus Torvalds)PentiumNCSA Mosaic
Windows 3.1PowerPC chipAdobe AcrobatApple Newton
ReferencesReferences
http://www.thocp.net/http://www.computerhistory.org/ http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/cmhistory.
htm
http://www.thocp.net/http://www.computerhistory.org/ http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/cmhistory.
htm
LessonLesson
Appreciate what we have and what it took to get us here!!
Appreciate what we have and what it took to get us here!!
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