history of fiction and elements of fiction

LITERARY GENRESLITERARY GENRESOVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF

FICTION FICTION

Presented By : St. Choironnisak Ashari

FICTION DEFINEDFICTION DEFINED

• FICTION < A LATIN WORD MEAN-ING TO

FORM OR TO MAKE.

FICTION DEFINED (cont.)

• A FICTION IS A “MADE” STORY, AN

IMAGINED & INVENTED LITERARY

COMPOSITION DESIGNED TO ENTER-TAIN

(AND SOMETIMES INSTRUCT), TO MAKE

READERS FEEL AND THINK.

FICTION DEFINED (cont.)

• TODAY THE TERM “FICTION” IS USUALLY

APPLIED ONLY TO SHORT STORIES, NOVELS,

& NOVELLAS, BUT OTHER LITERARY FORMS

ALSO HAVE FICTIONAL ELEMENTS.

ANTIQUITY OF STORIES

• STORIES ARE A VERY ANCIENT HUMAN PRODUCT,

PRECEDING THE INVENTION OF WRITING, AND

THERE IS NO IDENTI-FIABLE “FIRST” STORYTELLER

OR WORK OF FICTION.

EARLY FORMS OF FICTION

• THE MODERN NOVEL & SHORT STORY WERE

PRECEDED BY MANY EARLIER FORMS OF FICTION,

SUCH AS MYTHS, LEGENDS, FABLES, FAIRY

TALES, PAR-ABLES, AND ALLEGORIES.

MYTHSMYTHS

• TELL STORIES OF THE ORIGINS &

EXPLOITS OF GODS & GODDESSES FROM

VARIOUS ANCIENT CULTURES, SUCH AS

GREECE, ROME, & SCANDI-NAVIA.

In 1687 in Connecticut, Kit Tyler, feeling out of place in the Puritan household of her aunt, befriends an old woman considered a witch by the community and suddenly finds herself standing trial for witchcraft.

LEGENDS

• RECOUNT THE AMAZING ACHIEVE-MENTS OF

FICTIONAL CHARACTERS OR EXAGGERATE THE

EXPLOITS OF ACTUAL PEOPLE (E.G., PAUL BUNYAN).

While her father is in hiding after attempts on his life, twelve-year-old Cleopatra records in her diary how she fears for her own safety and hopes to survive to become Queen of Egypt some day

FABLES

• USUALLY FEATURE ANIMALS WITH HUMAN TRAITS

& STATE AN EXPLICIT LESSON (E.G., SLOW BUT

STEADY WINS THE RACE, APPEARANCES ARE

DECEP-TIVE, ONE GOOD TURN DESERVES

ANOTHER).

FABLES (cont.)

• THE BEST-KNOWN

FABLES WERE WRIT-

TEN BY A GREEK SLAVE

NAMED AESOP (600

B.C.E.), AND INCLUDE

STORIES SUCH AS

ANDROCLES & THE

LION, THE TORTOISE &

THE HARE, AND THE

WOLF IN SHEEP’S

CLOTHING.

FAIRY TALES

• THIS FICTIONAL FORM OFTEN FEATURES

SUPERNATURAL BEINGS LIKE GIANTS, TROLLS,

& FAIRY GOD-MOTHERS.

• THEY ALSO FOCUS ON THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN

GOOD & EVIL, WITH GOOD ALWAYS

TRIUMPHING, THOUGH SOMETIMES IN

GROTESQUE, VIOLENT WAYS.

FAIRY TALES (cont.)

• THE BEST-KNOWN

COLLECTION OF THESE

STORIES IS GRIMMS’

FAIRY TALES, WHICH

INCLUDES CINDERELLA,

LITTLE RED RIDING

HOOD, HANSEL &

GRETEL, RAPUNZEL,

AND OTHER WELL-

KNOWN FAVORITES.

ALLEGORIES

• SYMBOLIC STORIES THAT TEACH A MORAL

LESSON AND IN WHICH EACH CHARACTER,

ACTION, & SETTING STANDS FOR A SPECIFIC

MEANING.

ALLEGORIES (cont.)

• EX.: JOHN BUNYAN’S PILGRIM’S

PROGRESS (1678), IN WHICH A

CHARACTER NAMED CHRISTIAN,

WHO EMBODIES THE VIRTUES OF

CHRISTIANITY, JOURNEYS

THROUGH A WORLD OF

TEMPTATIONS & DANGERS (CITY

OF DESTRUCTION, VALLEY OF

HUMILIA-TION, ETC.) EN ROUTE TO

THE CELESTIAL CITY (HEAVEN).

CHARACTERThe people or animals that take part in the story.

MAIN CHARACTER: who the story is mainly about

MINOR CHARACTER: the less important characters in the story

PROTAGONIST

The HERO of the story who is faced with a conflict (usually the main character).

ANTAGONIST

• Usually the villain in the story (the person, animal, or creature who creates conflict for the main character).

SETTINGSETTING

• When and Where the action in the story takes place.

PLOTPLOT

• The plot is the outline of events that takes place in a story.

CONFLICTCONFLICT

A fight or difference in opinion.

1. INTERNAL CONFLICT

• Takes place within a character’s mind.

2. EXTERNAL CONFLICT

• The character struggles with an outside force.

ClimaxClimax

• Climax is the high point or most emotional part of the plot.

Resolution

Resolution is the conclusion of the story.

The reader finds out how the conflict has been resolved and what happens with the characters.

WHAT IS THEME?????

The THEME is the idea about life that is revealed in the story

POINT OF VIEW

The vantage point from which a story is told.

1st person

• the writer uses first-person pronouns (I or me) to tell the story.

3rd person

• narrator describes the events, but does not take part in them.

3rd person omniscient

• the narrator knows everything; encompassing.

Foreshadowing

• A writers way of hinting at what will come in the story.

• A reader can make predictions based on the information given.

Author’s Purpose

Authors have a purpose in mind when writing: entertain, debate, analyze, persuade, inform, etc.

They consider their audience when deciding on a subject, purpose for writing, and the tone and style in which to write.

Dialogue

• The words that characters speak aloud

Tone

Shows the writer’s attitude toward his or her subject (humorous, serious, impatient, sad, etc.)

Symbolism

• Something concrete—such as a person, place, or object—that signifies something more than just itself, something abstract, such as a concept or an idea.

REALISTIC FICTION

• A story that tells about characters and events that are similar to people and animals in real life.

SCIENCE FICTION

• A story that is set in the future and is based on scientific ideas.

HISTORICAL FICTION• A story that is set in the past

and portrays people, places, and

events that did or could have

happened.

FANTASYA story that is not realistic, sometimes the characters have magical or supernatural powers.