hkoi 2012 training intro to linux [waihon @ /cuhk/shb123]$ date sat feb 18 13:00:00 hkt 2012

HKOI 2012 TRAINING

INTRO TO LINUX[waihon @ /CUHK/SHB123]$ dateSat Feb 18 13:00:00 HKT 2012

If you are now in Windows now, Please reboot into Linux =)

TODAY CONTENT

• Part 1 – Hello Linux World• Part 2 – Shell & Command• Part 3 – Using Linux

PART 1 – HELLO WORLD

LINUX FILE SYSTEM HIERARCHY“Where is my C:\Program Files and D:\ ?”

• /bin : system .exe (C:\Windows\System32)• /boot: kernal image for booting• /dev : devices file• /etc : configuration files• /home : home directory for users (C:\Users)• /usr : user program (“Program Files”)• /lib,lib64: library (“.dll” in Windows)• /sbin : admin .exe (eg. ifconfig)• /var : log files

LINUX FILE SYSTEM HIERARCHY“Where is my D:\ ???”

• Depend on how you “mount” your partition…

• You can find the devices at• /dev/sdx : if your computer can find the device

• You can access the partition from• /media : if the partition is a removable drive• /home : if you mount your partition as /home

PART 2 – SHELL & COMMAND

SELF-LEARNING COMMANDSman – reference manuals

man cmd : read the manual page of cmd

SELF-LEARNING COMMANDSwhatis , whereis

whatis cmd : display the man page descriptions of cmd

whereis cmd : locate the cmd

BASIC COMMANDS ls - list directory content

ls -a : list all filels -l : long list format

BASIC COMMANDS cd – change directory

cd : go to the my home directorycd ~ : go to the my home directorycd / : go to the root directorycd dir_name : Enter dir_namecd - : Enter the previous directorycd .. : Enter the parent directory

BASIC COMMANDS cp – copy files and directories

cp fileA fileB : copy fileA to fileBcp –r dirA dirB : copy dirA to dirB recursivelycp *.txt dirA/ : copy all .txt file to dirA

BASIC COMMANDS rm – remove files or directories

rm fileA : remove fileArm –r dirA : remove dirA recursively (rmdir)rm *.out : remove all .out files

rm * rm /* rm ~/*

BASIC COMMANDS mkdir – make directories

mkdir dirA : make directory dirAmkdir –p dirA/dirB: make directory dirA/dirB

even if the parent directory “dirA” is not exist

BASIC COMMANDS rmdir – remove empty directory

mkdir dirA : make directory dirAmkdir –p dirA/dirB: make directory dirA/dirB

even if the parent directory “dirA” is not exist

BASIC COMMANDScat – concatenate files and print

cat fileA : print fileAcat fileA fileB : print fileA fileB

BASIC COMMANDSps – list of current processes

ps -e : Get ALL processesps –U user : Get the user’s processes

BASIC COMMANDSkill – send a signal to a process

kill -9 12345 : send a KILL signal to process 12345

Useful when you cannot terminate a program.

BASIC COMMANDSkillall – kill all process by name

killall a.out : kill all process with name a.out

MORE BASIC COMMANDSman and try them

more : view fileless : view file (better than more)date : show the system timeuptime: tell how long the system has been runningtop : display Linux taskfind : find fileseq : print sequence of numberfile : determine the file typehead : output the first part of the filetail : output the last part of the file……

USEFUL COMMANDS IN OIbc – arbitrary PRECISION calculator

scale = x : set the number of digits after the decimal point in the expression

USEFUL COMMANDS IN OIbc – arbitrary PRECISION calculator

USEFUL COMMANDS IN OIfactor – factorize numbers

factor integer in [ 0 , 264 )

USEFUL COMMANDS IN OItime – run programs and summarize system resource usage

USEFUL COMMANDS IN OIdiff – compare files line by line

diff fileA fileB : compare fileA and fileBdiff –i fileA fileB : ignore case

USEFUL COMMANDS IN OIgrep – print matching pattern

ps -e | grep “firefox” : find the pattern “firefox” from the output of “ps –e”

cat output.txt | grep “debug” : find if the output.txt

contain pattern “debug”

USEFUL COMMANDS IN OIsort – sort lines of text files

sort -r : reverse the result -n: numeric sort

TEXT EDITORvim

TEXT EDITORvim - basic

• [Esc] -> [normal mode] move cursor only• i -> [insert mode] eg. editing ok• : -> [command line mode] eg. save file

• Example:• :w -> save file• :wq -> save file and quit vim• :q -> quit vim (fail if the file is edited)• :q! -> quit vim without saving• :wq! -> save file and quit vim!

TEXT EDITORvim - basic

• /ptn -> search for the pattern “ptn”• :123 -> go to line 123

• dd -> cut the line• yy -> copy the line• p -> paste

• u -> undo• Ctrl+r -> redo

TEXT EDITORvim – cheat sheet

TEXT EDITORvim – .vimrc

• Locate at the home directory (~/.vimrc)• Storing the personal setting of vim

• Sample :

TEXT EDITORgedit

TEXT EDITORgedit - feature

• nu• showmatch• ts=4• ……

COMPILERgcc/g++

• g++ source.cpp [–o output] [-O2] …

COMPILERgcc/g++ - make

• Use make to avoid overwriting the source code.

COMPILERfpc – Free Pascal Compiler

• fpc source.pas –o output• ./output

(Sorry, I have not installed pascal on my Linux)

PART 3 – USING LINUX

CHOOSING DISTRIBUTION

• Distro Watch : http://distrowatch.com/

CHOOSING DISTRIBUTIONLinux Mint

• Beginners• Desktop• Live Medium

CHOOSING DISTRIBUTIONUbuntu

• Beginners• Desktop• Server• Live Medium• Netbooks

CHOOSING DISTRIBUTIONfedora

• Desktop• Server• Live Medium

CHOOSING DISTRIBUTIONfedora

• Desktop• Server

3 WAYS OF INSTALLING LINUX

• 1) Format the partition and install

• 2) Virtualize• 1) VirtualBox• 2) VMware

• 3) Wubi – install Linux as a software in Windows

RECOMMENDATION

• CommandLineFu - http://www.commandlinefu.com/• Interesting Command