hofstede lecture
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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COM 340
Lecture 8
Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions
and
National Culture
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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COM 3402
National levelRegional / Ethnic / Religious / Linguistic
affiliation level
Gender level
Generation level
Social Class level
Organizational / Corporate level
Levels of Culture
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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COM 3403
Geert Hofstede (Dutch) - Well known for hiswork on Four Dimensions of CulturalVariability.
These include:
Uncertainty Avoidance
Power-Distance
Masculinity-Femininity
Individualism-Collectivism
Quantity vs. Quality of Life
Hofstedes Cultural DimensionsOverview
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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COM 3404
The extent to which a society feelsthreatened or is comfortable by uncertainand ambiguous situations.
STRONG Uncertainty Avoidance
WEAK Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty Avoidance
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COM 3405
Weak Uncertainty Avoidance Strong Uncertainty Avoidance
The uncertainty inherent in life is more easilyaccepted and each day is taken as it comes.
Ease and lower stress are experienced.
Time is free.
Hard work, as such, is not a virtue.
Aggressive behavior is frowned upon.
Less showing of emotions is preferred.
Conflict and competition can be contained on the
level of fair play and used constructively.More acceptance of dissent is entailed.
Deviation is not considered threatening; greater
tolerance is shown.
The ambiance is one of the less nationalism.
More positive feelings toward normal people are
seen.
There is more willingness to take risks in life.
The accent is on relativism, empiricism.
There should be as few rules as possible.
If rules can not be kept, we should change them.
Belief is placed in generalists and common sense.
The authorities are there to serve the citizens.
The uncertainty inherent in life is felt as a continuousthreat that must be fought.
Higher anxiety and stress are experienced.
Time is money.
There is an inner urge to work hard.
Aggressive behavior of self and others is accepted.
More showing of emotions is preferred.
Conflict and competition can unleash aggression and
should therefore be avoided.A strong need for consensus is involved.
Deviant persons and ideas are dangerous;
intolerance holds sway.
Nationalism is pervasive.
Younger people are suspect.
There is great concern with security in life.
The search is for ultimate, absolute truths andvalues.
There is a need for written rules and regulations.
If rules can not be kept, we are sinners and should
repent.
Beliefs is placed in experts and their knowledge.
Ordinary citizens are incompetent compared with
the authorities.
Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension
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COM 3406
STRONG Uncertainty Avoidance CulturesGreece (1) Japan ChiliPortugal Peru SpainBelgium France Argentina
Weak Uncertainty Avoidance CulturesSingapore (53) Hong Kong
IndiaDenmark the Philippines IrelandSweden Great Britain MalaysiaUnited States (43)
Uncertainty Avoidance (cont)
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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The extent to which the less powerfulmembers of a society accept the fact thatpower in institutions and organizations isdistributed unequally.
HIGH Power-Distance
LOW Power-Distance
Power-Distance
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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Small Power Distance Large Power Distance
Inequality in society should be minimized.
All people should be interdependent.
Hierarchy means an inequality of roles, established
for convenience
Superiors consider subordinates to be "people like
me."
Subordinates consider superiors to be "people like
me."Superiors are accessible.
The use of power should be legitimate and is subject
to the judgement as to whether it is good or evil.
All should have equal rights.
Those in power should try to look less powerful than
they are.
The system is to blame.
The way to change a social system is to redistributepower.
People at various power levels feel less threatened
and more prepared to trust people.
Latent harmony exists between the powerful and the
powerless.
Cooperation among the powerless can be based on
solidarity.
There should be an order of inequality in this world in
which everybody has a rightful place: high and loware protected by this order.
A few people should be independent; most should be
dependent.
Hierarchy means existential inequality.
Superiors consider subordinates to be a different kind of
people.
Subordinates consider superiors to be a different kind of
kind of peopleSuperior are inaccessible.
Power is a basic fact of society that antedates good or
evil. Its legitimacy is irrelevant.
Power-holders are entitled to privileges.
Those in power should try to look as powerful as
possible.
The underdog is to blame.
The way to change a social system is to dethrone those inpower.
Other people are a potential threat to one's power and
can rarely be trusted.
Latent conflict exists between the powerful and the
powerless.
Cooperation among the powerless is difficult to attain
because of their low-faith-in-people norm.
Power Distance Dimension
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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HIGH Power-Distance culturesMalaysia (1) Philippines Hong KongMexico Singapore IndiaVenezuela France Columbia
LOW Power-Distance culturesAustria (53) Norway New ZealandIsrael Ireland FinlandDenmark Sweden Switzerland
United States ranked 38 out of 53 countries.
Power-Distance (cont)
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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The extent to which gender roles in aculture are expected and clearly defined.
Masculine
Feminine
Masculinity-Femininity
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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Masculine CulturesJapan (1) Mexico Great BritainIreland Germany SwitzerlandVenezuela
Feminine CulturesSweden (53) Finland the NetherlandsNorway Chile Thailand
Denmark Portugal
United States ranked 15 out of 53 countries.
Masculinity-Femininity (cont)
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COM 34012
The extent to which a society is loosely ortightly knit.
INDIVIDUALISTIC
Emphasis on self versus social group
COLLECTIVISTIC
Emphasis on social group
Individualism-Collectivism
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COM 34013
Collectivist Individualist
In society, people are born into extendedfamilies or clans who protect them in
exchange for loyalty.
"We" consciousness holds sway.
Identity is based on the social system.
There is emotional dependence of individual
on organizations and institutions.
The involvement with organizations is moral.
The emphasis is on belonging to organizations;
membership is the ideal.
Private life is invaded by organizations and
clans to which one belongs; opinions are
predetermined.
Expertise, order, duty, and security areprovided by organization or clan.
Friendships are predetermined by stable social
relationships, but there is need for prestige
within these relationships.
Belief is placed in group decisions.
Value standards differ for in-groups and out-
groups (particularism)
In society, everybody is supposed to take careof himself/herself and his/her immediate
family.
"I" consciousness holds sway.
Identity is based on the individual.
There is emotional independence of individual
from organizations or institutions.
The involvement with organizations iscalculative.
The emphasis is on individual initiative and
achievement; leadership the ideal.
Everybody has a right to a private life and
opinion.
Autonomy, variety, pleasure, and individualfinancial security are sought in the system.
The need is for specific friendships.
Belief is placed in individual decisions.
Value standards should apply to all
(universalism).
Individualism Dimension
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COM 34014
INDIVIDUALISTIC culturesUnited States (1) Canada ItalyAustralia the Netherlands
BelgiumGreat Britain New Zealand
Denmark
COLLECTIVISTIC cultures
Guatemala (53) Columbia Singapore
Peru Taiwan Hong KongPakistan Thailand Indonesia
Korea
Japan ranked 22 out of 53 countries.
Individualism-Collectivism (cont)
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COM 34015
Quantity/Quality of Life
Emphasis on assertiveness & materialismversus relationships and leisure time
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COM 34016
Quality of Life Quantity of Life
Quality of life is important.
You work in order to live.
People and environment are important.
Interdependence is the ideal.
Service provides the motivation.
One sympathizes with the unfortunate.
Small and slow are beautiful.
Unisex and androgyny are ideal.
Men needn't be assertive, but can also play
nurturing roles
Sex roles in society are more fluid.
There should be equality between the sexes.
Performance is what counts.
You live in order to work.
Money and things are important.
Independence is the ideal.
Ambition provides the drive.
One admires the successful achiever.
Big and fast are beautiful.
Ostentatious manliness (machismo) is ideal.
Men should be assertive. Women should
be nurturing.
Sex roles in society are clearly differentiated.
Men should dominate in society.
Quality vs Quantity of Life Dimension(Masculinity vs Femininity)
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COM 34017
Cultural Dimensions Scores for 10Countries
___________________________________________________________PD ID QL UA
___________________________________________________________
USA 40 L 91 H 62 H 46 L
Germany 35 L 67 H 66 H 65 M
Japan 54 M 46 M 95 H 92 H
France 68 H 71 H 43 M 86 H
Netherlands 38 L 80 H 14 L 53 M
Hong Kong 68 H 25 L 57 H 29 L
Indonesia 78 H 14 L 46 M 48 L
West Africa 77 H 20 L 46 M 54 M
Russia*
95 H 50 M 40 L 90 H
China
*
80 H 20 L 50 M 60 M__________________________________________________________
PD = Power Distance; ID = Individualism; QL = Quantity of Life;
UA = Uncertainty Avoidance
L = Low M = Moderate H = High
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
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COM 34019
The Position of 40 Countries on the Power
Distance and Uncertainty Avoidance Scales
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8/3/2019 Hofstede Lecture
20/20
COM 34020
The Position of 40 Countries on the Power
Distance and Individualism Scales
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