hour) unit 2-cell communication review · 22. compare and contrast the mechanisms behind the action...

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Name: __________________________________________ Class: APBIO / Rozema (3rd Hour)

Unit 2-Cell Communication Review

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--Terminology-- Vocabulary Term: Definition:

1. Stimulus:

2. Signal Transduction Pathway:

3. Signal:

4. Autocrine Signal:

5. Paracrine Signal:

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Vocabulary Term: Definition:

6. Juxtacrine Signal:

7. Receptors:

8. Intracellular Receptor:

9. Membrane Receptor:

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Vocabulary Term: Definition:

10. Ion Channel Receptor:

11. Protein Kinase Receptor:

12. G-Proteins:

13. Second Messenger:

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Vocabulary Term: Definition:

14. Cyclic AMP:

15. Negative Feedback:

16. Positive Feedback:

17. Hormone:

18. Steroid:

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Vocabulary Term: Definition:

19. Non-Steroid Hormones:

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--Free Response Practice-- 20. Give an example of a system that utilizes hormonal negative feedback in order to transmit information which will

then be used in regulation. Make sure to discuss negative feedback, the stimulus, the response, and how this

connects to Signal Transduction.

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21. Give an example of a system that utilizes hormonal positive feedback in order to transmit information which will

then be used in regulation. Make sure to discuss negative feedback, the stimulus, the response, and how this

connects to Signal Transduction.

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22. Compare and contrast the mechanisms behind the action of steroid hormones and nonsteroid hormones. Discuss

which type of hormone you think may have more drastic and longer lasting impacts on an organism, and why you

think this.

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--Multiple Choice Practice-- 23. How might steroid hormones alter the onset of puberty?

a. Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors and serve as transcription factors, turning on genes.

b. Steroid hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane, turning on genes in the nucleus.

c. Steroid hormones activate G-proteins to initiate an intracellular cascade that amplifies the amount of

hormone within the target cell.

d. Steroid hormones bind directly to DNA promoters, attract RNA polymerase, and initiate transcription.

24. Which of the following is the best explanation for how steroid hormones are able to pass through the steroid

plasma membrane?

a. Both steroid hormones and plasma membranes have receptor proteins.

b. Steroid hormones are polar, and the cell membrane is polar on the inside of the lipid bilayer.

c. Steroid hormones are nonpolar lipids, and the cell membrane is lipid based.

d. Steroid hormones diffuse through open channel proteins in the membrane.

25. When a pregnant woman is ready to give birth, the fetus pushes on her uterus, which causes a hormone

called oxytocin to be released from the pituitary gland. Oxytocin causes contraction of the uterus, which

results in the fetus pushing even more on her uterus, and the release of more oxytocin from the pituitary

gland. This series of events is an example of:

a. Enzymatic regulation

b. Feed-Forward control

c. Negative feedback

d. Positive feedback

26. Which is a plausible explanation for the fact that peptide hormones have a faster onset of action than steroid

hormones?

a. Peptide hormones can diffuse across the plasma membrane of a target cell, while steroid hormones

cannot.

b. Steroid hormones bind to extracellular receptors, and these receptors take several hours to turn on.

c. Peptide hormones bind to extracellular receptors and produce more immediate effects than steroid

hormones, which bind DNA to affect transcription.

d. Both steroid hormones and peptide hormones bind to DNA to affect transcription, but peptide

hormones are able to get to the nucleus of the cell faster.

27. A researcher is experimenting with the nerve transmission using neurons from a giant squid. At the beginning

of the experiment, the axon is at rest and has a threshold measurement of -70mV at 37degrees Celsius. The

axon receives one stimulus that triggers one action potential in the axon. Subsequent stimuli are much

stronger. Which of the following statements explains what happens when several strong stimuli are

experienced by the axon?

a. The axon becomes hyperpolarized to -90mV.

b. The axon becomes hyperpolarized to -50mV.

c. The strength of the action potential becomes greater.

d. The frequency of the action potential increases.

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28. Here is a sketch of a neuromuscular junction in a patient with an autoimmune disease. Acetylcholine (Ach) is

the stimulatory neurotransmitter.

Which of the following predicts what will happen in the continued presence of the antibodies?

a. Ca+ ions will flood into the motor neuron ending, increasing the release of more Ach.

b. The amount of neurotransmitter being released will decrease.

c. The number of action potentials in the motor neuron will decrease.

d. Muscle response will diminish.

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29. Here is a graph that depicts a first exposure to antigen A on Day 1 with a subsequent primary immune

response. A second exposure to antigen A on Day 30 results in a secondary immune response due to the

presence of circulating memory cells that release antibodies against antigen A. There is also first exposure to

antigen B on Day 30.

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Which of the following graphs accurately depicts the immune response to antigen B on Day 30, and the reason

for it?

a. Graph A. The primary response to antigen B is almost as fast and large as the secondary immune

response to antigen A because the entire immune system was activated by the first exposure to antigen

A.

b. Graph B. Immune responses are specific. The fact that there was an earlier exposure to antigen A has

no bearing on the response to antigen B on Day 30.

c. The response to antigen B on Day 30 is larger than the secondary immune response to antigen A

because the immune system has already been activated and all new responses are heightened.

d. There is almost no immune response to antigen B because the immune system is fully engaged in a

secondary response to antigen A.

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30. Which of the following statements best describes the action of the hormone testosterone, on cells of the

human gonads, knowing that it is steroidal?

a. The hormone acts as the first messenger when it binds to and activates the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor

on the surface of cells in the testes. This activates the Mobile G Protein located inside the cell.

b. The hormone enters cells in the testes by first binding with a membrane receptor, which causes a

channel to open in the membrane, allowing the testosterone to flood into the cell.

c. The hormone readily passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm. The

hormone and receptor then enter the nucleus and act as a transcription factor that turns on one or

more genes.

d. The hormone binds with cAMP on the surface of the cell. Once attached to cAMP, the hormone enters

the cell and initiates a signal transduction pathway.