how do european trade patterns change when the atlantic changes from a barrier to a bridge?

How do European trade patterns change when the Atlantic changes from a barrier to a bridge?

How did the Europeans establish themselves in Asia?

New technologies in sailing that allowed for successful explorations

of the world.• Compass

• Astrolabe

• Newer maps

• Lateen sails

• Multiple masts

• Latitude and longitudinal coordinates

Portuguese Trade Ports

What was the impact of the encounter between Europe and the Americas on both regions?

All land to the east of the line of demarcation would be controlled by Portugal, and land to the

west controlled by Spain.

What was the most important or consequential motivation – gold,

God, or glory?

Who treated the Indians better – the Spanish or the English?

Why the Spanish? Why the English?

Read “The Expansion of Europe” (page 40-42 of Western

Civilizations). Be prepared to discuss the questions provided in

the “Consider” section in five minutes.

Chapter 3, Section 12

How did Europe become a predominantly commercial

society?a)

b)

c)

d)

What was the impact on economic life and society of this economic

transformation?a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

What were the characteristics of mercantilism, and why did many governments adopt it?

Under what conditions is inflation a good thing, who

benefits from it, and who loses out?

Imagine yourself as a manufacturer in the guild system. What would be

attractive about the domestic system?

How did the changes of the Commercial Revolution have lasting impact on the social structure of Europe?

How did the changes of the Commercial Revolution have lasting impact on the social structure of Europe?

f) women...

g) Poor...

h) Governments...

How was the educational system in Europe transformed in the sixteenth century?

a) education...

b) universities...

How do Eastern and Western Europe compare in the early modern period?

a) East not equal to West:

b) East sank into...

c) Eastern lords...

Define social structure, and define it for contemporary

America.

Chapter 3, Section 14

What were the political parameters of Spain during its

golden ages?a) Habsburg dynasty split into two (Austrian and

Spanish)b) Spanish Golden Age - art and philosophy

flourishedc) Catholic church important to Spaind) Catholic resurgence (repression of Protestants)e) Escorial - royal palace built outside Madrid (new

capital)

What was the Netherlands in the early modern period, and why did they revolt against Spain?

a) 17...

b) Revolt and William the Silent...

c) English connection...

What was the Netherlands in the early modern period, and why did they revolt against Spain?

d) Spanish Netherlands...

e) England emerged as...

f) Spanish decline...

The Spanish Armada is one of the most famous military confrontations

in European history. Do you think the Spanish lost or England won? Was England's win a sign of their superiority or a fluke that led to it

becoming convinced of its superiority?

Chapter 3, Section 15

What were the distinguishing features of France in the early modern period?

a) Large...

b) Religious differences...

c) Protestantism...

How and why did religious wars begin in France? Who won?

a) 1550s...persecution of Huguenots (ex. St. Bart's Massacre), Henry II dies (1559), France falls into chaos (three feuding groups - Catholics, Protestants, moderates)

b) Religious wars and Politiques...wars dragged out, politiques argued for religious toleration and peace and stability

c) Henry of Navarre - became King Henry IV (1589) - established the Bourbon dynasty

d) Henry's Conversion...Henry IV converted to Catholicism but adopted the Edict of Nantes - providing LIMITED religious freedom to Calvinists

e) Henry IV...effective at restoring peace and prosperity

f) Assassination...Henry assassinated; Estates General met in 1614

g) Cardinal Richelieu...adviser to Louis XIII (Henry's son); strengthened economy through adoption of mercantilist initiatives, banned private warfare, scaled back Edict of Nantes after Huguenot rebellion in 1627

Chapter 3, Section 16

What were the divisions within the Holy Roman Empire?

a) HRE divided by ethnicity, religion, and language; pockets of Protestantism in a Catholic nation; economically and culturally isolated from Western Europe

b) Religious tensions grew with Calvinism spreading in Germany as well as Lutheranism growing in Catholic states

What was the Thirty Years' War, and why was it important?

a) German civil war (religious and political) as well as international war (European powers involved)

b) War divided into four phases: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, Swedish-French

c) Bohemian - "defenestration of Prague"; Czechs defeated and land confiscated for Catholic institutions

d) Danish king led Protestants against the empire in phase two; defeated by Empire (Duke of Wallenstein); Edict of Restitution established

e) Gustavus Adolphus (king of Sweden) led invasion of Germany; victorious (1632); Edict of Restitution nullified

f) Spainish and French fought on German soil in phase four; Germans not directly involved but suffered through destruction

What were the long-term consequences of the Peace of Westphalia?

a) Negotiated between European powers and German states

b) Setback for Catholics; added Calvinism as a choice in the Empire (addition to Peace of Augsburg)

c) Independence of Netherlands and Switzerland confirmed (bad for HRE); outlying areas lost to France and Sweden; 300 member states receive sovereignty

d) Germany badly damaged by war (fought on their soil); cities destroyed, peasants killed, agricultural production weakened; war put Germany back 200 years

e) No European unity - clearly independent states with their own interests

f) Ended European wars of religion; Catholic and Protestant territories stable; reasons of the states superseded religious causes going forward