how sustainable bioenergy production can contribute to the … · 2020. 11. 29. · how sustainable...
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How sustainable Bioenergy production can contribute to the Development of Colombia
Dr Rocio A Diaz Chavez
Stockholm Environment Institute Africa Centre
Deputy Director for Research
Energy and climate change programme leader
rocio.diaz-chavez@sei.org
Background
• Colombia is the second most biodiverse country in the world as well as the second biggest biofuel producer in Latin-American after Brazil.
• Colombia is now the world's fifth producer of palm oil and the leading producer in Latin America.
• Biomass residues and non-food local feedstocks are of high availability within Colombia from plantations and processing industries.
• Colombia produced 173,043 tonnes of biodiesel in 2009
• Solid biomass residues produced from palm oil processing industry and residues present a potential for domestic energy generation and export.
FAO project report GISPOVTorrefied Bamboo for the Import of Sustainable Biomass from Colombia
FRAMEWORK
Whose
sustainability?
(Dalal-Clayton, & Daler, 2005)
Essentials on the concept of sustainability
• A challenge to conventional thinking and practice
• concerning long as well as short-term well-being
• comprehensive (all issues in decision-making)
• recognition of links and interdependences
• an open-ended process
• links between means and ends
• global and context dependent
Methodologies and toolsExamples of assessment
Environmental Engineering Social and
economic
Business Integrated
Environmental Impact
Assessment
Life-Cycle
Assessment
Social Impact
Assessment
Environmental
Management
Systems
Sustainability
Assessment
Carbon footprinting Risk assessment Health Impact
Assessment
Corporate Social
Responsibility
Integrated
Impact
Assessment
Ecological footprinting Material flow
assessment
Cost-benefit
analysis
Impact
Assessment
Land use modelling Economic
modelling
Strategic
Impact
Assessment
Indicators(Diaz-Chavez, 2015)
Tradeoffs and synergies of Bioenergy and social issues.
Local
community
Vulnerable
groups
Socio-economic
issues
Livelihoods
Land ownership
Skills
Business models
Infrastructure
Income
Health and risk
Gender
Stakeholders
Land use
Bioenergy crops
Food production
Resources management
(water, air, soil, biodiversity)
GHG
Other environmental issues
Ecosystem services
(regional and local)
Governance Regulations
Voluntary standards
(Diaz-Chavez et al, 2014)
Review of current standards
Analysis of case studies
Socio-economic principles
Environmental principles
Socio-economic impacts
Pre-selection of principles, criteria and indicators
Workshop with partners to select indicators
Field test
APPLICATION
•Global-Bio-Pact
•Costa Rica
•Brazil
•Argentina
•Mali
•Tanzania
•Indonesia
Sustainability considerations (Good practices) (COMPETE project)Principle En S Ec P
1. Good agro-ecological and forestry practices(biodiversity, soil)
2. Not affecting water supply and quality
3. No land use change that detrimentallyaffects food security
4. Community participation (from planning)
5. Women’s participation (from planning)
6. Skills transfer (management, business,agriculture)
7. Community inclusion in business oreconomic model (Contract with investor orNGO)
8. Added value in the community (individual,money, assets, land, co-products)
9. Improvement in services and infrastructure(energy supply, health) reinvestment ofrevenue within the community
10. Compliance with National and/or guidelinesfor bioenergy policy in place
11. Compliance with Local programmes,regulations and/or plans in place
12. Respect Land rights and avoid displacement
Key variables and sustainability indicatorsProduction and availability of
feedstock
Biomass surplus
Willingness to shift cropping
patterns
Role of panchayat in
deciding cropping patterns
Employment
Limitation to employment opportunity
Openness in exploring and
taking non-agricultural
activities
Working conditions in
the competing industry
Willingness to work in bio-
refinery
Strength of labour union
Child labour issues; etc
Health, environment and
food security
Health impacts due to working conditions in competing industries
Impacts on food security due to presence of a bio-refinery
Environmental, water related, land related
stress in the area related to industrial
activities; etc.
Rural development
Improvement in physical
infrastructure due to
industrialization
Would bio-refinery improve
infrastructure
Research and development
Extent to which investments in
R&D activities in clean/bioenergy
is needed
Extent to which R&D activities
have happened in clean/bioenergy
Other issues related to political,
legal and economic barriers
Current barriers in terms of
political and administrative
hurdles in setting up of a
new bio-refinery
Creation of new economic
opportunities for the locals
SDGs 2016
Example from Biotrade2020+
• To assess the technical and sustainable potentials according to the Biotrade2020+ methodology of Feedstocks (sugar cane and palm oil in Colombia) residues for biomass trade from production origin in Colombia to the port of Rotterdam in the EU.
Areas selected: 2) the northern palm oil region and 3) the central palm oil region
Technical potential of lignocellulosic biomass• General data
• Legislation related to bioenergy
• Data on main feedstocks used or with potential for biomass trade
• Production volumes
• Planted areas
• Harvested areas
• Irrigated areas
• Yield – National average
• Data on main biomass currently exported
• Production volume
• Quantity exported
• Price
Cont.• Biodiversity
• Legal/policy/governance related data
• Geographic/land use data
• Biological/physical data
• Land use
• Land area under specific classes
• Area of land under each specified class
• Definition used in each country for that type of land class
• Socio-economic
• working conditions
• land tenure/rights
• Food insecurity issues
• ILO conventions
• Standards and Certification
Table below shows the total production area and mill residue production for export in the Northern and central palm oil zone of Colombia under a Business As Usual and a High Export scenario for 2020 and 2030.
The table summarises the GHG emissions for palm oil residue and sugar cane trash delivered to Rotterdam
Assumptions GISPOV (FAO) of palm oil production in Colombia • a) Business-As-Usual scenario: production of Crude Palm Oil (CPO)
from 1.2 million tones in 2015 to an estimated production of 1.6 million tones in 2025 (projected based on past trends – FAO 2016), as well as a national average yield of 3.2 t/ha as of 2015
• b) GISPOV: potential social and economic co-benefits assuming an estimated production of 1.6 million tones of CPO and a national average yield of 4.2 t/ha CPO in 2025 (projected based on past trends – FAOSTAT 2016).
Indicators for palm oil production and scenarios
Table 1.Socio-economic issues:
SOCIAL ECONOMIC
Access to modern bioenergy services Total employment
Gender-sensitive benefits and other vulnerable groups
Personal income
Land property and access Diversification of livelihoods in the affected areas
Access to resources Increase in economic activity
Livelihood and food security Energy diversity
Governance
Selected indicators
1 Source: Average between low (2.3 t/ha) and high (3.2 t/ha) yields as reported by FAO country questionnaire (2016).2 FAO assumptions for the BAU and GISPOV scenario.3 Calculated FFB yield assuming a 21.6% extraction rate (FAO assumptions).4 Source: FAOSTAT (2016). Price refers to 2014. 5Following World Bank’s (2016b) forecasts for CPO world price which estimate an annual increase of about 3.3% between 2016 and 2025.
Colombia: Smallholders’ income per ha (in USD) from increased yield
Year
2014 2025 (BAU) 2025 (GISPOV)
Yield CPO (t)/ ha (national average)
2.71 2.72 4.22
Yield FFB (t)/ ha (national average)
12.53 12.53 19.43
Price CPO/ t (annual average) 9094 ~1,2365 ~1,2365
Total CPO gross revenue/ ha 2,454.3 3,337.2 5,191
Change between 2014 and 2025 36% 111%
a rough idea depending on:• current conditions • policy tools • quantity and quality of
inputs for sustainable intensification of production
• the evolution of local crude palm oil and FFB producer prices driven by local and world demand governmental policies
• Climate change impacts• pest diseases • etc
Year
2015 2025 (BAU) 2025 (GISPOV)
% of CPO production with methane capture systems
6.5%1 13%1 19%1
Total national CPO production (t)
1,200,0001 1,600,0001 1,600,0001
Total biogas potential (m3) for all mills in the country
64,960,0002 87,360,0002 87,360,0002
Total biogas (m3) actually produced for all mills in the country
4,222,400 11,356,800 16,598,400
Energy (heat in MJ) produced per m3 of biogas
7.73 7.73 7.73
Total energy (TJ) produced from biogas
32.5 88 127.1
Jobs created per TJ of energy 34 34 34
Total jobs created by methane capture systems in the country
~98 ~264 ~381
Colombia: Employment with methane capture systems
In developing countries the quantity and quality of employment depends on the stage of the bioenergy system, the conversion process, the specific country setting and whether it is labour intensive or mechanized (Franke et al. 2013). It should be noted also that the demand for the above skilled jobs may not be able to be fully met by local supply due to lack of necessary qualifications.
1 FAO data and assumptions under the BAU and GISPOV scenario.2 See previous Table.3 Source: Mel et al. (2010).4Source: Franke et al. (2013).
Profiling
Scoping
Assessment
Projection
Mitigation
Evaluation
Monitoring
Identification of stakeholdersand affected groups
Baseline analysis using indicators
AlternativesComparison of options
Examination of web and chains of impacts
Magnitude of impacts
Participation techniques
Measures to mitigate (e.g. policies and regulations)
Indicator measurements and review
ACTIVITYDESCRIPTION
sLCA
Social life cycle impact assessment
sLCA limitations
Boundaries
Methodology of co-product handling
Definition of reference products
Foreground and background processes
Determine stakeholder categories
(Diaz-Chavez, 2012)
LCA
Hotspots database results
Social
Food vs. Fuel
Rural development
Mini-fund and other types of property
Type of propertyy
Skills transfer
Access to information by producers
Breadth of topics
Environmental
Management Practices
Conservation of biodiversity
Reference point for conservation in land planning
Water supply
In some cases legal issues for water protection
Selection of species
Adaptation togeographicaldiversity
Depends on the region in Colombia
Opportunity for added value
Source of alternative
income
Alternative use of residues
Viability
Competitiveness
Unknown costs
Economic
Incentives to develop
market
Access to market
Transport Infrastructure available
Land use change
Land use planning
Policy - Institutional
RegulationsInstitutions
Ministry of Energy
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Environment
Nature of labour
Zonas francas
Local governments
FEDEPALMA/CENIPALMA
Environmental, forestry, agriculture and energy
Voluntary schemes
Palm oilstandards
Related to voluntary schemes
Chemical characteristics
and GHG
Land use forests with management
Incentives for energy use
Sustainability screening and integration
Strategic view
Policy
agendas
energyRural development & agriculturetransport
Sustainable development
Environment WAT
ER
industry
Policy agendas
energy Rural development & agriculture transport
Sustainable development
Environment, economic, social, policy
industry
biorefineries
Climate change
National/regionalSDGs
BIOECONOMY
Challenges and Recommendations
• Assessment, uncertainty & subjectivity
• Mitigation
• Monitoring
• Stakeholders identified for impacts.
• Sustainable development main issues are related to public participation and engagement
• Consider other environmental and social management tools such as SEA
Thank you
Dr Rocio A Diaz Chavez
Stockholm Environment Institute Africa Centre
Deputy Director for Research
Energy and climate change programme leader
rocio.diaz-chavez@sei.org
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