human memory adapts to patterns of information use and why (maybe) larkc should too lael schooler

Human Memory Adapts to Patterns of Information Use and

Why (maybe) LarKC Should Too

Lael Schooler

Simple Heuristics

• Shaped by human abilities– Vision, Hearing, Attention, Memory, ...

• Cognitive Processes– Frugal: use little information– Fast: do little integration

• Ecologically Rational– Bet on environmental structure

• Adaptive Toolbox– Selection of Strategies (reinforcment Learning)– Joerg Rieskamp

• A set of questions to ask

Take Home Message• Patterns of information use looks similar across domains

– Language• Speech to children• New York Times Headlines

– Social Contact• Email• Face to face

• We are likely to find similar patterns of information use in our case studies – Driving Behavior– Document access

• ACT-R’s Memory model (Activation Equations) learn to reflect these patterns of information use

• One flavor of Activation in LarKC’s retrieval experiments in WP 2 will take this approach– Can they scale?– Simpler better?

ACT-R• Adaptive Control of Thought Rational• An Integrated Theory of Cognition• Anderson and colleagues (1973-present)

– A couple hundred papers• My home town (CMU) • A framework to develop heuristics

• A source of core capacities• Easily implement take-the-best, etc

• Ecologically Rational

Subsymboliclocal

connectionistSelection

& Retrieval

Production Memory

Procedural Memory Modeled with Productions

Declarative Memory

RenoActivation: 0.5

ChicagoActivation: 2

New YorkActivation: 3

1 + 1 = 2Activation: 2.6

Rational analysis of memory

• Retrieve relevant information• For each item in memory, make a Bayesian estimate of

the probability that it will be useful in the present context.• Automatic• Basically Google + sensitivity to time

Anderson (1990)Anderson & Schooler (1991, 2000)

Schooler & Anderson (1997)

Rational Analysis of Memory and Functional Forgetting

Effects of Retention Interval on Memory Performance

Environmental Analysis

• Study informational demands of the environment– Match between memory and environment

• Do diverse domains share statistical structure?– language

• Speech to children• New York Times headlines

– social contacts• Distribution of email authors

Anderson & Schooler (1991, 2000)Schooler & Anderson (1997)

Sj senate

p(senate) = .015 p(senate/j) p(senate/j)

p(senate) measure .48 19.4 j veto .46 18.6 bill .38 15.3 votes .35 14.3

Combined Effects of Recency & Context

Speech New York Times

Combined Effects of Frequency & Recency

Human Social Contact

• Thorsten Pachur– University of Basel

• 10 participants• 100 Day Diary Study • Social contact was defined

– as all face-to-face or phone conversations lasting at least five minutes

– all electronic and other written communication of at least 100 words in length.

Recency Effects in Social Contacts

Driving Behavior Real Time City Case Study

• To what extent do our movments through the world share statistical structure with language and social contact?

Method

Data

• about 200 Subjects (1 car & 1 driver)

• one gps read every six minutes

• 2177817 total reads

• 1 x 1 Kilometer grid

Austin

Recency Effects in Driving

0

0.06

0.12

0.18

0.24

0.3

0 7 14 21 28

P(visit)

days since last visit

SE= +- .001

Recency Effects in Document Access

Recker & Pitkow, "Predicting Document Access in Large Multimedia Repositories." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 3, no. 4 (1996): 352-375.

ACT-R Activation Equations

How a record’s activation grows and fades

n

k

dki tB

1

ln

How a record’s activation grows and fades

n

k

dki tB

1

ln

Sj senate

p(senate) = .015 p(senate/j) p(senate/j)

p(senate) measure .48 19.4 j veto .46 18.6 bill .38 15.3 votes .35 14.3

Ai Bi W jS jijC

Association to Context

Retrieval & Selection

• Estimate the probability (log-odds) that a RDF-Triple is needed in Reasoning/Deciding phase as a function of frequency, recency, spacing, and association to elements of the querry and method used

• Parameterize and Test whether ACT-R’s activation equations adequately model these probabilities

• Incorporate ACT-R’s base activation into other measures of association (e.g., semantic space model, Quantum Semantics, etc)

Ai Bi W jS jijC

Document Access

Recker & Pitkow, "Predicting Document Access in Large Multimedia Repositories."ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 3, no. 4 (1996): 352-375.

Combined Effects of Recency & Context

Take Home Message• Patterns of information use looks similar across domains

– Language• Speech to children• New York Times Headlines

– Social Contact• Email• Face to face

• We are likely to find similar patterns of information use in our case studies – Driving Behavior– Document access

• ACT-R’s Memory model (Activation Equations) learn to reflect these patterns of information use

• One flavor of Activation in LarKC’s retrieval experiments in WP 2 will take this approach– Can they scale?– Simpler better?

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