hvac magazine global version_20110818
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HVACHeating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
CONTENTS
TECHNICAL REPORT
01 HVAC solutions for sports and cultural facilities
05 How to select indoor HVAC systems in basic architectural design
11 LG Whisen System Air Purifying, Anti-Biotic Solution
17 LG BMS (Building Management System) Solution
NEW TECHOLOGY
23 Computational Fluid Dynamics from A to Z
SPECIAL ISSUE
25Aesthetic sense of exposed- ceilings
VIEW FINDER
29 Select a product on the basis of space properties and design focus
35 LG Control System
CASE STUDY
39 Hi-Farm in Hampyeong, a gardening facility that uses a HVAC system
43 Multi V Super & Multi V Geo
47 Chungmu Gymnasium in Daejeon
51 Proposal of Total Solution for LG Electronics
55 Indoor space airflow and noise simulation using CFD
59 Gyeongpo landmark, Rakai Sandfine Resort
Global Field
63 Chiles largest building equips LGEs air conditioning system
67 LG Electronics brings a gentle breeze to India with its Multi V system
71 LG Electronics System Air Conditioner to complete the HVAC culture of the Middle East
75 Sinolink Mangrove West Coast Project
77 2013 KAZAN Universiade Village Project
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TECHNICAL REPORT
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The best choice for saving energy, convenient maintenance, and safety
HVAC solutions for sports and cultural facilitiesWith the rise of income levels and living standards, peoples interest in sports and cultural activities are growing. Accordingly, a
pleasurable environment for facilities is standing out as an important element. Sports and cultural facilities are highly populated
spaces, therefore they necessitate fresh air and adequate temperature. In this document, we will discuss the importance of HVAC
systems for cultural facilities and the cha racteristics of HVAC system design.By Lee Soowoong (Advisor of CAC Engineering Team, LG Electronics) | Pictures by Kim Yeongji
Advisor, Lee Soowoong
This equipment design specialist worked at Cosentini in
U.S., a world renowned design firm, and served as the
vice president for 27 years beginning in January 1984.
In January 2010, he started his new career in the CAC
division of LG Electronics, and currently he is serving as
a technical advisor.
General considerations in HVAC
design for sports or cultural facilities
The main purpose of HVAC is to provide a comf ort
able and relaxing environment for people by adjusting
the temperature and humidity. For sports or cultural
facilities, the Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) may indicate
low value since these facilities have wide open space
and high ceilings. Another aspect that makes these
facilities, including sub-facilities, different from other
common office spaces, is that they are maintained
under different operating schedules. Therefore the
HVAC design for these facilities should reflect the
following aspects.
Considerations in HVAC system design
General design standards
Determine the proper type of HVAC system in terms of energy
efficiency and design standards, by identifying the purpose of
the project. Since any sports or cultural facility may not be run year-round,calculate the service time and the number of occupants on a
weekly basis
The design team must collect as much data as possible topredict the service time and optimal capacity, and to ensure
economical operation.
Dehumidification amount is essential in determining the systemcapacity. It is also necessary to consider the need for additional systemsbased on the characteristics of intermittent cooling loads.
Lighting load The design should identify the level of lighting in order todetermine a proper Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) as well as
consider economic aspects.
A dimming system (a system for adjusting the intensity oflighting) can reduce the lighting load while the system is in
operation.
Altough it is not a major load, the lighting load can sometimesbecome a critical factor for certain spaces.
Indoor air conditioners
For facilities reserved for religious assemblies which mayrequire formal dress, concert halls, or musical theaters, it is
important to maintain the indoor temperature at a moderate
level.
Whereas most people will dress casually in movie theaters orstadiums, these places must maintain a slightly higher-than-
usual temperature during the summer, and during the winter, a
slightly lower.
For convention and exhibition centers, or other similar placesinvolving a lot of human traffic, the indoor temperature shouldbe maintained at a lower-than-usual level for both the summer
and winter seasons.
For any place with a high concentration of people or with a SHFof 75% or lower, the application of a dry-bulb temperature is
required to reduce the latent heat in t he human body as well as
the need for reheating. For a location within a cold climate zone,
it is possible to effectively increase the heat load through
humidification..
If the density of the CO2 is high, people may have difficultiesconcentrating and get easily tired.
There are two types of ventilation methods for the removal ofCO2 and other hazardous gas; adjusting the ventilation amount
to the legal standard, and applying ventilation through
continuous monitoring
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Characteristics of HVAC systems for
sports facilities
Sports facilities usually have high ceilings and
wide spaces subject to HVAC needs. In addition,
they may attract large numbers of people, so there are
many aspects to consider during the system design and
selection. One aspect to pay attention to in the design
of an HVAC system is related to the solar loadskin load
and ventilation load. Since sports facilities rarely have
glass on their outer walls like other ordinary buildings,
the ventilation load is more effected than the solar load
skin load.
In addition, contrary to other office or residentialbuildings, sports facilities may operate different service
hours, which may, in return, lead to different influences
of loads.
For instance, office buildings may involve higher solar
loads since they are used during the daytime, usually
from 9 am to 7 pm. Whereas, sports facilities will
produce less solar load since their service hours are not
uniform and they may be open mostly during night
hours. Furthermore, even the same sports facility may
have different loads for each different sport event or
depending on the frequency of use. To take the
example of a boxing match area, HVAC systems must
be concentrated on its perimeter since the audience
seats may occupy much more space and will be
densely populated.
When the match starts, all the lighting except the arena
will be turned off, so the lighting load will be at a
moderate level. Additionally, if a sports facility is rented
out as a concert or music venue, it will have to
accommodate a considerable amount of heat load froma large surging crowd in just two to three hours. Like
this, it is very important to first identify the characteris-
tics and use of the building before working on the
design, since the load characteristics may sometimes
have a completely different status depending on t he use
of the building.
Precautions in design of HVAC
systems for sports facilities
In many sports facilities, especially in the
swimming pool areas, they are susceptible to
latent heat produced from the evaporation of the water,
which may have a great impact on the load. Therefore,
for this type of facility, it is important to remove the
moisture and to maintain the relative humidity at a
40~60% level. In particular, if the area belongs to a cold
region or cold climate, the outer wall will easily become
cold and produce dew on the surface, which may
sometimes result in corrosion. Sometimes, it is
necessary to determine the target relative humidity byconsidering the materials and the structure of the entire
outer wall, in case a structural problem arises from
corrosion. In instances where dew is generated on the
outer wall despite good insulation and humidity control,
it is important to produce a warmed-up air flow onto the
wall to maintain the ambient temperature above the
dew point. It might be also necessary to use aluminum
or water-proof paints as materials for the HVAC ducts to
prevent dew condensation.
Duct design also needs attention. Given that t he center
of the swimming pool may also require ventilation, but
air must be supplied to the pool as well as certain spots
such as the diving board to allow the swimmers to stay
comfortable, the distribution of ducts may require some
careful attention. Large domes are sometimes equipped
with only louvers without a ventilation system, to
achieve natural ventilation. Such cases, however, also
needs heating systems. As mentioned above, this is
because any moisture infiltrating into structures can
cause a dangerous crack. For major stadiums whoseroofs are open, it is imperative to apply ventilation to the
stands except the tracks in the center. It is also
necessary to keep air balance to prevent the smells
from restrooms, restaurants, or other ancillary facilities
from moving to the stands.
Most sports facilities have high ceilings and may not
need HVAC, overall. It is necessary to use HVAC
systems for only lower floor sections involving peoples
access, while for upper sections, its important to
distribute the air flow evenly by using auxiliary devices
that can raise jet streams. The intake ducts should be
placed under the chairs to allow the air to flow down,
which may guarantee ventilation to reach all areas
Some theaters may present a seamless
2-hour-long performance, and some may
attract a large number of people at a
point where the load of outdoor air is at
its highest throughout the week. Thus,
the design effort must take different
possible situations into account, based
on the designers judgment or the project
owners demand.
1. Since sports facilities rarely have glass on t heir outer wall like
other ordinary buildings, the ventilation load has more effect
than the solar load skin load.
2. The direct-expansion types of HVAC systems and the
separate-control facilitating VRF model (an air conditioning
system) are attracting customers attention due to convenient
maintenance, reliability, and low investment costs.
For cultural facilities such as performance
venues, care must be taken to make sure
acoustic systems are not affected.
Characteristics of cultural facilities and
design precautions
Characteristics of the HVAC system may vary
depending on the nature of cultural facilities. Some
theaters may present a seamless 2-hour-long
performance, and some may gather a large number of
people to the point where the load of outdoor air is at its
highest throughout the week. Thus, the design effort
must take different possible situations into account,
based on the designers experiences or t he project
owners demand. For example, the designer can decide
to adjust the system capacity to 80 90% of the
maximum peak load, or set it to the maximum load if he
wants to ensure safe and comfortable air conditioning,
although the initial investment and the maintenance
may cost more. For cultural facilities such as perfor-
mance venues, it must be taken to make sure acoustic
systems are not affected. Larger performance halls will
have thicker outer walls and will be equipped with betterinsulation systems to deal with the noise issue. The
performance area will be cooled before the perfor-
mance starts, and the heat accumulated during the
performance is used for heating and cooling. In this
case, it is common to plan the overall temperature to
rise 1~2 by the time the performance comes to an
end. In particular, many U.S. companies employ sound
specialists to continue consultation on HVAC design. It
might be also necessary to consider the sound control,
sound absorption, and the NC level in adjusting the
material of ducts, speed of air flow, and noise. It is
especially important to make sure the noise from the
machine room or ducts does not go through pipes and
flow inside.
It is also necessary to apply anti-earthquake equipment
to prevent the vibration from producing noises. To tackle
the vibration issue with the machine room, usually arubber or spring bracket is used, but sometimes a
floating slab is installed if even a subtle vibration is not
allowed. Also, the sky light installed on the ceiling of a
cultural facility must be accompanied by a heat trace
(an electric heat wire) in case of freezing in low
temperatures.
Prospects of system air conditioners
used for sports or cultural facilities
The direct-expansion type of HVAC system and th
separate-control facilitating VRF product attracting
peoples attention for convenient maintenance,
reliability, and low investment costs. In particular, f
sports or cultural facility involving irregular frequen
use and hard-to-predict operation factors, they can
used with a wide range of applications with respec
energy saving. As of now, a large-capacity model a
effective as centralized HVAC systems has been
introduced, along with diversified heat sources inc
air, water or ground, to satisfy the needs of both th
designer and customer. It seems the potential of
technology is unlimited. As one of the experts in th
relevant fields, I am looking forward to the future.
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TECHNICAL REPORT
HVAC systems harmonizing with the interior
How to select indoor HVAC sys-
tems in basic architectural designAs larger and taller buildings are introduced, and the demand of occupants for a pleasurable indoor
environment increases, not only energy saving but also the health of occupants and indoor air
quality issues are gaining momentum. This means the system design phase should engage more
considerations.
In line with this trend, this document will describe the considerations in establishing a basic architec-
tural design of HVAC (Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning), the design procedure, criteria for
selection of a proper HVAC system, methodic planning of HVAC, and HVAC system development
strategies. Written by Lee Jongchan (Director of Gansam Architecture & Partners) | Summarized by Moon Eunyeong |Pictures by Lee Jinha (Studio lamp on the moon)
HVAC(Heating Ventilating and AirConditioning) systems for buildings are closely tied to our daily
lives. From beacon fire and ondol (Korean under-floor heating
system) in the past, to the intelligently integrated building air
conditioning systems of today, it has a long history. HVAC
system types may vary depending on each regions geological
and cultural backgrounds.
In addition, as buildings become larger and taller with industrial
growth, and as occupants demand more pleasurable indoorspaces, the effort to provide a modern and enjoyable space
involving the efficient use of energy has become indispensable.
The HVAC system is a mechanism which helps maintain a
pleasant indoor heat environment regardless of external
weather conditions or seasonal changes. However, this
profitable tool has one problem: energy cost. This has brought
about more designs for energy saving, as well as options
between whether to focus on energy preservation or its
performance. This relates the question, What are the primary
considerations in system design? Nowadays, indoor air quality
has become a vital concern. That is, we are faced with an irony
that we have to minimize the inflow of outdoor air, and, at the
same time, improve the air quality through ventilation solutions.
The basic architectural design refers to a process of establish-
ing a drawing plan and performing an intermediate design task.
In this phase, the design f ramework is determined, as well as
general conditions, elements, the relations, and the scale of the
project. As an example in the HVAC aspect, the process may
determine the methods of HVAC, including design conditionsfor each area, equipment loads, and capacities which meet the
requirements of the project owner.
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Considerations in drafting an architectural plan
Economic efficiency
In general, the materials and finishing, and the grade of the
equipment introduced for a building may vary depending on
the economic capacity of the project owner. It is very difficult
to determine the grade of the equipment within a certain
budget in the initial phase of the project, so it is important to
seek the knowledge of experts in related areas. It is also
important to consider the requirements of the project owner,
use, and properties of the building in selecting alternatives
for equipment design. Not only the quantitative analyses on
the initial investment, maintenance costs, and annual
operating expenses, but qualitative aspects such as
flexibility of the equipment or indoor environment must be
carefully taken into consideration.
- Solutions for creating the indoor environment that the
architect desires.
- Determine the equipment grade and analyze the economic
efficiency on the basis of relevant experience
- Alternatives for the building equipment: initial investment
considerations, LCC (Life Cycle Cost), flexibility, internal
environment, etc
Indoor environment and flexibility
The initial phase of the architectural planning may have
determined the approximate budget, intention of the project
owner, and the design-wise intention of the architect on the
basis of relevant experience and the knowledge of many
other system equipment technicians. If there is a certain
degree of progress in the design plan, the plan will be
reviewed with consideration to the internal environment and
future flexibility of the building to finally determine the
equipment. After this, review will be conducted on HVAC
ducts, piping, air flow and flux, and the balancing, and the
internal environment control mechanism will be established.The next step may involve reviews of equipment locations
concerning the shaft, altitude of the ceiling, or the machine
room, which are based on the floor plan and the section
map. Reviews are made on the internal environment and
flexibility after the determination of equipment, based on the
floor plan and the section map.
- Review the indoor environment and flexibility
- Select a duct system; review the system and air flow
balancing
- Establish a control mechanism for adequate control of the
indoor environment.
- Determine the type, number, and supply temperature of
cool and heat sources
- Select a piping system for HVAC
- Determine the location of equipment (in terms of the shaft,
ceiling altitude, machine room, etc.)
Elements affecting the space plan for the building
The areas required for machinery equipment within a
building may vary depending on the use of the building,
climate conditions, and the quality of t he indoor environment.
The equipment space may also affect the architectural
representation such as the total floor area, floor altitudes,
shape and appearance of the building. In particular, as
buildings become taller and larger, the machine room, HVAC
room and shaft is increasingly occupying more space, and
the duct and floor altitude issue regarding the piping system
is acting as a more important parameter. Therefore, not only
is the machinery equipment a significant element that must
be considered in the initial steps of the architectural design,
but the space plan for electric equipment, etc. is also very
important.
Process of HVAC design
The HVAC design process can be divided into four steps:
planning, scheming, basic design and final design.
Planning. A phase where the project owner and the architect
consult each other to identify design conditions such as the
location of the building, the use and budget. This phase may
also determine the design approaches and will collect the
data on the grade of the HVAC system, heat source type,
operation and maintenance plans.
Scheming. In this phase, the basic scheme and approximate
budget are determined on the basis of the data and design
approaches induced in the planning phase, as well as t he
grade of the equipment according to the construction space,
zoning, HVAC type, and energy saving solutions.
Basic design. A phase where the basic scheme is specifi-
cally determined with respect to: selection of major devices
based on load calculation conducted with the already
determined floor plan, section map, etc.; duct and piping
plan; and the entire budget and its validity.
final design. In this phase, the aspects determined in the
previous step are established into drawings including:
specifications, bills and statements for each item of
equipment.
Of the four phases of HVAC equipment, the basic and
working design steps will be proceeded with according to
prototyped procedures and may not have any great effect on
the determination of an HVAC system itself, while the
planning and scheming phases may have some significant
influence to the extent that the grade of the system is
determined
by the judgment of the designer or the data input.
Loads with commercial facilities and characteristics of the air conditioning
Items Elements Details
Determination of
design conditions
Determination of
HVAC zoning
Determination of
HVAC type
Buildings
Climate
Indoor air quality
Building energy
Functions and
conditions of rooms
Generalelements
Regarding
the building
Size of the building, shape, functional
components, budget
Indoor and outdoor climate conditions
Level of the indoor air quality
The use, operation hours, heating & cooling
loads
Temperature and humidity conditions, comfort,
ventilation status of each room
Energy cost, initial investment, LCC,equipment location, merits anddemerits of each HVAC type, HVACcontrol method
Contamination level, operation methods
Criteria for selection of a HVAC system
What determines the design approaches in t he simplified,
four-phase HVAC design process will be the planning and
scheming phases. These phases can be divided again into
sub-phases including: design condition determination;
zoning; and HVAC type determination as follows: First of all,
the sub-phase of determining design conditions, which may
most significantly affect the grade and type of the HVAC
system, classifies the determination factors into the building
and climate conditions. In the zoning phase, which divides
zones for applying each HVAC unit, the determination
factors are categorized into the indoor air quality, building
energy, functions and conditions of each room. The HVAC
type determining phase will divide the determination factorsinto general elements including energy cost, initial invest-
ment, merits & demerits of each HVAC type, and HVAC
control type, as well as building-related elements including
contamination levels, operation methods, etc.
Systemized scheming of HVAC equipment
Establishment of the design process
In order to implement a reasonable design for a HVAC
system, it is required to identify, analyze and systemize the
design procedure and determination factors. This task can
be divided largely into three steps. The 1st step is about
consolidating the initial conditions such as the size and type
of the building, requirements of the project owner, intention
of the designer, functions and properties of the building to
determine the goal of the design, and the values of design
conditions on the basis of the determined design goal. The
2nd step is about zoning the rooms in each part of the
building according to the design conditions determined in the
1st step. In this step, the designer may determine the priority
of the design conditions as he intended; plan the zones of
the rooms, on the basis of this priority; and review the
viability of the zoning plan through the buildings space plan.
Lastly, in the 3rd step, the HVAC type to be associated with
each zone is determined on the basis of the zoning plan for
the rooms of each section of the building. This step may
largely determine two aspects: the HVAC type and the
specific system. For the HVAC type, it is possible to select
one among the all-air, all-water, water-cooling, and refriger-
ant type, by considering the architectural, economic, and
indoor environmental factors.
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mini interview
Then, 2 3 HVAC systems can be specifically determined,
which is deemed proper for each HVAC type selected
previously. Finally, of these 2 3 systems, the one optimal
HVAC system can be selected through an assessment on
economic efficiency.
Establishment of determination factors for each phase
Establishment of determination factors for design conditions
Critical factors related to the general determining process for HVAC
systems can be divided into internal and external factors. Internal
factors may include the use, properties, layout and direction of the
building; and external factors, climate conditions of the pertinent
region and the circumstances.Therefore, it is necessary to determine and establish a database to
record the initial conditions for use with the basis of the research
findings of the actual conditions.
Establishment of determination factors in HVAC zoning
It is required to conduct research on the actual conditions of
each of factor for a higher level of indoor air quality (the
condition of the air filter, pure areas, ventilation frequency,
indoor air pressure, etc.), factors of energy (service hours,
HVAC characteristics of each room, etc.), factors of each
rooms function and properties (e.g., indoor temperature and
humidity), to establish the most effective factors for input into a
database. On the basis of t he established database, it is
necessary to divide HVAC zones ref lecting the buildings
characteristics for each use and function, by considering the
indoor environment of each room, heat load conditions and
characteristics of the user. To this end, pre-estimation must be
made on a reasonable operation method and HVAC effects,
and HVAC independency must be secured with respect to
proper heat load conditions of each r oom and characteristics of
each space.
Establishment of determination factors for HVAC type
On the basis of the determination factors above, the conditions
and scopes to be considered in determining a HVAC type can
be defined as follows
Considerations for conditions and scopes
Initial conditions Scopes
Indoor
environmentalfactors
Architectural
factors
Economic
factors
Outdoor-air cooling
Humidity control
Individual control
Hygiene level
Low noise level
Whether to applyheating or cooling
Total floor area
Area of machine room
Expandability
Waste heatcollection system
Small initialinvestment
Low operating cost
Yes/No
Very important/Important/Alittle important
Important/Alittle important/Irrelevant
Very important/Important/Not very important
Important/Not very important/Irrelevant
Both/Cooling only/Heating only
Extra-large/Large/Medium/Small
Extra-large/Large/Medium/Small
Important/Alittle important/Irrelevant
Yes/No
Important/Alittle important/Irrelevant
Important/Alittle important/Irrelevant
First of all, I focus on the environment, and secondly, the on the health of
people. Korean people tend to think of housing as a means of investment,
and this may be a somewhat a distorted culture. When we select an
apartment, we first see the location and the name, or whether the apartment
is convenient for living, but going forward, we may have to estimate the
energy consumption per area unit. That is to say, you have to ask the
question, What it is the energy consumption per area unit of this house? orHow much can I save in 5 years?. In other words, just like electronics,
buildings might have to be put under the energy rating system, and indicate
the rating on the certified copy of the real estate register.
Lets think about the amount of energy consumption by each household or the
entire building. If we use the expenses saved from this energy consumption in
other places, it will surely contribute a lot to the national economy.
Mr. Lee, what approaches do you usually seek for architectural designs?
Then, what about the aesthetic aspect?
It may be not a good approach to seek only the visual pleasure, spending the
queens ransom on energy. Nowadays, the curtain-wall design is one trend,
and with glass, you cant enjoy higher energy efficiency. Therefore, think
about how many expenses will be spent on energy if you finish the entire wall
of a large building with glass. When it comes to the exterior, you can make it
beautiful enough with just concrete material. It all depends on the ability of the
architect. Let me take the example of the LG Twin Tower in Yeouido. The
exquisite distance between the two masses is almost an aesthetic perfection.
The walls are not glass, but concrete. That means, energy saving.
How do you think the architect should approach the design if he desires a building with higher energy efficiency?
Many architects consider the equipment or architectural design as a different
scope when planning a building. This is why the equipment or structural
planning process is commissioned to pertinent experts, af ter their own design
work is finished. However, I dont think the equipment and structural designs
should be separated from the main design process. The main design process
must include the equipment and the structural planning. This way, you can
settle those issues related to the gap between the target spaces sought by
the architectural design and the equipment expert, or the HVAC dead zone
issue. It might be good if these different professionals consult each other in
one place, but practically speaking, it may be difficult to do so. So, in my case,
I chose to ask other designers I work with to work first on the mass design. In
order to save energy in a building mass, you have to consider a couple of
aspects; first, the direction the building is facing; second, the building
envelope; and lastly, a viable zoning for effective equipment operation. Just as
important as the type of HVAC system, will be to reduce the heating and
cooling loads with a passive design, which is very effective for such a
purpose.
Why do you think people could not grasp the importance of eco-friendly construction?
The price of water and electrical charges in Korea are half the level in Japan.
They are too cheap. If these prices go up to the average level of OECD
members, people will get serious about the issue.
In which direction do you think HVAC technology must develop for eco-friendly building solutions?
We must continue to always try to develop an HVAC system and to improve
the performance. Korea has made remarkable progress in the HVAC sector. I
personally recommended the heat pump model to the Ministry of National
Defense, but I as an architect, put great emphasis on the operational
efficiency. The designer and the equipment expert must go t ogether to avoid
the creation of a dead space.
Lee Jongchan, Director of Gansam Architects &
Partners, Doctor of Architectural Engineering.
A specialist in architectural environment and
protective structure planning, he is now with Gansam
Architects & Partners, as the director of their
Architectural Research Center. He is a member of
the Special Architectural Technology Review
Committee, Ministry of National Defense, chairman
of Modular Sub-Committee of Architectural Institute
of Korea, and executive director of Korean In stitute
of Architectural Sustainable Environment and
Building System, and Korea Institute of Ecological
Architecture and Environment.
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TECHNICAL REPOET
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20021997
Properties and Elimination of contaminant microbes
LG Whisen System
Air Purifying, Anti-Biotic SolutionSo far, the quality of indoor community facilities has been evaluated with heat factors such as
temperature or humidity, but in the future, the air quality environmental element may act as an
important indicator of pleasantness. Also, a number of studies have been conducted on high-end air
purifying technologies that can e ffectively eliminate indoor contaminants. This document will briefly
describe and introduce building contamination by microbes, the properties of contaminant microbes,and the air purifying a ntibiotic/sterilizing solutions applied to the LG Whisen System.Written by Pak Hyeongho (Senior Researcher at AE (lab) Elementary Technology Group)
Recently, as the quality of indoor air has been deteriorat-ing with living spaces more tightly sealed and enclosed,
peoples interest in health is gaining momentum, and
pleasant indoor environments are emerging as a new issue.
So far, the indoor quality of community facilities has been
evaluated with heat factors such as temperature or humid-
ity, but with the increased spread and use of air conditioning
systems, in the future, it might be required to assess the
environmental elements in their entirety, including air
quality. As the main culprits of indoor air contamination have
been known to include cigarette smoke, dust, allergenic
particles, odors, volatile organic compounds and waste gas,a number of studies are under way on high-end air purifying
technologies that may effectively eliminate particulates and
gaseous indoor contaminants.
Outbreak of diseases by virus for each year Avian Flu
(H9N1)
SARS
(P2, P5)
Cold
(H1N1)
Cold
(H1N1)
Hong
Kong Flu
(H3N2)
Avian Flu
(H7N7)
Avian Flu
(H9N2)
As the amount of time spent indoors increases, more and
more people are concerned about their health, particularlyregarding indoor particulate matter such as bacteria,
airborne microbes such as fungi and virus, and allergens
including pollen, ticks and pet fur. In particular, with the
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) rampant
across China a couple years ago, and the avian influenza
widespread among Southeast Asian countries including
Indonesia, the virus-sparked air contamination issue is
attracting more and more attention. The types and number
of germs existing in the air on a daily basis may vary
depending on the level of contamination, which is typically
1000~3000CFU/m3 for the indoor of a house, and
3000~4000CFU/m3 for the indoor of an office building.
Some kinds of bacteria can cause serious health problems.
This is why there is increasing need for the development
an air filter that can eradicate dust and germs in the air t
cause unpleasant feelings or odors. For traditional
common filters, the initial performance may be outstandi
but later, the function deteriorates to the extent that the
bacteria in the air attached to dust or other alien materia
as their the nutrient sources which have been filtered an
the bread microbes are drawn indoors, are following the
flow to cause a secondary contamination. Some compa-
nies are trying to develop filters with antibacterial filter
functions, but these functions are limited to suppressing
microbes activities or reproductions, and are far fromactively destroying hazardous microbes.
From this perspective, this document will describe and
briefly introduce contamination of buildings by microbes,
the properties of contaminant microbes, and the air
purifying antibiotic/sterilizing solutions for bacteria eradic
tion.
Major sources of indoor air contaminants
CausesContaminants
Dust
Cigarette smoke
Combustible gas
Radon
Formaldehyde
Asbestos
Microbes
Organic solvents
Odors
Earth dust, floor dust, dust
Smoking
CO, NO, SO, fuel combustion and gas ovens
Concrete, earth, granite
Veneer boards, furniture, insulation materials, cigarette smoke, etc
Insulation materials, asbestos tiles, heat-resistant materials
Fungi, bacteria, pollen, pets, carpets, bath tubs
Paints, adhesives, sprays, etc.
Decaying food smell, sweat odor, foot odor
Building contamination by microbes
Contamination mechanism
Microbes are found in all sectors of our life. In general,
microbes are known to have bad influences on the huma
body, but the relation between them and buildings shows
that they predominantly impact buildings more than the
body. The minimum size of a microbe is 1/1000mm, and
larger ones are usually classified into groups of bacilli,
yeast, or fungi. Of these microbes, fungi have the greate
impact on a building. Damage by fungi is mostly found in
highly humid environment. However, fungi do not usually
exist inside a building, but in the soil. In 1g of soil, fungi
inhabit by 104~106, and they are active for at least 10
weeks to 10 years maximum. They spread indoors direc
or indirectly by floating in the air after the soil dehydrates
The diffused fungal spores may attach themselves onto
wall; they will stay there in a spore-like state if the area h
no hydration, but if the surface is humid, they may absor
the moisture, which makes the cells grow and produce n
spores. At this point, these fungi expand around the
attached surfaces and into spaces underneath the surfac
and begin to reproduce fungal spawn.
Conditions of contaminant microbes
Most microbes found in a building are fungi, and some o
them are yeasts. Cladosporium, which is usually found i
the air, is one source of a buildings aging, and also of fo
decay. It is mesophilic and likes moisture, so can be eas
found in any place with higher humidity or poor ventilatio
or a place with fluctuating temperatures. Most black fung
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(Microbe)
Energy Source
Surface
Ultravlolet ray(
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Profile
O2
O2
H2O
H2O
O
O
O
OH
O
OH
OH
O2
Induction electrode
Inner ceramic layer
TerminalOuter ceramic layer
Discharge electrode
Transformer
Electrode
DischargeDielectric
Comparison of properties of each antibacterial agent
I tems Organic agents Silver-based agent Photocatalytic agents
Material
quality
Merits
Demerits
-Antibacterial effects by
organic chlorine
compounds, and organic
nitrogen compounds
-Using Ag, Cu, and Zn in
silicana organic reaction
-Made into a chelate
compound type
-Sterilization by
photochemical reaction
-Excellent initial
antibacterial performance
-Can be used in
transparent substrates
-Stabilized antibacterial
performance
-Can dissolve the fungal
bodies in substrates
-Can dissolve Endo-toxine,
semi-permanent effect
-Poor sustenance of
antibacterial performance
-Fungal bodies remaining
on the substrates surface
-Poor performance in
dissolving Endo-toxine
-Fungal bodies remaining
on the substrates surface
-Substrates decolorized
(silver oxidized)
-Poor performance in
dissolving Endo-toxine
-Requires a light source
Antibacterial function and sterilization by bio-enzymes
This is an eco-friendly and non-hazardous bio-tech using
sterilization enzymes such as Lysozyme which are wide spread in
animal and floral organs, or enzymes extracted from Pedoicoccus
pentosaceus. These enzymes can dissolve the beta-combination
(1, 4) of N-acetylmuramic acids found on the cell wall and
N-acetylglucosamine, and have an antibacterial effect against
Gram, positive (+), and negative (-) germs. In addition, Leuconos-
toc, an enzyme flavoring kimchi, if extracted from the lactic-acid
culture liquid and coated the onto t he filter, can effectively sterilize
the Influenza A and avian influenza viruses floating in the air, so it
is recently being used a lot in air conditioners or air cleaners. To
gain a desired antibacterial or sterilizing effect with a bio-enzyme
technology, it is required to add any substance similar to amino
acid (EDTA, ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid) to activate the
sterilizing effect of the enzyme, and coat this onto the filter
together with a metal Nano Sol such as Ag ion by mixing them into
a solution to secure the union. With respect to this, the
Retroscreen Virology Institute in the British Kingdom has
evaluated the sterilizing effect of the bio-enzyme Leuconostoc,
coated onto the filter with the Avian Influenza virus (H5N1), and it
showed an outstanding antibacterial performance of the
substance. The bio-enzyme, Leuconostoc was also effective on
colon bacillus (E.Coli); it was observed through the microscope
(TEN) that the cell wall of the bacillus is destroyed and sterilized
with time.
Active method
Antibacterial and sterilizing process using OH radicals
There is a commercialized solution that can produce readily
oxidized OH radicals, in a higher temperature, using a low-temp
plasma generation tech based on an electric discharging method.
The solution is currently applied to air conditioners or cleaners.
Low-temp plasmas are generated from gas particles ionized by
electrons accelerated by a high-energy electric system. Though
not the level of ionization, radicals filtered in a higher energy
condition generate a lot among plasma to raise chemical
reactions. Usually, if the moisture or oxygen in the air is exposed
to reactions of ceramic electrodes coated with (needle) discharge
electrodes and are receiving higher +/- voltage, it will generate
highly active OH radicals, or air ions such as an anion, which, in
turn, react with germs or organic matters floating in the air,
displaying an antibacterial functionality.
Some companies apply an electrostatic spray mixed with water
particles to elevate the density of OH radicals and to prevent the
generation of ozone, or develop and apply independent solutions
using carbon fiber instead of needle electrodes.
Ion generator using carbon fiber electrodes
Process of radical generation by discharged plasmas
Antibacterial and sterilizing process using sterilizing aromatics or fumigation
To benefit peoples mental and physical health, LG Electronics
have been making many efforts to develop an aroma generation
and control technology, which is a type of wood bathing. For this,
they paid attention to Phytonchide, an aroma radiating substance
that accounts for about 0.01% of the forest air. The word,
Phytonchide was first used in 1943 by an American bacteriolo-
gist, S.A.Waksman, who was born in Russia. The word, which is
combination of phyton meaning a plant, and cide meaning
kill, refers to a sterilizing substance secreted by plants. The word
collectively points to all antibacterial substances fumed out by
plants, not just a single substance, including terpene, phenol
compounds, alkaloid components, and glycosides. The main part
of Phytoncide, with a sterilizing and insect-resistant eff ect, is a
terpene compound including scores of substances such as
Borneol, Eugenol, Limonene, or Pinene.
It protects people from hazardous bacteria when they breathe;
promotes the activity of the skin cells as it enters the skin;
improves blood circulation; stabilizes the mental state; andsterilizes germs. Now, hospitals use chlorine dioxide (4Na2ClO2)
gels contained in the substance as a fumigation antibacterial
sterilizer. Phytoncide is categorized into the group of comm on
sterilizing agents. It is effective over a prolonged period of time,
without leaving any residue. Approved for its safety and efficacy by
WHO, FDA, and EPA, the substance is now in use in a wide range
of areas as a bacter ia eradicating and disinfectant agent all
around the world.
However, care must be taken the substance in enclosed areas,
and must be restricted especially for the elderly and ill, infants, or
physically weak people.
Antibacterial and sterilizing process using ozone or UV lamp
This is a sterilizing method using UV rays in a wavelength range
around 254nm. The method shows outstanding performance in
sterilizing microbes attached to a surface, but is less effective in places
involving a high velocity of wind or no light contact and tends to make
nearby resin matters or rubber materials age. The ozone generator
usually produces ozone by using a discharging technology. Creeping
discharge method involves the installation of multiple metal electrodes
such as silver on the surface of ceramic plates, and imposing AC
voltages between corresponding electrodes installed inside the
ceramic plates, which may raise spark discharges around the strip
patterns on the ceramic plates. Using ceramics with good heat
conductive performance may help the plasmas generated by creeping
discharge be effectively cooled, which is effective for the generation of
ozone in a low temperature. Inserting insulation materials such as
glass between parallel electrodes at a 1~3mm distance, and exposing
these to AC voltage may produce a numerous number of small
discharges on the pulse without a spark discharge. This is called
silent discharge, which is used in a wide variety of purposes such as
ozone production, or elimination of hazardous gas. Since it is
processed with gas, the sterilization using ozone may cover a wide
range. However, there is also a limitation to this method in that it must
always be used with an ozone eliminating filter since the generated
ozone can be discharged into the indoor air. For air cleaners, the
limitation under the UL Standard in the U.S. is 0.05ppm.
Creeping discharge
Silent discharge
Considerations in using antibacterial agents
Considerations in the development of an antibacterial filter and
antibacterial performance evaluation methods using an organic or
inorganic antibacterial agents are as follows;
Considerations in using antibacterial agents
Thermal
resistance
Compatibility
Effects on the
materialqu ality
Processability
Durability
Weather
resistance
Reliability
Considerations on pyrolysis and processing temperatures in the
molding process. Organic antibacterial agents are more reliable in a
temperature above the molding temperature than the inorganic
counterparts.
Any other materials other than plastic may lose its intrinsic functions
by additives or solvents.
During the molding process, the antibacterial agent sometimes can
be oxidized, or reacts with other additives to deteriorate the
mechanic material quality of the final product, or decolorize it. Most
organic antibacterial agents may not have influence on the material
quality, while the inorganic counterparts whose antibacterial
performance is usually maintained by silver (Ag) ions - can be
retrieved or eluted in a small amount if the silver ions and carriers are
weakly bound. This point requires adequate considerations.
The efficacy may vary depending on the d egree of distribution.
Shows an outstanding antibacterial performance during the initialphase, which may deteriorate with acceleration of the elution.
For outdoor, it is required to consider the antibacterial performance
depending on the light, ion, wind, or temperature.
Reliability must be evaluated through tests on acute toxin, skin toxin,
or reverse mutation.
Application of air cleansing/antibacterial solutions of LG
Passivemethod
Antibacterial& sterilization by
bio-enzymes (TVF : TotalVirus Filter)
Activemethod
Antibacterial& sterilization using OH
radicals (NPI : NewPlasma Ion)
Peoples expectations about a pleasant quality of life may increase
more and more as they become increasingly concerned about their
health in conjunction with improved living standards. With the recent
outbreak of Avian Influenza and other diseases caused by allergies,
the Bio Aerosol is attracting more attention, and many relevant tech
development efforts are under way. In the coming years, the Whisen
task force of LG Electronics will make continuous efforts to improve
the indoor air quality via a passive solution using Nano or bio-mater
technologies, an aggressive solution using a strong oxidizing power
or a combined solution using all of these technologies, in order to he
those who spend more than 80% of their time indoors enjoy a more
pleasant and comfortable life.
Pak Hyeongho
02/2002 Ph.D. in Mechanic Engineering, KAIST.
Until Jan, 2005, he worked o n research in Particle Enginee
a post-doctoral course at KAIST. From 2005 to 2009, he wo
with LG Electronics HVAC Institute, and from 2010 to the p
holds the post of senior researcher in the AE (annual) Elem
Technology Group in CTO, LG Electronics.
Member of The Society Of Air-Conditioning And Refrigeratin
Engineers Of Korea, and Korea Aerosol Society.
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Technical Report
1Usability of LG BMS
2
Report1
Report2
3
Written by Won Deokjae (a researcher at CAC/BdMS Division, LG Electronics),
Kwon Jeongo (Senior Researcher with AE Control Research Center)
LG BMS(Building Management System) SolutionLG BMS Solution is an automated control system for management of all environments within a
building, from the machinery equipment control to energy policies. The merits, features, effects,
installation, hardware and software properties of this solution may explain why the building
management and operation efforts must look to LG BMS Solution.
What is LG BMS Solution?
LG BMS Solution is an automated control system for the
management of all environments within a building, from the
machinery equipment control to energy policies. The
solution offers an optimized environment built through
effective control and monitoring of the equipment and covers
a wide range of functions including history management,
communication systems between different kinds of devices,
and statistic analyses. LG BMS Server r eceives the data
generated in each sub-system of the LG BMS Server based
on the server-client architecture, and allows the system
operator and administrator to apply a combined operation
on the side of the client.
LG BMS Solution is capable of applying an effective,
integrated management to sub-systems like t he following:
AHU System
Power control system
LG BMS Solution sub-systems
AHU system
Lighting system
Power control system
HVAC system
A system that supplies fresh air through the proper mixture of air with
higher levels of CO2 generated by the occupants with the outdoor air
(oxygen).
A system that controls the lighting, and isolates unnecessary lighting to
minimize energy loss
A system that checks the power consumption and also checks for any
irregularities affecting stabilized and efficient supplies of power
A system to maintain a desired indoor temperature in the building,through heating, ventilation and air conditioning solutions
LG BMS Solution provides a flexible scalability, which allows the
convenient addition of new features, in addition to those mentioned above
Lighting system
HVAC system
Merits of LG BMS Solution
Server-client architecture_LG BMS Solution allows
the establishment of a system in a server-client
structure, and connection, monitoring and control of
multiple clients.
Easy-to-use user interface_The intuitive users
interface allows users to easily understand and utilizethe LG BMS Solution, and to configure graphics similar
to the actual objects and then employ the control
functions for identifying the field.
LG BMS Solution provides a convenient and intuitive
user interface, as well as graphics similar to those in
reality, combined with control features and an ability to
identify with the field conditions. It also allows the
selection and easy use of necessary functions through
a wizard feature based on animation and video
materials.
Remote control_With the LG BMS Solution, it is
possible to remotely control the PC or a mobile device
in such an environment as the control room in the
building. The remote control is appealing in that it is
implemented on the web through internet access to
allow for easy monitoring and control.
Templates for beginners_LG BMS Solution provides
various types of standard diagram templates for
beginners for convenient control of the building. Using
these templates, the user can conveniently manage the
control point, logic, and schedule.
Multi-tasking for multiple users_LG BMS Solutions
supports perfect multi-tasking, which allows simultane-
ous control of multiple systems on a single client PC
through multi-screens. In addition, there is no delay or
interruption in the service even if multiple users access
the LG BMS through a remote or local network.
Integrated database_LG BMS Solution helps to
establish an integrated database using general-purpose
databases, which is aimed at data standardization.
From this, the real-time data from the sub-system are
incorporated into an integrated database, which may
ensure and improve the safety and accuracy of the
data.
Reliability of LG BMSDualized, seamless service_LG BMS Solution helps
to establish a dispersed network environment and
dualized communications between different servers, incase of Fault Tolerance, to provide a seamless, 24-hour
service. In addition, if the BMS Server cannot receive
the service stemming from an unintended accident, the
network controller belonging to the sub-network can
continue service in a standalone mode. Upon restora-
tion, the BMS Server may restart quickly by using the
backed-up information.
Auto-restoration_LG BMS Solution allows stabilized
monitoring and control through a series of programs for
data restoration to be used upon a blackout.
Control of access right_LG BMS Solution grants a
password to each user to prevent external invasion
over the web and unnecessary manipulation. It alsoprovides an instrument to limit each users control
range to ensure more specifically classified control and
operation of the system, including the user rating.
Flexibility of LG BMS
Flexible architecture of service_With LG BMS
developed as a platform type, it is possible to reflect the
various customer needs and to easily expand the
functions and the service. That is, the solution helps toprovide a system optimized to fit the characteristics and
requirements of the customer; the customer can easily
apply the solution to network control or any device such
as DDC.
Supporting a range of protocols_LG BMS Solution
supports various types of control protocols such as
BACnet, Lon Works, or Modbus. On top of this, the
solution allows for the addition of a new type of device,
and integration and operation of new prot ocols by
means of a relevant adapter.
17 18
VentilatingFan
FireDetectionSensor
Ventilation Temperature VentilationHumidity
Supply Fan
MixedDamperOpenin g
C o o l i n g /H e a t i n g Va l v e O p e n in g H u m i d if i c a t ionValveOpeningAir/Exhaust Damper Opening
AirTemperatureAirHumidity Average Temperature
Supply Temperature
H ot w a t er V al ve C oo l wa te r Va lv e H u mi d if ic at io n Va lv e
Boiler
Pump
Refregerator
Coolwater Temperature
Cooling Tower
WEST8 FloorAHU WEST8 FloorLight
AHUOperating
OperatingMode
AirConditioning
High-tensionPanelObservation PowerControlData
Current R(A)
Current S
Current T
VoltageR(V)
VoltageS
VoltageI
ActivePower(Kw)
ReactivePower(Kvar)
PowerFactor
Frequency
Electric Energy (Kwh)
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Report5
Engineering tool
Report4Report3 LG BMS install location
LG BMS Solution can provide effective service when
installed in certain locations as follows
Office or rental building_For an office or rental
building, the structure of the space may change
frequently due to the continuous change of occupants,
and some tenants may request independent control of
their own spaces. LG BMS Solution incorporates a
group concept to allow the reconfiguration and
management of the spatial architecture and to offer aflexible platform structure for various, independent
management options. Schools. For schools, the
buildings are usually distributed over a wide area and
the occupancy for each classroom or laboratory may
occasionally change. LG BMS Solution offers a feature
that can remotely control the system via a mobile
device or over the web, as well as a feature to identify
the occupancy for each classroom and an instrument
for independent energy control.
Hospitals/Care facilities_These facilities require the
maintenance of a stable and pleasant indoor environ-
ment for the patients, as well as systemized manage-
ment of all the different medical systems. LG BMS
Solution provides an air purifying function to maintain a
pleasant environment and individual HVAC functions
customized to each ward. It is required to establish an
effective field recording system capable of responding
to medical service involving complaints and a back-up
system for year-round, 24-hour stabilized operation ofthe equipment.
Features of LG BMS Solution
LG BMS Solution is a client program which off ers an
engineering and an operation tool for the control and
monitoring of systems and devices within a building.
Engineering tool _This is a client program that can be
used by the system administrator and all users
authorized as engineers and operators. The operation
tool allows for realistic and practical operation of a
building. With the operation tool, it is possible to control
and monitor each registered observation point basedon each property, and according to a reserved schedule
arranged through its schedule manager. One of its
advantages is its ability to notify the user of any
warning or event taking place while the solution is in
operation, on a real-time basis, for immediate control of
the status of the equipment and prompt response to
any problem. In addition, the statistic information the
tool provides can facilitate the report writing process.
Operation tool _This is a client program that can be
used by the system administrator and all authorized
engineers and operators. Since the operation tool m ay
authenticate each user, only those with the proper type
of identification (facility type) can control and manage
the observation point.
Operation tool
Functions of LG BMS Solution
Station_The Station is a basic unit by which the LG
BMS controls the building; the system will access the
Station to control the building.
Alarm _The alarm function blows an alarming sound,showing the pertinent message on the screen whenever
there is a significant change in the system for any reason.
For instance, the alarm goes off if the observation point,
which indicates the thermal sensor of the air conditioning
system, rises above or drops below the permitted range.
Therefore, the administrator can quickly identify system
problems and take proper measures after checking the
alarm sound and the message.
History_The history function allows for the manage-
ment of all alerts and events produced in the system.
For example, the events managed by the History
include a change by the user in a certain value, achange in the observation point, or a change in the use
of the memory.
Schedule_The schedule function is about making a
user-reserved operation of an observation point carried
out at a certain scheduled time. This function is available
only when there is a station connected to the server.
Report_LG BMS Solution provides a report on the
number of changes in a certain observation point for a
particular time slot.
System_This function is about monitoring the
occupancy of resources by the system and the network
controller
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1
Rrport7
Report6
DDC
(Direct Digital Controller)
ACP
(Advanced Control Platform)
2
3V-NET ACS LINE-UP
LG BMS Solution hardware DDC II
LG BMS Solution can be used in a variety of places as
discussed above. Depending on the install location, size
and characteristics, the requirements for the type and
properties of I/O terminals may vary. To satisfy these
requirements, the solution offers DDC, modular DDC, and
expansion I/O modular. For a site which involves a
relatively small number of control points, the solution
provides an instrument for effectively responding to market
demand through improved price competitiveness by usinga compact DDC; otherwise, a modular DDC. Compact DDC
supports various types of I/O as summarized in the table
below. To facilitate the connection and expansion of the
modular DDC and the expansion I/O module, the solution
provides an architecture which enables applying both the
direct connector and the wire connector type. Although it
may be possible to meet the market needs only with the
compact DDC, we tried to boost the functions to ensure
more opportunities for advancing into medium and large
markets. In addition, the module-based structure may
facilitate the design/installation/operation/maintenance
process since the flexibility, one of the requirements for a
system, will be more secured.
LG BMS Solution software DDC II
DDC supportable protocols
LG DDC is advantageous in that it supports the following
expansion ports for effective response to various field
conditions.
RS485 port
1 Ethernet
1 RS232 for HMI
Modbus protocol
BACnet MS/TP protocol (can support BACnet in near future)
CAN protocol using communication between DDC - Expansion
1 USB using data backup/recovery
1 SD card using history backup
Supporting the flexible 485 port
LG BMS Solution uses a flexible RS485 port, not a static,
which enables programming customized to each field
condition.
Supporiting UI(Universal Input) port
The solution supports UI port (AI/DI/PI/temp module) and
flexible input port which can be used for a variety of
purposes.
LG-AHU Communication_ The DDC can be connected to
any AHU system developed by LG. LG AHU has primary
logics mounted in it, so it can enable/disable a logic
through the pertinent protocol. LG-AHU Communication_
The DDC can be connected to any AHU system developed
by LG. LG A/C has primary logics mounted in it, so it can
enable/disable a logic through the pertinent protocol. I/O
Communication_ The DDC communicates with HVAC
systems through a module such as DI/DO/AI/AO. In
addition, the DDC archives the information of each HVAC
system (boiler, Cooling Tower, Damper, Pump, Geothermal)
to internally handle the modeling, storage and FCS plug-in
function. 3rd party I/F Communication_ The DDC can beinterlocked into other systems using different protocols.
The DDC can respond to protocols for other types of
systems via the protocol converter, then prototype and
save it for each system type. RTU Communication_ The
DDC can be connected to eRTU (a device for sending data
to the new and renewable energy monitoring system). RTU
geothermal system. RTU and the meters should be able to
exchange the information on daily heat output, production
time, and power consumption. LG-AHU Communication_
The DDC can be connected to the LG Chiller system. The
system carries out control and monitoring functions by
using the mode-bus protocol of RS485 port. Diagnosis_
The diagnosis on communications can be made for the raw
data tracing in FCS, I/O, 3rd party I/F, and AHU, as well as
any error or the condition of a component. The user can
download the traced data, since these are saved in files.
Diagnoses on the system interior can be made for the
memory and process status, and the integrity of user
programs. FCS Contents_ HVAC systems are managed
through communications with FCS S/W. The primary
functions include the control and monitoring of the productand scheduled operation. In addition, it is possible to save
the history of the data relating to a selected system at FCS.
The user can edit any logic or interlocking according to the
field condition before sending it to DDC. DDC allows for the
operation of the HVAC system using relevant logics.
Environment setting function using external buttons_ The
DDC provides external buttons for configuration of the
network environment (IP address, net mask, gateway,
etc.),configuration of RS485 port info, geothermal specific
DDC use setting, geothermal specific default value setting,
floating IP setting, S/W upgrade, DB backup and recovery,
and history log saving. Data backup/transmission using
external devices_ The DDC can save the operation history
by using the external SD card, and can update the S/W
version, back up,
and move the DB in operation through the USB. Inter-DDC
Communication_ It is possible to carry out communications
between multiple DDCs, check the status of each DDC,
and synchronize the operation time. Communications
between the main DDC and the expansion IO_ In addition
to the main DDC, it is possible to use additional ports, if
needed, by attaching an expansion IO board, and to make
the main DDC and the additional expansion IO communi-
cate with each other. LG DDC supports; flexible RS485
ports, various protocols (LGAP, modbus, BACnet, etc),
connection between multiple DDCs using the RS485 port,
and expansion I/O ports using modular expansion, which is
an outstanding, functional strength unique to LG.
This field-customized, constructability and scalability-wise
functional strength allows the customer to apply a system
optimized to any type of a building whether it is small,
medium, or large. Further, the LG BMS solution allows for
the configuring of the DDC system control in accordance
with the customer needs, for the best possible, custom-
tailored functionality relative to the price.
Individual control solution
Wireless remote control
Simple type
Wide type
Premiere
Wired
remote
Centralized control solution
Simple central
controller
Central controller to
cover 64-128 rooms
Central controller to
cover 4,096 rooms
Central controller to
cover 256 rooms
Function
controller
BMS(BAS)interlocking system
External interlocking solution
Energy control solution
(KEPCOs installation subsidy model)
Accumulated powerdistribution system
10 inches7 inches
Singleconstant-speed type
formult iandsingleinverter
MultiV 16rooms orfewer
MultiV 64rooms orfewer
Forventilation
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(Cooling & Heating)
(Cooling Only)
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NEW TECHOLOGY
HVACmagazineVOL.16 25
50.0
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48.5
47.8
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3.5
3.1
2.6
2.2
1.8
1.3
0.9
0.4
0.0
(m/s)
50.0
49.2
48.5
47.8
47.0
46.2
45.5
44.8
44.0
43.2
42.5
41.8
41.0
40.2
39.5
38.8
38.0
37.2
36.5
35.8
35.0
A solution for inducing optimal design plans and pre-review of field issues
Computational Fluid Dynamics from A to ZThe term Computational Fluid Dynamics (hereinafter referred to as CFD) refers to a new engineering
method of interpreting and forecasting the movement of a fluid (e.g., air) by using a computer. This
method is applied in various areas including; analysis of heat environments inside buildings and large
spaces which require precise interior layouts; distribution of indoor air flow under HVAC and natural
ventilation in a building complex; and urban environments. This document will introduce the characteris-
tics of CFD and air flow simulation using cases in air conditioning systems areas. Written by LG Electronics
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics?
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is about interpreting and
predicting the movement of a fluid such as the invisible air
(e.g., air flow drawn out from indoor and outdoor air conditioning
systems), or pollutants (e.g., CO2, CO, etc.).
This method is usually used for modeling a virtual object and
predicting its performance, so the efficacy of this method can be
evaluated by comparing it with a t est using a real model. One of
its merits is that it can be used in such areas as HVAC systems
in buildings, automobiles, or airplanes - whose analyses,
otherwise, may be difficult and costly - in an easy, fast, and
accurate manner. A demerit of this method, if any, is that, if the
input data are insufficient, the analysis result can sometimes be
different from what is observed in the real model. That is, its
reliability may be somewhat inferior to a method of setting and
testing a real machine. Despite this weak point, it costs less,
offers a convenient instrument for assessing test findings, and
allows for easy obtainment of results for multiple models. In
addition, it involves no risk during the test. For a real model-
based test, it may cost a lot and be difficult to evaluate the
result; only findings limited to the tested model can be obtained;
and the test can involve a safety risk. In this sense, the CFD is
attracting attention as an alternative of traditional engineering
methods, which allows the induction of optimal design plans and
may preclude any safety accidents. CFD is used in a variety of
areas including; aeronautics/space industry,
shipbuilding/heavy industry, architecture/heating and cooling,
chemistry/petroleum, plants, auto industry,
electricity/electronics, and medical equipment. Its application is
particularly prominent in analyzing the heat environment inside
buildings and large spaces which require precise interior
layouts; distribution of indoor air flow under HVAC and natural
ventilation in a building complex; and urban environments. The
method is also used a lot for calculating the indoor air quality
(IAQ), or predictive mean vote (PMV), a standard indicator of
thermal comfort sensed by room occupants. It is emerging as
an essential item for the development of new products and
applications. As a precise analysis of fluids movement has
become available by advanced, high-end computer systems,
and as calculations of chemical reactions e.g. , the flow,
explosion and combustion of fluids such as air and water -, or
measurements of heat-delivery inducing stress of structures
have become possible thanks to introduction of new interpreta-
tion methods, it is expected the CFD will be welcomed in more
and more different areas.
Air flow diffused by external
air around the buildingWater flow around a swimmers hand
Use of CFD in the air conditioning system field
There can be various issues regarding the design and installa-
tion of air conditioning systems depending on the field
conditions, and these issues are analyzed by CFD t o induce an
optimal solution. Areas where the CFD is applied are as f ollows;
Offer of a system optimized to a specific use indoors
Interpretation and changing the structure of an outdoor unit room
Analysis of the conditions and area of louvers in the outdoor unit roomAnalysis of the outdoor unit in a skyscraper and proposal
of an optimal system
Evaluation of the level of indoor air pollution and capacity for
indoor ventilation (CO2)
Prediction of the performance of indoor heating and cooling systems
Assessment of the suction area in the outdoor unit room and the
reentry of discharged air flow
Analysis of collective installation of outdoor units and the
reentry of discharged air flow
Analysis of the layers of air flow discharged by the outdoor unit,
based on the structure of the buildingAnalysis of noise infiltrating indoors which is caused by
a collective installation of outdoor units
Procedure of air flow interpretation
Cross section of
a field application
The CFD process is divided into 3 steps; modeling, interpreta-
tion and visualization. Each of these steps should be indepen-
dent and sequential, for accurate test findings. It is also
important to apply a precise model (or a drawing), since,
otherwise, the following whole procedures must be carried out
again. Of the 3 steps, the third step for visualization of the flow
- is becoming more and more important.
3D modelingConfiguration of the model subject
to interpretation
Production of grids for segments
subject to interpretation
Determination of an interface model
such as a fan and heat exchanger
Computerized interpretation
Input of data to the selected boundaries
Determination of equations for each
interpretation item
Determination of interpretation methods
for each item
Solve the Fluid Flow equation
Visualization of the flow
A process for effectively showing
the interpretation result
Visualization of speed, temperature,
and pressure
Visualization of discharged air flow for
the indoor or outdoor unit
Field application cases
Purpose
Field overview
Product models subject to
interpretation
Interpretation
criteria
Interpretation
programs
Interpretation
items
Review for normal operation of the outdoor unit through
air flow interpretation upon installation of 5 Multi V
Heatpump units on each floor of the outdoor unit room on
the side of a 52-story building
Field name: OOO
Multi V Heatpump 45kW
Multi V Heatpump discharge temp: 10
Multi V Heatpump discharge airflow: 190CMM
Outside air temperature: 35
Outside air speed: Air speed criteria for each altitude
Solver & post-process : Fluent 6.3.26
Pre-process : Gambit 2.4.6
Analysis of the pattern of discharge of outdoor air
Reproduced analysis of air flow
discharged from the outdoor unit
Projection drawing
for the building
CFD interpretation
3D modeling
Front section
of the building
Front section
of the building
Detail chart
of 1 floor
Analysis of layering phenomenon of air
flow discharged from the outdoor unit
Temp
Analysis of outdoor air flows layering phenomenon
Air speed criteria for each altitude
Review of re-suction temperaturesfor each outdoor unit
Air speed Draft criteria Non-airflows
criteria
Air (draft)
speed criteria
Review of re-suction temperatures
for each outdoor unit
Temp
No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.5
No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.5
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SPECIAL ISSUE
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SPECIAL ISSUE
Harmony of the interior and VRF indoor un
Aesthetic sense ofexposed- ceilingsExposed-ceilings are being introduced in more and more
spaces. This is because such a modern sense of design
where the property matters of concrete are explicitly
exposed and the plumbing and indoor HVAC system are
utilized as an object - presents not only an economic
advantage of cutting the ceiling finishing costs, but also
produces an effect of the space being expanded by theheightened ceiling. Public constructions, 2-story restau-
rants and casual small shops are finding the best answer
to their ceiling designs in this exposed-ceiling solution.Written by Moon Eunyeong | Photos by Pak Yeongchae (Architectural
photographer, Chung-Ang University Library)
Studio lamp (Studio lamp on the moon, Ogano Kitchen Olle) | Source
form Archium
Case 1 Public space
Chung-Ang University LibraryExposing the texture of time over 50 years, it expands
the narrow space and properly adjusts the air flow.
Design by Kim Incheol + Archium Architectgs Inc.
Location 221, Heukseook-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, KoreaIndoor unit : 4-way cassette 381 units
Outdoor unit : Multi V Plus II 107 units
The Chung-Ang University building (opened in 1959), which
received the Grand Prize in the Good Design Award 2010 held
by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy and coordinated by
Korea Institute of Design Promotion (KIDP), went through
renovation and expansion for its worn-out and narrow space,
and emerged as a new campus symbol in September 2009. The
original, untouched building was designed by Cha Gyeongsoon
a senior architect who was active at the dawn of modern
architecture, and was cited as t he best library building at the
time for its modernism-oriented framework which is a norm of
modern architecture. It was almost registered on the Legacy of
Modern Architecture list of the Korea Cultural Heritage
Administration, but because the original shape had been
seriously marred, it failed to be listed. The implication and
gravity of the 50-year-long history of the building, and the total
amount of memories that were held by all the students who hadused the library for that long period of time may not be subject to
a simple calculation. We thought such cherished history should
not be disposed of, but renewed so that it could function again.
This way, the library could possibly harmonize with new things,
said Kim Incheol, a designer and professor at Faculty of
Architecture, Chung-Ang University. The existing spaces
retained their original layouts, but the walls were renovated into
glass walls with superior lighting and environment control ability
The expanded 4th floor reading rooms were framed with iron
bars to resolve both the structural issue and openness of their
spaces. The area of the renovated library is 1,150m2, with
212m2 expansion.
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27
tip
To maintain the environment of a library where books are
stacked and people spend long periods of time, it is necessary
to properly adjust the airflow as well as the heating and cooling
system. The previous low floors were not adequate to install
mechanic devices, so something had to be done to them.
Instead of making a new ceiling, we exposed the ceiling. In thisway, we tried to expand the narrow space and the volume of the
library environment, but, more importantly, we didnt want to lose
the sense of concrete we had gotten when the ceiling was
dismantled, and thought the concrete was meaningful enough in
that it is a trace of the past. Fifty years ago, plywood was rarely
seen, and it looked like time had been melted into it. It was not
challenging at all to expose and use the concrete since its
chemical action has completed and its state was stabilized..
It is unfortunate that most of the parts we tried to keep where
they were as symbolic memories disappeared with t he disman-
tling work prior to the confirmation of the design,
but anyway, I was able to find comfort in the remains of the
ceiling. said Professor Kim. The exposed library ceiling has the
intention of the designer melted into it. I imagined that the
scenery of the campus would be changed with a new library that
would be awake around the clock. I had hoped the new library
would become a box of light that collects the light during thedaytime and radiates bright beams at night. I had the interior
space finished in a silver grey color tone to act as the
background of the library host, books, and students who read
the books. Now, what he intended with his design is beaming in
the space that the students feel the most proud of.
Case 2 Fusion Dining
Ogano Kitchen
Overcome the demerit that the floor altitude is low and
create a harmonized mood.
91-5, Yangjae-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea
Inquiry: 02-575-0542
Indoor unit : LRD-N1457T 4 units
Outdoor unit : LRP-N5807 1 unit
Case 3 Cafe Olle
OlleDecorate a small-size commercial space with low costs
and in a sentient fashion.
148-50, Noryangjin 1-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea.
Inquiry: 02-812-5900
Model: LTW722RP, General Single Cassette 1 set
With an exposed ceiling, if the indoor units could not match the
circumstantial interior designs, the problem can be resolved via
an Indoor Unit Cover (optional) from LG Electronics, which
presents visually warmer feel.
Lined up along the Yangjae River, from Dogok-dong to Yangjae-
dong, is wine bars and cafes, and at the end of this road, thereis a fusion-style Japanese food restaurant, Ogano Kitchen. As
the name means kitchen of the family, this restaurant is
emerging as a new restaurant icon representing Yangjae River.
It serves 100 kinds of traditional, healthy and rich food made
with devotion, as well as 60 kinds of Sake food prepared by
Sake Sommelier.
Opening the door, you will find wood posts and a staircase
reaching all the way to the ceiling of the eye-catching 2nd floor.
The wood posts connecting the 1st and 2nd floor are not only
the symbol of the area and Ogano Kitchen itself, but a
structure making the impression of the interior space very
strong.
Tables on the side of windows have decorations with a casual
and unknowing atmosphere, which goes well with the mood of
Yangjae River. Compared to the ceiling of the 1st floor, the 2nd
floor ceiling is a little low, and it can be appeared somewhat
suffocating due to the low fixed blinds here and there, for the
sake of privacy at each table. The answer to this problem was
found in the ceiling; exposing it. The ceiling was opened so that
it did not appear stifling, and it was finished with white paint to
produce a mood that harmonized with the hardwood floor. The
rails and plumbing were neatly rearranged to induce an effect
where both the height and width of the space looked expanded.
O
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