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HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
June5,2017
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Hydrogen and Fuel Cells -Emerging Technology and Safety-Related IssuesNick BariloPNNL Hydrogen Safety Program ManagerNFPA Conference and Expo Boston, MA, June 5, 2017
1PNNL-SA-125732 June 5, 2017
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WhoarethePacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory(PNNL)andtheHydrogenSafetyPanel(HSP)?
June 5, 2017
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PNNL’sHydrogenSafetyResources
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▶ IdentifySafety-RelatedTechnicalDataGaps▶ ReviewSafetyPlansandProjectDesigns▶ PerformSafetyEvaluationSiteVisits▶ ProvideTechnicalOversightforOtherProgramAreas
▶ HydrogenLessonsLearned▶ HydrogenBestPractices▶ HydrogenToolsWebPortal(http://h2tools.org)
▶ OnlineAwarenessTraining▶ Operations-LevelClassroom/Hands-OnTraining▶ NationalHydrogenandFuelCellEmergencyResponseTraining
Resource
HYDROGENSafety Panel
HYDROGENTools
HYDROGENEmergency Response Training Resources
June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
June5,2017
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OverviewoftheHydrogenSafetyPanel
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CurrentHydrogenSafetyPanelMembership▶ Formedin2003tosupportU.S.DOEHydrogenandFuelCellsProgram
▶ 400+yearsofexperience,representingmanyhydrogensectorsandtechnicalareasofexpertise
▶ Completedover465safetyreviewscoveringvehiclefuelingstations,auxiliarypower,backuppower,combinedheatandpower,industrialtruckfueling,portablepowerandR&Dactivities
▶ Produceswhitepapersandindustryguides▶ Supportsthedevelopmentand
disseminationofsafetyknowledgethroughtheHydrogenToolsPortal(h2tools.org)
▶ Conducted23HydrogenSafetyPanelmeetingssince2003,engagingabroadcross-sectionofthehydrogenandfuelcellcommunity
Name Affiliation
NickBarilo,Manager PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory
Richard Kallman,Chair
CityofSantaFeSprings, CA
EricBinder SantaMonica FireDepartment
KenBoyce ULLLC
DavidFarese AirProductsandChemicals
DonaldFrikken BechtEngineering
Livio Gambone CSA
AaronHarris Air Liquide
ChrisLaFleur SandiaNationalLaboratories
MiguelMaes NASA-JSCWhiteSandsTestFacility
SteveMathison HondaMotorCompany
Larry Moulthrop Proton OnSite
GlennScheffler GWSSolutionsofTolland
TomWitte WitteEngineeredGases
RobertZalosh Firexplo
Moreinformationisavailableathttp://www.h2tools.org/hspJune 5, 2017
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TheHydrogenSafetyPanelisateamofhighlyexperiencedindividualscreatedtoaddressconcernsabouthydrogenasasafeand sustainableenergycarrier.
PrincipalObjective:Promotethesafeoperation,handling, anduseofhydrogenandhydrogensystemsacrossallinstallationsandapplicationsby:
▶ identifyingandaddressingsafety-relatedtechnicaldatagaps;▶ makingdesign,construction,andoperationspersonnelawareofrelevantissuesand
bestpracticesthataffectsafeoperationandhandlingofhydrogenandrelatedsystems;and
▶ convincingdesign,construction,andoperationspersonneltogivesufficientprioritytosafetyintheirdaily,ongoingwork.
HydrogenSafetyPanelMission
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Moreinformationisavailableathttp://www.h2tools.org/hspJune 5, 2017
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TheHydrogenSafetyPanelcontributestoitsobjectiveby:
▶ participatinginsafetyreviews;▶ providingsafetyplanning
guidance;▶ reviewingprojectdesigns
andsafetyplans;▶ sharingsafetyknowledge
andbestpractices;▶ presentingandrecognizing
safetyasapriority;and▶ participatinginincident
investigations.
HydrogenSafetyPanelActivities
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HydrogenSafetyPanelmembersattheCaliforniaFuelCellPartnershipinWestSacramento,CA,forthe21stmeeting.
Moreinformationisavailableathttp://www.h2tools.org/hspJune 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
June5,2017
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TopicsforToday’sPresentation
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▶︎FuelCellBasicsandApplications• PropertiesofHydrogen• PrimaryCodesandStandards• FundamentalSafetyConsiderations• HydrogenSafetyResources• ConcludingThoughts
June 5, 2017
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WhyFuelCells?
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Source:Toyota
VideodownloadURL:https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/barilo/Intro_GameChanger.mp4
June 5, 2017
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WhyHydrogen?
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▶ Excellentenergycarrier▶ Nonpolluting▶ Economicallycompetitive▶ Assafeasgasoline▶ Usedsafelyforover80years▶ Producedfromavarietyof
sources
PhotocourtesyoftheCaliforniaFuelCellPartnership
June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
June5,2017
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WhereDoWeGetHydrogenFrom?
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RenewableSources
Solar,wind,geothermal,hydro,biomass,algae
TraditionalSources
Naturalgas,gasoline,nuclear,coal
June 5, 2017
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PrivateIndustryHasUsedHydrogenSafelyForEightDecades
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▶︎ 9milliontons/yearhydrogenproducedandusedinUSA▶︎ 62milliontons/yearproducedglobally
PetroleumrefiningGlasspurification
AerospaceapplicationsFertilizers
Annealingandheattreatingmetals
Pharmaceuticalproducts
Petrochemicalmanufacturing
SemiconductorindustryHydrogenationofunsaturatedfattyacids
invegetableoilWelding
Coolantinpowergenerators
TheAirProductsandChemicalshydrogenproductionfacilitiesinPortArthur,Texas,isfundedbyDOEthroughthe2009RecoveryAct.|PhotocourtesyofAirProductsandChemicalshydrogenproductionfacilities.
June 5, 2017
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HowaHydrogenFuelCellWorks
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Source:http://www.toyota-global.com/
Howelectricityisgeneratedfromhydrogenandoxygeninafuelcell:1.Hydrogenissuppliedtotheanodeside(negativeelectrode).2.Hydrogenmoleculesactivatedbytheanodecatalystreleasetheirelectrons.3.Thereleasedelectronstravelfromtheanodetothecathode,creatinganelectricalcurrent.4.Thehydrogenmoleculesthatreleaseelectronsbecomehydrogenionsandmovethroughthepolymerelectrolytemembranetothecathodeside.5.Thehydrogenionsbondwithairborneoxygenandelectronsonthecathodecatalysttoformwater(positiveelectrode).
June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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FuelCellsHaveaBroadRangeofApplications
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▶︎ Transportation• Lightandmediumduty• Heavydutyandtransit• Auxiliarypower,refrigerationtrailers,trucks• Forklifts• Maritime
▶︎ Stationarypower• Backuppowerforcelltowersites• Combinedheatandpower• Datacenters,etc.
▶︎ Portablepower• Auxiliary powerunits• Lighttowers
PhotocourtesyofNuvera
PhotocourtesyofCellcom
June 5, 2017
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FuelCells- WhereareWeToday?
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▶︎ Thelargestmarketsforfuelcellstodayareinstationarypower,portablepower,auxiliarypowerunits,andforklifts.
▶︎ Morethan60,000fuelcells(300MWcapacity)shippedin2015(~aconsistent30%annualgrowthsince2010).
▶︎ Fuelcellscanbeacost-competitiveoptionforcritical-loadfacilities,backuppower,andforklifts.
FuelCellsforStationaryPower,AuxiliaryPower,andSpecialtyVehicles
Seealso:StateoftheStates:FuelCellsinAmerica2016,7thEditionhttps://tinyurl.com/mrj8spu
Source:TheBusinessCaseforFuelCells:DeliveringSustainableValue(http://www.fchea.org/s/2016-Business-Case-dwcy.pdf)
RecentActivities• HomeDepotnowcountry’slargest
stationaryfuelcellcustomer,withmorethan140sites
• IKEA installingfuelcellsat4morestoresinCaliforniaandoneinConnecticut
• eBay adding3.75MWtoitsUtahdatacenter,bringingitto~10MW
• Morethan15,000 fuelcell-forkliftsinoperationoronorder
June 5, 2017
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IndustrialTrucks
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▶︎ Forkliftsareequippedwithfuelcellsasareplacementfortraditionalbatterypacks.
▶︎ Atypicalprojectconsistsofarefuelingsystem(tank,compressor,piping,etc.)providinghydrogentoadispenserlocatedinsideawarehouse.
TypicalHydrogenFuelingInfrastructure(CourtesyofAirProductsandChemicals,Inc.)
ForkliftEquippedwithFuelCells
June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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FuelCellElectricVehicles(FCEV)areHere!
ToyotaMiraiFuelCellElectricVehicle
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HyundaiTucsonFuelCellElectricVehicle
ChevroletColoradoZM2– MilitaryVehicle
HondaClarityFuelCellElectricVehicle
June 5, 2017
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FCEVSystemLayout
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Source:Toyota
H2 fueltanks
FuelCellStack
Booster HighVoltageBattery
H2 fillingport
Compressor ElectricalMotor
PowerControlUnit
June 5, 2017
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FCEVOperatingPrincipal
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STEP1. Air(oxygen)takenin
STEP2. Oxygenandhydrogensuppliedtofuelcellstack
STEP3. Electricityandwatergeneratedthroughchemicalreaction
STEP4. Electricitysuppliedtomotor
STEP5. Motorisactivatedandvehiclemoves
STEP6. Wateremittedoutsidevehicle
A. MotorB. FuelcellstackC. BatteryD. High-pressurehydrogentank
Source:http://www.toyota-global.com/June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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FCEVOperatingPrincipal
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Source:Toyota
VideodownloadURL:https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/barilo/Fuel_Cell_Animation.mp4
June 5, 2017
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FCEVHydrogenTankExampleofThermalPressureReliefDevice(TPRD)– Toyota
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TPRDopensat110°C
DirectionofH2 dischargeonTPRDactivation
Source:ToyotaJune 5, 2017
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H2 FuelingStations
21June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
June5,2017
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ExampleH2 StationConfiguration
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H2 InfrastructureDevelopmentandStatus
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NEstates,CaliforniaandHawaiihaveH2 infrastructureeffortsunderway
(27 already opened)
June 5, 2017
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TypicalH2 StationConfigurations
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▶︎ Hydrogencanbedeliveredormadeonsite
▶︎ Gaseousdeliveredorpiped® boostercompressedgaseousH2
▶︎ Liquiddelivered® gaseousH2
▶︎ Naturalgas® gaseousH2
▶︎ Water+electricity® gaseousH2
June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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H2 FuelingStationsGaseousHydrogenStorage
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Gaseoushydrogenis:▶︎ Deliveredtofuelingstation
bytrailer,orgeneratedonsite
▶︎ Compressedandstoredonsiteincylinders
▶︎ Pipedtodispenserforfuelingvehicles
HydrogenStorageCylinders
HydrogenDispenser
GaseousHydrogenDeliverybyTubeTrailer
HydrogenCompressor
GraphiccourtesyofPacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory
GaseousHydrogenbywaterelectrolysis
June 5, 2017
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Supply/lowpressure storage
Low/mediumpressurebufferstorage
Compressionandhighpressurestorage(classifiedskid)
Ventstack
Nonclassified skid
Coolingwaterunit
Nitrogensupplyandmanifold
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2
4
3
10
9
13
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H2 FuelingStationsGaseousH2 StorageSystemLayout
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H2 FuelingStationsGaseousH2 StorageSystemFlowDiagram
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Source:AirLiquideJune 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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Liquidhydrogencanbedeliveredtothefuelingstationbytankertruck,asisshownforthishydrogenandgasolinestation.
H2 FuelingStationsLiquidH2 Delivery
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PhotoCourtesyofCaliforniaFuelCellPartnershipandLinde
IC90Compressor LH2 tank
Fuelingdispenser&canopy
Compressedgasstorage
June 5, 2017
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LiquidH2 is:▶︎ Deliveredtofuelingstationbytankertruck▶︎ Storedasaliquid▶︎ Vaporizedinabove-groundvessel▶︎ Compressedandstoredonsite
incylinders▶︎ Pipedtodispenserforfuelingvehicles
H2 FuelingStationsLiquidH2 Storage
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LiquidHydrogenDeliverybyTankerTruck
HydrogenStorageCylinders
HydrogenDispenser
LiquidHydrogenStorageTank
VaporizerHydrogenCompressor
June 5, 2017
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▶︎ Onsitehydrogengenerationmaybeperformedbyseveralways,including• Waterelectrolysis– renewableorgridpowertohydrogen• Gasreformation– naturalgasorbiogastohydrogen
▶︎ AdvantagesincludereductioninonsiteH2 storageandtie-intorenewables• OnsiteH2 generatorsaresuppliedpackagedandlisted,orfield-listed• Manufacturersmustidentifyandmanagespecifichazards
H2 Fueling Stations Onsite H2 Generation
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200kgH2/daywaterelectrolyzer
CodesandStandards:NFPA2Chapter13
PhotocourtesyofProtonOnSite
June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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TopicsforToday’sPresentation
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• FuelCellBasicsandApplications▶PropertiesofHydrogen• PrimaryCodesandStandards• FundamentalSafetyConsiderations• HydrogenSafetyResources• ConcludingThoughts
June 5, 2017
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HydrogenPropertiesandBehavior
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▶︎ Gas atambientconditions
▶︎ Liquid at-423°F(-253°C)– acryogen• Compressingthegasdoesnotliquefyit• NoliquidphaseinacompressedgaseousH2 storagetanks• LH2 storedatlowpressure(50psi)invacuuminsulatedtanks
▶︎ Volumetricratioliquidtogasis1:848• Comparewatertosteam(1:1700)
▶︎ Energycontent:1kgofH2 ~1gallongasoline• 33.3kWh/kgH2 vs32.8kWh/galgasoline
MolecularHydrogen
CodesandStandards:IFGCChapter7,ASMEB31.12,CGAG5.5June 5, 2017
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▶︎ Flammablerange4-75%inair▶︎ Canriseanddisperserapidly(14x
lighterthanair)▶︎ Diffusesthroughmaterialsnot
normallyconsideredporous▶︎ Minimalignitionenergy
(0.02mJ atoptimalconcentrations)▶︎ Burnswithpaleblue,almost
invisibleflame▶︎ Canembrittlesomemetals
GaseousHydrogen
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HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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HydrogenProperties:AComparison
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Hydrogen NaturalGas Gasoline
Color No No Yes
Toxicity None Some High
Odor Odorless Mercaptan Yes
BuoyancyRelativetoAir
14XLighter
2XLighter
3.75XHeavier
EnergybyWeight
2.8X>Gasoline
~1.2X>Gasoline 43MJ/kg
EnergybyVolume
4X<Gasoline
1.5X<Gasoline 120MJ/Gallon
Source:CaliforniaFuelCellPartnershipJune 5, 2017
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StoringHydrogen
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LH2 Storage▶︎ Gas atambientconditions▶︎ Volumetricratioliquidtogasisatrelativelylow
pressure(50psi)▶︎ Doublewalled,vacuuminsulatedtankswithburst
disks,vents,andPRDs
GH2 Storage▶︎ Atrelativelyhighpressure(upto15,000psi)▶︎ Thickwalledmetallicorreinforcedplastictanks
withPRDs(TypeIIIorTypeIV)
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Source:Toyota
VideodownloadURL:https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/barilo/BurnDemo.mp4
DemonstrationofHydrogenFlames
June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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TopicsforToday’sPresentation
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• FuelCellBasicsandApplications• PropertiesofHydrogen▶︎PrimaryCodesandStandards• FundamentalSafetyConsiderations• HydrogenSafetyResources• ConcludingThoughts
June 5, 2017
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CodesandStandardsMapforFCEVs
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FuelCellVehicleSystemGTR(harmonizedwithISOandSAEJ2978)FMVSSSAEJ2615– SystemPerformanceSAEJ2572– FuelConsumptionMeasurementSAEJ2574– GeneralVehicleSafetySAEJ2617– StackPerformanceSAEJ2574– DesignforRecyclingPEMstacks
StationRefueling Guidelines
SAEJ2601
Vehicle
DispenserComponentStandardsCSAHGV4.1- DispenserCSAHGV4.2- HoseCSAHGV4.4- BreakawayCSAHGV4.5- PriorityandSequencingCSAHGV4.6- ManualValvesCSAHGV4.7- AutomatedValves
InstallationNFPA2andLocalCodesNECASME31.12CSAHGV4.9- StationsISO19880-1
Compression&StorageNFPA2andLocalCodesASMEBPVC- StorageCSAHGV4.8– Compressors
InterfaceStandardsHGV4.3– TemperatureComp.
SAEJ2719OIMLandNISTHandbook44
Source:AirLiquideJune 5, 2017
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FocusonCriticalCodes&Standards
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CriticalH2 infrastructuredocuments:▶︎ NFPA2HydrogenTechnologies
Code▶︎ InternationalFireCode(IFC)
Manyorganizationsworkingcodes,standards,andguides.Trackover300documentsat
https://h2tools.org/fuelcellstandards-view
2016
June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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ImportantICC2015CodeReferences
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▶︎ IFCSection2309– HydrogenMotorFuel-DispensingandGenerationFacilities
▶︎ IFCChapter50– HazardousMaterials- GeneralProvisions▶︎ IFCChapter53– CompressedGases▶︎ IFCChapter58– FlammableGasesandFlammable
CryogenicFluids▶︎ InternationalFuelGasCode(IFGC)Chapter7– Gaseous
HydrogenSystems
Note:Significantchangesinthe2015IFC“Compressedhydrogen(CH2)foruseasavehicularfuelshallalsocomplywithChapters23and58ofthiscode,theInternationalFuelGasCodeandNFPA2.”(IFC5301.1)“Hydrogenmotorfuel-dispensingstationsandrepairgaragesandtheirassociatedabove-groundhydrogenstoragesystemsshallalsobedesigned,constructedandmaintainedinaccordancewithChapter23andNFPA2.”(IFC5801.1)
June 5, 2017
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TheNeedforaNationalHydrogenCode:NFPA2
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Inthecourseofthispresentation,anycommentastothe“meaning” ofanypartofanyNFPAcodeorstandardisonlytheopinionofthepresenterandisNOTtoberelieduponaseitheraccurateorofficial.OnlytheNFPAmayissueaformalinterpretationofitscodesandstandards.
AddressesallaspectsofH2 storage,use,andhandling▶︎ Technicalcommitteeformedin2006
• 2011,2016versions– nextis2020• DrawsfromNFPA52,55and853• Newspecificapplicationrequirements
▶︎ Identifies,fillstechnicalgapsforcompletefunctionalrequirementset
▶︎ Developedforcodeusersandenforcers▶︎ Structuredsothatitworksseamlesslywith
buildingandfirecodes
2016
June 5, 2017
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NFPA2Scope
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▶︎ Appliestogaseousandliquidhydrogenstorage,transfer,production,anduse
▶︎ Stationary,portable,andvehicularinfrastructureapplications
▶︎ Fundamentalrequirementsforstorage,piping,installation,handling,andgeneration
TheCodedoesnot cover:
• Onboardvehicleormobileequipmentcomponentsorsystems• Mixturesofgaseoushydrogenandothergaseswithahydrogenconcentration
<95%byvolume
June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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Chapter1,AdministrationChapter2,ReferencedPublicationsChapter3,DefinitionsChapter4,GeneralFireSafetyRequirementsChapter5,Performance-BasedOptionChapter6,GeneralHydrogenRequirementsChapter7,GaseousHydrogenChapter8,LiquefiedHydrogenChapter9,ReservedChapter10,GH2Vehicle FuelingFacilitiesChapter11,LH2FuelingFacilitiesChapter12,HydrogenFuelCellPowerSystemsChapter13,HydrogenGenerationSystemsChapter14,CombustionApplicationsChapter15,SpecialAtmosphereApplicationsChapter16,LaboratoryOperationsChapter17,ParkingGaragesChapter18,RoadTunnelsChapter19,Repair GaragesAnnexesA- M
NFPA2,HydrogenTechnologiesCode,2016Ed.
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Fundamental Chapters
Use-specific Chapters
2016
June 5, 2017
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NFPA2- 2016hasprescriptiverequirementsforHydrogenEquipmentEnclosures1(HEE),including:
▶ Ventilation▶ Isolation(gasandfirebarrier)▶ Electricalrequirements▶ Bonding/grounding▶ Explosioncontrol▶ Detection
NewRequirementsforNFPA2-2016
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1 Aprefabricatedareaconfinedbyatleastthreewallsandaroof,notroutinelyoccupiedorusedinalaboratory,withatotalarealessthan450ft2 designedtoprotecthydrogen.
CodeandStandards:NFPA2-7.1.23(2016Edition)June 5, 2017
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CompartmentsoftheGreenenergy BoxTM
Hydrogen-based Energy Storage Systems
Source:EuropeanUnionHyResponseProject,May,2016June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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TopicsforToday’sPresentation
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• FuelCellBasicsandApplications• PropertiesofHydrogen• PrimaryCodesandStandards▶︎FundamentalSafetyConsiderations• HydrogenSafetyResources• ConcludingThoughts
June 5, 2017
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Hydrogensafety,likeallflammablegassafety,reliesonfivekeyconsiderations:
▶ Recognizehazardsandeithereliminateordefinemitigationmeasures
▶ Ensuresystemintegrity▶ Provideproperventilationto
preventaccumulation(managedischarges)
▶ Ensurethatleaksaredetectedandisolated
▶ Trainpersonnel
TheBasics…
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Fuelcellbackuppowerconnectedtoadatacenter
June 5, 2017
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AhazardanalysisisrequiredbyNFPA2forfuelingstations,butshouldbeconductedoneverysignificanthydrogenandfuelcellprojectbyaqualifiedpersonwithprovenexpertiseinhydrogenfuelingsystems,installations,andhazardanalysistechniques.
HazardAnalysisandRiskAssessmentSteps1. Definethescopeofwork2. Identifyhazards3. Evaluatetheimpactofthehazardson
a) theenvironmentandpublicb) thefacilityandinstitutionc) theequipmentandpersonnel
4. Assessthelikelihoodandseverityofeachhazard5. Resolvehazards6. Followupactivelywithperiodicreviewofwork
scopeandhazards
AnalyzingtheHazards
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Seehttps://h2tools.org/bestpractices/safety_planning/hazard_and_risk,andhttps://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/h2_snapshot_v2i2.pdf June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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GeneralConsiderations– OutdoorStorage
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CodeandStandards:IFC,IBC,IFGC,NFPA2,NFPA70
Storehydrogencylindersandstoragetanksoutsideatsafedistancesfrom:▶︎ structures▶︎ ventilationintakes▶︎ vehicleroutes▶︎ evenwhileinuse
Bestpracticesforcompressedhydrogencontainerssupplyingamanifold:▶︎ locateoutside▶︎ useweldedlinestoconnecttoindoor
equipment▶︎ beprovidedwithanexteriorshutoff
valveandflowrestrictororexcessflowvalve
June 5, 2017
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Safetyconsiderationsforindoorstorageoruseofbulkgaseoushydrogeninclude:▶ Buildingsshouldbeconstructedofnoncombustiblematerials.
▶ MechanicalorpassiveventilationsystemsHydrogensensorsshouldbeinstalledattheexhaustwithintheenclosure.
▶ Installautomaticshutoffthatactivatesifaleakorfireisdetectedinthefacilitythatisbeingsuppliedwithhydrogen.
▶ Avoidignitionsourcesinstorageareas.
▶ Classifiedelectricalequipmentshouldbebeincloseproximitytostoragesystems.
▶ Electricalbondingandgrounding.Gaseoushydrogensystemcomponentsshouldbeelectricallybondedandgrounded.
IndoorStorage- SafetyConsiderations
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CodeandStandards:IFC,IBC,IFGC,NFPA2,NFPA70June 5, 2017
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▶︎ ReducelikelihoodofflammableH2-airmixincaseofreleaseorleakwithairdilution
• Ventilation(passiveoractive)shallbenotlessthan1scf/min/ft2 (0.3048Nm3/min/m2)offloorareaovertheareaofstorageoruse
• MinimumairratesdiluteapotentialH2 leakto<25%oflowerflammabilitylimit(LFL)foralloperationsandcredibleaccidentscenarios.[25%LFL=1%H2 inair]
VentilationReducesChanceofFlammableMix
51
Isthereaproblemhere?
CodeandStandards:IFC2311.7.1/5808.3.1,IFGC703.1.1,NFPA2-6.17
Exhaustairintake
June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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▶︎ PassiveventilationwithrooforeaveventscanpreventH2 buildupifaleakordischargeoccurs
• Evaluatepassiveventilationthoroughlytoensurethatahydrogenleakwilldissipatesafelybothnormalconditionsandemergencysituations.
• LocateInletopeningsatfloorlevelinroomexteriorwalls.• Locateoutletopeningsathighestpointinroomexteriorwallsortherooftoavoidpockets
ofH2.
▶︎ Passive/naturalventilationeasilyappliedoutdoors• Avoidpocketsunderweatherawnings.• Ensureatleast75%openonsides.
Passive Ventilation, Indoors and Outdoors
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CodeandStandards:IFC2311.7.1/5808.3.1,IFGC703.1.1,NFPA2-6.17June 5, 2017
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▶︎ Whenpassiveventilationisinsufficient,activeventilationcanbeusedtopreventtheaccumulationofflammablemixtures.
• Usefanmotors,actuatorsforventsandvalveswithapplicableelectricalclassification,approvalforH2 use.
• EnsureactiveventilationisoperationalatalltimeswhenH2 ispresentorcouldbeaccidentallyreleased.
• AutomaticallyshutdownH2 equipmentand/orisolateH2 sourceifactiveventilationsystemfails.
• InstallH2 sensorsattheexhaustwithintheenclosure.
Active (Mechanical or Forced) Ventilation
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Beawarethatnopracticalindoorventilationfeaturescanquicklydispersehydrogenfromamassivereleasebyapressurizedvessel,piperupture,orblowdown.
CodeandStandards:IFC2311.7.1/5808.3.1,IFGC703.1.2,NFPA2-6.17
CompressorHEEwithmechanicalventilation
June 5, 2017
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▶︎ DetectionmayberequiredbyAHJ▶︎ Detectionenhancessafetyofoperation
Provideleakdetectionby:▶︎ Hydrogen(orflammablegas)detectorsinaroomor
enclosure,or▶︎ Monitoringinternalpipingpressuresand/orflowrates
forchangesthatsuggestaleak
Othermethods:▶ H2 detectorsincloseproximitytoexteriorpiping▶ locatehydrogenpipingwithinanotherpipeandmonitor
annulusforleaks
HydrogenLeakDetection
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CodeandStandards:IFC5003.2.2,NFPA2-7.1.22June 5, 2017
HydrogenandFuelCells- EmergingTechnologyandSafetyRelatedIssues
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▶︎ Provideforautomaticshut-offandisolationofhydrogensources
▶︎ Shutdownprocessequipmenttoasafemode
▶︎ Controlactiveventilation
▶︎ Activateaudibleandvisualalarms
H2 LeakDetectionGoals
55CodeandStandards:IFC5003.2.2,NFPA2-7.1.22
June 5, 2017
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H2 Leak Detection Performance
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CodeandStandards:IFC5003.2.2,NFPA2:2016-7.1.22,7.1.23,103.1.18
▶︎ Detectionsensitivityof+/-0.25%byvolumeofH2inair
▶︎ Responsetimeof<1secondat1%H2 inair▶︎ EnsureanyleakinghydrogenwouldpassbyH2
detector.▶︎ Considerdetectorsensitivitytoothergases,vapors
• Explainsuchinterferencetopersonnel▶︎ Recommendalarmat1%H2 /air[25%LFL]▶︎ Requiremanualresettorestartautomatic
shutdownsystems▶︎ Performroutinemaintenance/recalibrationper
manufacturer’sinstruction,typicallyevery3-6months
• Recordeventsinfacilityrecords
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CheckingforH2 LeaksBestPractices
57
HydrogenandpropaneflamesindaylightPhotocourtesyofHAMMER
BurningH2 haspaleblueflame,nearlyinvisibleindaylightH2 flamesemitlowradiantheat- maynotfeelheatuntilveryclosetoflame
▶︎ Useportableflamedetector(e.g.,thermalimagingcamera)ifpossible
▶︎ Otherwise,listenforventinggas,watchforthermalwavesthatsignalheatandflame
▶︎ Useacombustibleprobe(e.g.,broom)
▶︎ Allowenoughtimetotroubleshoot/debugmonitoringsystembeforeplacingitinservice
▶︎ Wheremultiplegasesareco-located,investigateandmitigatemosthazardous
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▶︎ Powderedmetalsfacilityoperatorsheardhissingnoisenearfurnaces;determineditwasgasleakintrenchcarryingH2,nitrogen,coolingwaterpipes,andfurnaceventpipe.
▶︎ Maintenancepresumedleakwasnonflammablenitrogen;duetorecentN2 pipingleakelsewhere.
▶︎ Broughtinforkliftwithchaintoremovetrenchcoverinleakarea;eyewitnesseslaterstatedthatascoverwaswrenchedup,friction-createdsparkswerefollowedimmediatelybypowerfulexplosion.
▶︎ Severaldaysafterexplosion,ChemicalSafetyBoardinvestigatorsobservedlargehole(~3x7in)incorrodedsectionofH2 ventpipingintrench
▶︎ WhenH2/airmixinthepartiallyopentrenchexploded,resultingoverpressuredispersedquantitiesofirondustfromtheraftersandothersurfaces;somedustsubsequentlyignited.
▶︎ Eyewitnessesreportedemberswererainingdownandignitingirondustflashfiresinthearea.Visibilitywassopoorduetodustandsmokethatevenwithaflashlight,itwasimpossibletoseemorethan3or4feet.
▶︎ Threeplantemployeeseventuallydiedfromburninjuriesdespitewearingflash-fire-resistantgarments.Twootherssufferedsmoke-inhalation.DuetoextensivenatureofinjuriesandabundanceofbothH2 andcombustibledustpresentatthetime,itisdifficulttospecificallydeterminewhichfuel,ifnotboth,causedthefatalinjuriestothevictims.
58
H2 Explosion/IronDustFlashFiresinPowderedMetalsPlant
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Hydrogenflamesarealmostinvisible- thermalandopticalsensorsused▶ Tocoverlargeareaorvolume,manythermaldetectorsareneededandshouldbe
locatedatornearthesiteofapotentialfire▶ OpticalsensorsfordetectingH2 flamesoperateinthe
ultravioletorinfraredspectralregion• H2 specificTripleIRdetectorsaretheleastlikelyto
besusceptibletotofalsetrips
FlameDetection/ThermalDetectors
59
CodeandStandards:NFPA2-10.3.1./11.3.3
FlamedetectorsarerequiredinapplicationssuchasH2fuelingstationdispensers.Detectorsystemsshould:▶ Providerapidandreliableflameindication.▶ ProvideforH2 sourceautomaticshut-off/isolation▶ Shutdownthesystemtoasafemode▶ Controlactiveventilation▶ Activateaudibleandvisualalarms
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ElectricalEquipmentConsiderations
60
▶︎ VentFansshouldbenon-sparking(typical:aluminumorplastic)
▶︎ Equipment designedforuseinH2 service▶︎ H2 systemsshouldbeelectricallybonded
andgrounded▶︎ EquipmentnotconformingtoNEC(NFPA
70)requirementsshouldbelocatedoutsidetheareaclassifiedashazardous
CodeandStandards:IFC2309.2.3,NFPA2-10.3.1.16June 5, 2017
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ElectricalEquipmentRequirementsforBulkH2 Systems
61
Location Classification* DistanceAreacontaininggaseoushydrogenstorage,compressionorancillary
equipmentClass1,Division2 Upto15ft fromstorage/equipment
Areacontainingliquefiedhydrogenstorage
Class1,Division1
Class1,Division2
Within3ft frompointswhereconnectionsareregularlymadeanddisconnected
Upto25ft fromthestorageequipment,excludingthepipingsystem,downstreamofthesourcevalve
Interiorofdispensingequipment Class1,Division2Uptothesupportmechanism(anchoringthedispenser)orconnectiontothegroundlevel
Exteriorofoutdoordispensingequipment Class1,Division2 Upto5ft fromdispenser
Exteriorofindoordispensingequipment Class1,Division2 Upto15ft fromthepointoftransferfromfloortoceiling
OutdoordischargefromreliefventsClass1,Division1
Class1,Division2
Upto5ft fromthesource
5-15ft fromthesourceDischargefromreliefventswithin15
degreesofthelineofdischarge Class1,Division1 Within15ft fromsource
*AllequipmentmustberatedforGroupBapplications(NFPA70-500.6)
CodeandStandards:IFC2309.2.3,NFPA2-10.3.1.16June 5, 2017
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AddressingtheCertificationChallenge
62
BenefitsProvided▶︎ Enablescodeuserstobetterapplytherequirementswheretheuseof
listed,labeled,certified,or approved equipmentormethodsisrequired,andtoincreaseawarenessandunderstandingofwhattheequipmentisexpectedtodo
▶︎ Increasedconsistencyintheapplicationofrequirementswiththeexpectationofanexpeditedpermittingprocess
AHydrogenEquipmentCertificationGuide hasbeenreleasedtoassistcodeofficials,designers,owners,evaluators,andotherswiththeapplicationofthelistingandapprovalrequirementspertinenttothedesignand/orinstallationofhydrogenequipmentasregulatedbythemodelcodes.GapsAddressed▶︎ Intheearlymarket,theavailabilityofsystemsorequipmentthatare
listed,labeled,orcertifiedislimited.
▶︎ Whenequipmentisnotlistedoravailable,“approval”bythecodeofficialisrequiredbeforeinstallationoccurs.
CodeandStandards:IFC2309.2.2,NFPA2-7.1.3DownloadURL:https://h2tools.org/hsp/hecg
▶ Consistentapplicationofrequirementsamongproviders,regardlessofhydrogenexperience,resultsinalevelplayingfieldasthetechnologyemerges
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GeneralESSConsiderations▶︎ ESSshouldoperateon:
• Detectionalarms• Firealarms• Lossofventilation• Activationofmanualemergencyshutdown
devices(ESD)
▶︎ Whenactivated,theESSshould:• De-energizeunclassifiedelectrical• Closeallautomaticshutoffcontrolvalves
▶︎ ESDsshouldbelocated:• OnHEEs• Nearfueldispensers• HavearemoteESDlocated25to100feetfrom
theequipmentitisserving
EmergencyShutdownSystem(ESS)
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ESSShutdownMatrix
64
▶︎ Usedtoidentifysafetycriticalequipmentandfunctions
▶︎ Enablesdesignersandreviewerstoensurethatcriticalactionsarealignedwithappropriateequipment
▶︎ Canaidinequipmentapproval
Exampleofasimpleshutdowntable
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▶︎ Hydrogencylindersandstoragetanksshouldbestoredoutsideatasafedistancefromstructures,ventilationintakes,andvehicleroutes
▶︎ Separationdistancerequirementsbasedonquantityofhydrogen
▶︎ Abulkhydrogencompressedgassystemhasacapacityofmorethan5,000scfandconsistsof:
• storagecontainers• pressureregulators• pressurereliefdevices• compressors• manifoldsandpiping
Notethatthestoragesystemterminatesatthesourcevalve
GaseousH2 OutdoorStorage
65
CodeandStandards:NFPA2-7.3.2.3
PhotocourtesyofShellHydrogen
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OutdoorSeparationDistances– NFPA2/55
66CodeandStandards:NFPA2-7.3.2.3
Currentseparationdistancegroups
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Pressure(psig) >15to≤250
>250to≤3000
>3000to≤7500
>7500to≤15000
ExposureGroup1a) Lotlinesb) Airintakes(HVAC,compressors,Other)c) OperableopeningsinbuildingsandStructuresd) Ignitionsourcessuchasopenflamesandwelding
0.231d 0.738d 1.105d 1.448d
ExposureGroup 2a) Exposedpersonsotherthanthoseservicingthesystemb) parkedcars
0.12584d−0.47126
0.43616d−0.91791
0.68311d−1.3123
0.92909d−1.6813
ExposureGroup 3a) Buildingsofnon-combustiblenon-fire-ratedconstructionb) Buildingsofcombustibleconstructionc) Flammablegasstoragesystemsaboveorbelowgroundd) Hazardousmaterialsstoragesystemsaboveorbelowgrounde) Heavytimber,coal,orotherslow-burningcombustiblesolidsf) Ordinarycombustibles,includingfast-burningsolidssuchas
ordinarylumber,excelsior,paper,orcombustiblewasteandvegetationotherthanthatfoundinmaintainedlandscapedareas
g) Unopenableopeningsinbuildingandstructuresh) Utilitiesoverheadincludingelectricpower,buildingservicesor
hazardousmaterialspipingsystems
0.096d 0.307d 0.459d 0.602d
67
Source:NFPA2
d=Diameter(mm)
CodeandStandards:NFPA2-7.3.2.3.1.1
CalculationsforOutdoorBulkH2 SeparationDistances
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▶︎ MaterialsusedinH2 piping,valves,tanksandsealsmustbecarefullyselectedtoaccountfordeteriorationwhenexposedtoH2 atmaximumoperatingconditions
▶︎ ExposureofsomemetalstoH2 canleadto:• embrittlement• crackingand/orsignificantlossintensilestrength• ductility• fracturetoughnessThesecanresultinprematurefailureinload-carryingcomponents
▶︎ Additionally,hydrogendiffusesthroughmanymaterials,particularlynonmetals,duetoitssmallmolecularsize
68
CodesandStandards:IFGC5003.2.2.1,IFGC704.1.2.3,NFPA2-10.3.1.3
Seehttp://www.h2tools.org/tech-ref/technical-reference-for-hydrogen-compatibility-of-materials
Preferred• austeniticstainlesssteels,
aluminumalloys,copper,andcopperalloys.
Avoid• Nickelandmostnickelalloys
- subjecttoseverehydrogenembrittlement
• Gray,ductile,andmalleablecastirons
SelectionofMaterials
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Apressurereliefdevice(PRD)valvefailedonahigh-pressurestoragetubeatahydrogenfuelingstation,causingthereleaseofapproximately300kilogramsofhydrogengas.Thegasignitedattheexitoftheventpipeandburnedfor2-1/2hoursuntiltechnicianswerepermittedbythelocalfiredepartmenttoenterthestationandstoptheflowofgas.
ALessonLearnedonMaterialSelection
69
▶ Therootcauseoftheincidentwasafailedpressurereliefvalve;and
▶ Anextensivemetallurgicalanalysisofthefailedvalveconcludedthatimpropermaterialselectionanddeviationsfromvalveproductionprocessesledtothevalvefailure.
Thegoodnews…Therewerenoinjuriesandverylittlepropertydamage.Thecorrugatedroofonanadjacentcanopyoverafuelingdispenserwasslightlysingedbytheescapinghydrogenflame,causinglessthan$300indamage.
Source:http://h2tools.org/lessonsJune 5, 2017
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▶︎ Designinaccordancewithapplicablecodesandstandards▶︎ Minimizeleaks- useofweldedjointswherepossible▶︎ Totheextentpossible,donotconcealH2 piping- arrangeforeasyjoint/fittings
access(tocheckforleaks)▶︎ Minimizechanceofpersonalinjury(i.e.,contactwithcoldsurfaces,headimpact,
trippinghazards,etc.)▶︎ Minimizestresses(structuralandthermal)inpipingcomponentsandconnected
equipment▶︎ Providepropersizesandsettingsofpressurereliefdevices▶︎ Includeproperlylabeledshutoffvalvesatsafelocations▶︎ Labelpipingtoindicatecontent,flowdirection,anddesignandtestpressures
Flowrestrictors,suchasorificemeters,insupplylinesareeffectivemeansoflimitingsupplyflowrateandcontrollingleakagerate.
HydrogenPipingSystemLayoutandDesign
70
CodesandStandards:IFGC704.1.2.3,ASMEB31.12,CGAG-5.5June 5, 2017
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Hydrogen Vent Lines
71
CodesandStandards:CGAG-5.5
H2 ventlines(includingpressurerelieflinesandcryogenicboil-off)shouldbeventedtosafeoutsidelocationsVentsshouldbedesignedto:▶ beunobstructedandprotectedfromthe
weather• moistureoricecanaccumulateandrestrictflow
▶ carrytheexcessflowoftheventinggasorliquid▶ beleaktightanduseweldedornon-fusiblejoints▶ avoidairintrusionorbedesignedtohandlepossibleH2 ‘pop’
deflagrationinside(~145psig/1000kPa)▶ safelyreleasetheunusedhydrogenataheightabovethe
facilityroof,overhangs,personnel,equipment,andexposures.
SeeCGAG-5.5foradditionaldesigncriteria
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GoodandBadVentStackDesigns
72
Source:CGAG-5.5
Bestconfigurations
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Aliquidhydrogenreleasewilllooksimilartothisliquidnitrogenrelease.
PhotocourtesyofS.Stookey
CodesandStandards:IFCChapter58,NFPA2Chapter8
▶︎ Coldburnsoccurfromcontactwithfrostedlines,liquidairdripfromcoldlines,orventstacks,vaporizers,andvaporleaks.
▶︎ OxygenenrichmentoccurswhenaircondensesatLH2 temperaturesandbecomesoxygen-enrichedduetothevaporizationofnitrogen.Oxygen-enrichedairincreasescombustionrateofflammable/combustiblematerials,includingclothing.
Presentsadditionalhazardsdueto-423.2°F (-252.9°C)temperatures
CryogenicLiquidH2 Storage/SupplySystems
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SafetyConsiderationsforLiquidHydrogen(LH2)
74
▶︎ Continuousevaporationgeneratesgaseoushydrogenandanincreaseinpressureinsidealiquidhydrogenstoragevesselifnotproperlyreleased.
▶︎ Ifaliquidhydrogenleakorspilloccurs,ahydrogencloudcouldflowhorizontallyforsomedistanceorevendownward,dependingontheterrainandweatherconditions.
▶︎ Icefouling- Externallyicedvents/valvescanmalfunction;airleakageintoLH2storage(e.g.inadequatepurging)introducesmoisture,willformicetopluglinesorfailinstruments.
IceandvaporonLH2 lines
CodesandStandards:IFCChapter58,NFPA2Chapter8June 5, 2017
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TopicsforToday’sPresentation
75
• FuelCellBasicsandApplications• PropertiesofHydrogen• PrimaryCodesandStandards• FundamentalSafetyConsiderations▶︎HydrogenSafetyResources• ConcludingThoughts
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ThePanelisauniqueresourceandcanbeavaluableassetforsupportingthesafecommercialrolloutoffuelcellvehicles,stationaryapplicationsandthesupportinginfrastructure.
CanProvideSupportto:▶ Otherfederalagencies▶ Stateagencies,codeofficials,and
permittingauthorities▶ Privateindustryandcommercial
installers
TypesofActivities:▶ Designanddocumentreviews▶ Participationinorreviewofriskassessments▶ Sitereviews
HydrogenSafetyPanel
76
Moreinformationisavailableathttp://www.h2tools.org/hsp
Safetyisparamount- itsthefirstquestionwegetaskedinCaliforniawhenwegointolocalcommunities.Ifanything,weneedtofigureouthowtoexpandtheSafetyPanel'sreach.ThereviewsfromthePanelhavealreadyshownbenefittothestate- itsacrucial,trusted3rdpartyresource. – 2015DOEAMRReviewerComment
PhotocourtesyoftheCaliforniaFuelCellPartnership
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A Transformative Step Towards Hydrogen Adoption
HydrogenTools
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▶ IntroductiontoHydrogen• Soyouwanttoknowsomethingabout
hydrogen?▶ HydrogenProperties
• Hydrogencomparedwithotherfuels▶ SafetyPractices
• Safetyculture• Safetyplanning• Incidentprocedures• Communications
▶ DesignandOperations• Facilitydesignconsiderations• Storageandpiping• Operatingprocedures• Equipmentmaintenance• Laboratorysafety• Indoorrefuelingofforklifts
H2tools.org/bestpractices…SharingExperience,ApplyingBestPractices
Safetyeventsfrom“H2incidents.org”illustratewhatcangowrongifbestpractices
arenotfollowed.
78
URL:http://h2tools.org/bestpracticesJune 5, 2017
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Eachsafetyeventrecordcontains:▶ Description▶ Severity(Washydrogenreleased?
Wasthereignition?)▶ Setting▶ Equipment▶ Characteristics(Highpressure?Low
temperature?)▶ DamageandInjuries▶ ProbableCause(s)▶ ContributingFactors▶ LessonsLearned/Suggestionsfor
Avoidance/MitigationStepsTaken
H2tools.org/lessons…CapturingtheEvent,FocusingonLessonsLearned
79
Tubetrailerrollover
URL:http://h2tools.org/lessonsJune 5, 2017
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▶︎ OriginallydevelopedbytheHSPfortheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyin2005
▶︎ Thedocumentprovidesinformationonsafetypracticesforhydrogenandfuelcellprojects
▶︎ Theprojectsafetyplanningprocessismeanttohelpidentifyrisksandavoidpotentialhydrogenandrelatedincidents.
▶︎ Thisdocumentcanaidingeneratingagoodsafetyplanthatwillserveasaguideforthesafeconductofallworkrelatedtothedevelopmentandoperationofhydrogenandfuelcellequipment.
GuidanceforSafetyPlanningofH2 Projects
80
URL:https://h2tools.org/hsp/reviews
SafetyplanningshouldbeanintegralpartofthedesignandoperationofanH2 system.
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▶︎ Intendedusers• Thosedevelopingdesignsfor
hydrogensystems• Thoseinvolvedwiththerisk
assessmentofhydrogensystems.
▶︎ Whilefairlyinclusive,itisnotpossibletoincludeallvariablesthatneedtobeconsidered
▶︎ Ahazardanalysisprocessshouldinclude
• Personnelwhoarefamiliarwithapplicablecodesandstandards
• Teammemberswithexpertiseinthetechnicalaspectsofthespecificproject
HydrogenSafetyConsiderationsChecklist
81
URL:https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/HydrogenSafetyChecklist.pdfJune 5, 2017
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QuantitativeRiskAssessment
82
▶︎ Developedtoolkittoenableintegratedprobabilisticanddeterministicmodeling
• RelevantH2 hazards(thermal,mechanical)• Probabilisticmodels(traditionalQRA
models)&H2-specificcomponentdata• H2 phenomena(gasrelease,heatflux,
overpressure)▶︎ VariableUsers
• Highlevel,genericinsights(e.g.,forC&Sdevelopers,regulators)
• Detailed,site-specificinsights(e.g.,forAHJs,stationdesigners)
▶︎ Currently,twointerfaces(views):• “QRAmode”and“Physicsmode”• Planned“performance-baseddesign”
modefortargetedanalyses
First-of-its-kindsoftwaretoolforintegratingH2consequencemodelsw/QRAmodels
Includesbehaviormodels&datadevelopedthroughFY12
URL:http://hyram.sandia.govJune 5, 2017
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Introduction to Hydrogen for Code Officials
Providesanoverviewofhydrogenandfuelcelltechnologies,discusseshowthesetechnologiesareusedinreal-worldapplicationsanddiscussesthecodesandstandardsrequiredforpermittingthem.
▶ Hydrogenandfuelcellbasics▶ Hydrogenandfuelcell
applications▶ Hydrogenfuelingstations▶ Fuelcellfacilities
83
DevelopedbytheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory
URL:http://h2tools.org/content/training-materialsJune 5, 2017
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▶︎ GivesAHJs,ProjectDevelopers,andotherinterestedpartiesaquickorientationinpermittinghydrogenfuelingstations.
▶︎ Providesbasicbackgroundinformationonhydrogentechnologiesfollowedbyadescriptionofthepermittingprocessincludinganoverviewofkeycodesandstandards.
▶︎ Containsinterviewswithcodeofficials,emergencyresponders,andtechnicalexpertsaswellasfootageofhydrogenstations.
H2 FuelingStationPermittingVideos
84
Videosavailableathttps://h2tools.org/videosJune 5, 2017
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Consistsofmaterialspecificchapters(asindividualPDFfiles)summarizingmechanical-propertydatafromjournalpublicationsandtechnicalreports
TechnicalReferenceforHydrogenCompatibilityofMaterials
▶ PlainCarbonFerriticSteels
▶ Low-AlloyFerriticSteels
▶ High-AlloyFerriticSteels
▶ AusteniticSteels
▶ AluminumAlloys
▶ CopperAlloys
▶ NickelAlloys
▶ Nonmetals
85
URL:http://h2tools.org/tech-ref/technical-reference-for-hydrogen-compatibility-of-materials June 5, 2017
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H2USAPublic-PrivatePartnershipAddressingH2 InfrastructureChallenges
86
ThemissionofH2USAistopromotethecommercialintroductionandwidespreadadoptionofFCEVsacrossAmericathroughcreationofapublic-privatecollaborationtoovercomethehurdleofestablishinghydrogeninfrastructure.
URL:http://h2usa.orgJune 5, 2017
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WorkingwithFirstResponders
87
Volpentest HAMMERFederalTrainingCenter
CodeandStandards:IFC5003.9.1
Preplanning▶ Facilityownersandfirstrespondersshould
worktogethertoperformpreplanningactivities.Thisshouldincludeatourofthehydrogenfacilitieswithfocusedattentiononsafetyfeaturesandemergencyshutoffs.
Training▶ Trainingofemergencyresponsepersonnel
shouldbeahighprioritytoensurethatthesepersonnelunderstandhowtoproperlyrespondtoahydrogenincident.
▶ Avarietyofresourcesareavailabletoassistwiththistraining(anddiscussedinlaterslides).
Equipment▶ Ahydrogenfireisoftendifficulttodetect
withoutathermalimagingcameraorflamedetector.Firstrespondershaveoneavailablefortheiruse.
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FirstResponderHydrogenSafetyTraining
88
▶ NationalGoal• Supportthesuccessfulimplementationofhydrogenandfuelcell
technologiesbyprovidingtechnicallyaccuratehydrogensafetyandemergencyresponseinformationtofirstresponders
▶ IntegratedActivities• Online,awareness-leveltraining
(http://hydrogen.pnl.gov/FirstResponders/)• Classroomandhands-onoperations-leveltraining• Nationaltrainingresource(enablingtrainers)
(http://h2tools.org/fr/nt)
Aproperlytrainedfirstrespondercommunityiscriticaltothesuccessfulintroductionofhydrogenfuelcellapplicationsandtheirtransformationinhowweuseenergy.
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TopicsforToday’sPresentation
89
• FuelCellBasicsandApplications• PropertiesofHydrogen• PrimaryCodesandStandards• FundamentalSafetyConsiderations• HydrogenSafetyResources▶︎ConcludingThoughts
June 5, 2017
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▶︎ Thefuturewilllikelyseeanincreaseintheuseofhydrogenandfuelcelltechnologies
▶︎ Safepracticesforproduction,storage,distribution,anduseofhydrogenareessentialfordeploymentofhydrogenandfuelcelltechnologies.
▶︎ Becausehydrogenasafuelisstillrelativelynew,bestmethodsofhandling,storage,transport,andusemaynotbewellunderstoodbyparticipants.
▶︎ TheIFC,IFGC,andNFPA2codesprovidefundamentalrequirementsfortheuseofhydrogenandfuelcells.
▶︎ Onlineresources(http://h2tools.org)areavailabletohelpcodeofficialsandprojectproponentsunderstandandapplysafepracticesforsuccessfuluse.
Concluding Thoughts – H2 Can Be Used Safely
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ThankYouforYourAttention!
TheauthorwishestothanktheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sFuelCellTechnologiesOffice(SunitaSatyapal,Director,WillJames,Safety,CodesandStandardsLeadandLauraHill),andtheCaliforniaFuelCellPartnershipfortheirsupportofthiswork.
MyContactInformation:
NickBarilo,P.E.HydrogenSafetyProgramManagerPacificNorthwestNationalLaboratoryP.O.Box999,MSINK7-76Richland,WA 99352USATel:509-371-7894nick.barilo@pnnl.govhttp://h2tools.org
April 27, 2017 91June 5, 2017
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