hymes and bachman's theories/model of communicative competence

DE GUZMAN, MIA MILAGROS T.

II-17 BSE ENGLISH

ESL/EFL

PROF. M. PALMA

Theories/Models of Communicative

Competence

HYMES

BACHMAN

Theories/Models of Communicative Competence

Getting to Know…

DELL

HATHAWAY

HYMES

Born in Portland, Oregon on the 7th of June, 1927

Died on the 13th of November, 2009 in Charlottesville, Virginia due to the complications of his Alzheimer’s disease

Linguist, sociolinguist, anthropologist, and folklorist

“Two Types of Linguistic Relativity” (1966); “On Communicative Competence” (1972)

HYMES

His work in the Army as a DECODER is part of what influenced him to become a linguist

INFLUENCES ON HIS WORKS:American Tradition:Franz Boas, Edward Sapir and Harry HoijerPrague Linguistic Circle:Roman JakobsonSociologist:Erving GoffmanEthnomethodologist:Harold Garfinkel, Harvey Sacks, Emanuel

SChegloff and Gail Jefferson

HYMES

Hymes

Pioneering the study

of the relationship between language and social

context

Focused on poetics (poetic organization of

Native American oral narratives)

Communicative Competence

andThe "S-P-E-A-K-I-N-

G" Model

Sometimes referred to as pragmatic or sociolinguistic competence

Knowledge necessary to use language in SOCIAL context, as an object of linguistic inquiry

Coined by DELL HYMES (1966) in reaction to Noam Chomsky’s notion of “linguistic competence” (1965)

Communicative Competence

Question:What do you (as a

language learner) think is the goal of

LANGUAGE COURSE?

Linguistic vs. Communicative(Competence)

Probable Answer:It is to teach the GRAMMAR and

VOCABULARY of that language.

Linguistic vs. Communicative(Competence)

Question:What is YOUR own

PERSONAL GOAL as an L2 learner?

Linguistic vs. Communicative(Competence)

Probable Answer:It is to be able to

COMMUNICATE in the L2 of your choice.

Linguistic vs. Communicative(Competence)

In linguistics terminology, a language course should not only have “linguistic competence” as its goal, but “communicative competence” in GENERAL.

What does this mean?

“…a normal child acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical, but also as appropriate. He or she acquires competence as to when to speak, when not, and as to what to talk about with whom, when, where, in what manner. In short, a child becomes able to accomplish a repertoire of speech acts, to take part in speech events, and to evaluate their accomplishment by others.”(Hymes 1972, 277)

As Hymes observes:

A language learner/user needs to use the language not only CORRECTLY but also APPROPRIATELY.

PLEASE REMEMBER THIS!!!

LINGUISTIC DISCOURSE

SOCIOLINGUISTIC

STRATEGIC

FOUR COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

Linguistic competence is the knowledge of the language code, i.e. its grammar and vocabulary, and also of the conventions of its written representation (script and orthography).

grammar component includes:PhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemantics

FOUR COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

Sociolinguistic competence is the knowledge of socio-cultural rules of use, i.e. knowing how to use and respond to language appropriately.

appropriateness depends on:setting of the communicationTopicrelationships among the people communicatingknowing what the taboos arewhat politeness indices are usedwhat the politically correct term would be for

somethinghow a specific attitude (authority, friendliness,

courtesy, irony etc.) is expressed

FOUR COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

Discourse competence is the knowledge of how to produce and comprehend oral or written texts in the modes of speaking/writing and listening/reading respectively. It’s knowing how to combine language structures into a cohesive and coherent oral or written text of different types.

discourse competence deals with:organizing words, phrases and sentences in

order to create conversations, speeches, poetry, email messages, newspaper articles etc.

FOUR COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

Strategic competence is the ability to recognize and repair communication breakdowns before, during, or after they occur.

For instance:the speaker may not know a certain word, thus

will plan to either paraphrase, or ask what that word is in the target language.

During the conversation, background noise or other factors may hinder communication; thus the speaker must know how to keep the communication channel open.

After, clarifications can be made if the presentation of the topic was not clear enough.

FOUR COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

Hymes developed a valuable model to assist the identification and labeling of components of linguistic interaction that was driven by his view that, in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used.

The "S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G" Model

The model had sixteen components that can be applied to many sorts of discourse: message form; message content; setting; scene; speaker/sender; addressor; hearer/receiver/audience; addressee; purposes (outcomes); purposes (goals); key; channels; forms of speech; norms of interaction; norms of interpretation; and genres.

The "S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G" Model

Hymes constructed the acronym SPEAKING, under which he grouped the sixteen components within eight divisions:S - Setting and SceneP - ParticipantsE - EndsA - Act SequenceK - KeyI - InstrumentalitiesN – NormsG - Genre

The "S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G" Model

Setting – physical

circumstances

Scene – psychological

setting or cultural definition

Setting and Scene

Which shows the Setting? Scene?

• Speaker

and audience

- Audience can

be

distinguished

as

ADDRESSEES

and OTHER

HEARERS

Participants

EndsPurposes, goals, and outcomes

Act SequenceForm and order of the event

KeyClues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act

InstrumentalitiesForms and styles of speech.

NormsSocial rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reaction.

GenreThe kind of speech act or event; for the example used here, the kind of story.

Moving on…

Getting to Know…

LYLE

BACHMAN

Chair of the Department of Applied Linguistics and TESL at the University of California, Los Angeles

“ Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing” (1990) and “Language Testing in Practice” (1996), co-authored with Adrian Palmer

lfb@humnet.ucla.edu

BACHMAN

Language Competence

Organizational Competence

Grammatical Competence

Textual Competenc

e

Pragmatic Competence

Illocutionary Competenc

e

Sociolinguistic

Competence

COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE COMPETENCE (BACHMAN, 1990)

BACHMAN• The organizational competence is divided into

grammatical competence and textual competence.

• Bachman’s grammatical competence is consonant with Canale and Swain’s grammatical competence.

The textual competence, pertains to the knowledge of conventions for cohesion and coherenceand rehetorical organization. It also includes conventions for language use in conversations, involving starting, maintaining, and closing conversations.

• Bachman’s textual competence have both the part of Canale and Swain’s discourse competence and

the part of their strategic competence.

BACHMAN’S VIEWBachman’s pragmatic competence, mainly

focuses on the relationship between what one says in his or her communicative acts and what functionshe or she intends to perform through his or her utterances.

Bachman, Lyle (1990). Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Retrived from http://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Fundamental_Considerations_in_Language_T.html?id=5_KJCfkWgqcC&redir_esc=y

Chomsky, Noam (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press

Hymes, Dell H. (1966). “Two Types of Linguistic Relativity.” In Bright, W. Socioliguistics. The Hague: Movton pp. 114-158

Hymes, Dell H. (1972). “On Communicative Competence.” InPride, JB; Holmes, J, Sociolinguistics: Selected Readings. Harmonds Worth: Penguin pp. 269-293

References

http://humanidades.uprrp.edu/smjeg/reserva/Estudios%20Hispanicos/espa3246/Prof%20Sunny%20Cabrera/ESPA%203246%20-%20On%20Communicative%20Competence%20p%2053-73.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Hymeshttp://anthropology.virginia.edu/node/1366https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_

competencehttp://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/1040

0/1/RAEI_21_09.pdfhttp://www.zoltandornyei.co.uk/uploads/1995-

celce-murcia-dornyei-thurrell-ial.pdfhttp://www.appling.ucla.edu/faculty/bachman

/http://elearning.la.psu.edu/aplng802/lesson-3/

four-areas-of-communicative-competence-discourse-and-strategic-competence

References

THE END!!!