iaps 2004 eman el-nachar, ph.d. assistant professor department of architecture faculty of fine arts...
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IAPS 2004
Eman El-Nachar, Ph.D.Assistant Professor
Department of ArchitectureFaculty of Fine Arts
Cairo, Egypt
Rethinking Qualities of Children’s Play AreasRethinking Qualities of Children’s Play Areas
Toward a Developmental Approach Toward a Developmental Approach for Evaluating Residential Outdoor Spacesfor Evaluating Residential Outdoor Spaces
Rethinking Qualities of Children’s Play AreasRethinking Qualities of Children’s Play Areas
Toward a Developmental Approach Toward a Developmental Approach for Evaluating Residential Outdoor Spacesfor Evaluating Residential Outdoor Spaces
Research Scope:Research Scope:Research Scope:Research Scope:
Designing residential streets is usually based
on intuitive problem solving approach.
Designing residential streets is usually based
on intuitive problem solving approach.
Research and evaluation methods
for testing qualities of residential streets
with respect to children play
are very rare.
Research and evaluation methods
for testing qualities of residential streets
with respect to children play
are very rare.
Free play in outdoor spaces,
has a vital role in achieving
child development.
Free play in outdoor spaces,
has a vital role in achieving
child development.
Residential streets are popular places
for children free play.
Residential streets are popular places
for children free play.
Residential streets have lost their role,
children play opportunities
are limited to the use of play grounds.
Residential streets have lost their role,
children play opportunities
are limited to the use of play grounds.
Research Research ProblemProblem
Research Research ProblemProblem
QuestionsQuestionsQuestionsQuestions
• What are the different developmental needsWhat are the different developmental needs that characteristics of residential streets may serve? that characteristics of residential streets may serve?
• How can the design of residential streets respond How can the design of residential streets respond to children needs of exploration and socialization? to children needs of exploration and socialization?
• What are the suitable evaluation strategies and methodsWhat are the suitable evaluation strategies and methods for residential streets with respect to child development? for residential streets with respect to child development?
• What are the different developmental needsWhat are the different developmental needs that characteristics of residential streets may serve? that characteristics of residential streets may serve?
• How can the design of residential streets respond How can the design of residential streets respond to children needs of exploration and socialization? to children needs of exploration and socialization?
• What are the suitable evaluation strategies and methodsWhat are the suitable evaluation strategies and methods for residential streets with respect to child development? for residential streets with respect to child development?
??
ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives
Identifying aspects incorporatedin the relation betweencharacteristics of residential streetsand child developmental needs …
Identifying aspects incorporatedin the relation betweencharacteristics of residential streetsand child developmental needs …
Developing framework for evaluation strategysuitable to test qualitiesof residential streets, with respect to child development …
Developing framework for evaluation strategysuitable to test qualitiesof residential streets, with respect to child development …
A Theoretical Analytical Study to Investigate:A Theoretical Analytical Study to Investigate:A Theoretical Analytical Study to Investigate:A Theoretical Analytical Study to Investigate:
Conceptual model explains the relation between child development and aspects of residential streets
Conceptual model explains the relation between child development and aspects of residential streets
Evaluative Framework for testing qualities of residential streetsEvaluative Framework for testing qualities of residential streetswith respect to child development …with respect to child development …
Evaluative Framework for testing qualities of residential streetsEvaluative Framework for testing qualities of residential streetswith respect to child development …with respect to child development …
Free play child development
Free play child development
Child development&
built environment
Child development&
built environment
How, where, when children play
in residential areas
How, where, when children play
in residential areas
Design for childPlay in residential
streets
Design for childPlay in residential
streets
MethodologyMethodologyMethodologyMethodology
Free PlayFree Play / Child Development / Child DevelopmentFree PlayFree Play / Child Development / Child Development
Free Free PlayPlayFree Free PlayPlay
GrossGrossMotorMotorSkillsSkills
GrossGrossMotorMotorSkillsSkills
Intellectual Intellectual SkillsSkills
Intellectual Intellectual SkillsSkills
SensorySensoryMotorMotorSkillsSkills
SensorySensoryMotorMotorSkillsSkills
EmotionalEmotionalSkillsSkills
EmotionalEmotionalSkillsSkills
Social Social SkillsSkills
Social Social SkillsSkills
Free play is central to child developmentFree play is central to child developmentChildren learn best through free playChildren learn best through free play
Free play fosters all aspects of child developmentFree play fosters all aspects of child development
Free play is central to child developmentFree play is central to child developmentChildren learn best through free playChildren learn best through free play
Free play fosters all aspects of child developmentFree play fosters all aspects of child development
Aspects of Free Play / Design ObjectivesAspects of Free Play / Design ObjectivesAspects of Free Play / Design ObjectivesAspects of Free Play / Design Objectives
Free Free PlayPlayFree Free PlayPlay
ExplorationExploration
DiscoveryDiscovery
CooperationCooperation
Social-InteractionSocial-Interaction
InitiationInitiation
InvolvementInvolvement
Self-InitiativeSelf-Initiative
ActiveActive
Self-MotivatedSelf-Motivated
SpontaneousSpontaneous
Non-DirectedNon-Directed
ImaginativeImaginative
Free of Adult Free of Adult Imposed RulesImposed Rules
CreativeCreative Associated BehaviorAssociated BehaviorAssociated BehaviorAssociated Behavior
Child Development & the Built EnvironmentChild Development & the Built EnvironmentChild Development & the Built EnvironmentChild Development & the Built Environment
Social AspectSocial Aspect
Cultural AspectCultural Aspect
Physical AspectPhysical Aspect
Child DevelopmentChild Development ChildChild ChildChild EnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironment
• Children read the environment as something to interact with.Children read the environment as something to interact with.
• Children play, develop, and use the environment in different waysChildren play, develop, and use the environment in different ways depending on their cultural background and socio-economic status depending on their cultural background and socio-economic status
• Ecological conception of children-environment interaction – Ecological conception of children-environment interaction – (Intersection theory of child development). (Intersection theory of child development).
• Children read the environment as something to interact with.Children read the environment as something to interact with.
• Children play, develop, and use the environment in different waysChildren play, develop, and use the environment in different ways depending on their cultural background and socio-economic status depending on their cultural background and socio-economic status
• Ecological conception of children-environment interaction – Ecological conception of children-environment interaction – (Intersection theory of child development). (Intersection theory of child development).
Design features Design features can have a direct impactcan have a direct impact on children development on children development
but more often, but more often, they work in ecological concertthey work in ecological concert
with family systems with family systems to affect development …to affect development …
Where & When ... Where & When ... Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?
Where & When ... Where & When ... Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?
Children play:Children play: - Where the most activities are occurring- Where the most activities are occurring- When they are together - When they are together
Children play:Children play: - Where the most activities are occurring- Where the most activities are occurring- When they are together - When they are together
The busier the street, the more appealingThe busier the street, the more appealingThe busier the street, the more appealingThe busier the street, the more appealing
Where & When ... Where & When ... Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?
Where & When ... Where & When ... Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?
Children play:Children play:Children play:Children play: Near the entrances of dwellingsNear the entrances of dwellingsNear the entrances of dwellingsNear the entrances of dwellings
Where & When ... Where & When ... Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?
Where & When ... Where & When ... Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?
Children play:Children play:Children play:Children play: When there is a chance for something to happenWhen there is a chance for something to happenWhen there is a chance for something to happenWhen there is a chance for something to happen
Where & When ... Where & When ... Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?
Where & When ... Where & When ... Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?Children Play in Residential Outdoor Space?
No people to look atNo people to look at
No trafficNo traffic
No people to look atNo people to look at
No trafficNo traffic
NO P L A YNO P L A Y??• That is why many playgrounds are unused or under-usedThat is why many playgrounds are unused or under-used
• Playgrounds provide only one small part of the totalPlaygrounds provide only one small part of the total opportunity for free play in residential communities opportunity for free play in residential communities
Designing Livable Streets for Child DevelopmentDesigning Livable Streets for Child DevelopmentDesigning Livable Streets for Child DevelopmentDesigning Livable Streets for Child Development
Free to explore places without threat of traffic High level of independent mobility Sociable in populated places Children are able to play everywhere loosely and freely Highly stimulating environment Opportunities for casual social interaction Allowing passive watch by adults Opportunities to get around and to experience life and activities Decreasing Segregation and isolation from adults life Allow greatest range of possibilities for skill and knowledge acquisition within variety of modes Designing for all ages –including the disabled
Free to explore places without threat of traffic High level of independent mobility Sociable in populated places Children are able to play everywhere loosely and freely Highly stimulating environment Opportunities for casual social interaction Allowing passive watch by adults Opportunities to get around and to experience life and activities Decreasing Segregation and isolation from adults life Allow greatest range of possibilities for skill and knowledge acquisition within variety of modes Designing for all ages –including the disabled
AccessibilityAccessibility
Barrier-Free(Walls / Fences)Barrier-Free
(Walls / Fences)
Barrier-Free(Home/School Trip)
Barrier-Free(Home/School Trip)
VarietyForm/Color/Texture
VarietyForm/Color/Texture
ComplexityForm/Color/Texture
ComplexityForm/Color/Texture
Spatial RelationshipsSpatial Relationships
Clustering of Housing UnitsClustering of
Housing Units
Quality Features Quality Features of Outdoor Spacesof Outdoor SpacesQuality Features Quality Features of Outdoor Spacesof Outdoor Spaces Design Design
GuidelinesGuidelinesDesign Design GuidelinesGuidelines
IntellectualIntellectual
Conceptual ModelConceptual ModelConceptual ModelConceptual Model
EmotionalEmotional
SocialSocial
Sensori-motorSensori-motor
Physical-motorPhysical-motor
Ch
ild
Ch
ild
D
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elo
pm
en
tD
ev
elo
pm
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hil
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- Families’ Demography- Background- Style of Life- Education- Socio- Economic Status
- Families’ Demography- Background- Style of Life- Education- Socio- Economic Status
- Dwelling Size- Clustering- Types/ of Outdoor Spaces- Circulation- Spatial Relations- Land-uses
- Dwelling Size- Clustering- Types/ of Outdoor Spaces- Circulation- Spatial Relations- Land-uses
- Accessibility- Barriers (walls/fences)- Complexity & Variety (colors/materials/forms/texture)- Spatial Relations- Natural Elements- Furniture- Equipment
- Accessibility- Barriers (walls/fences)- Complexity & Variety (colors/materials/forms/texture)- Spatial Relations- Natural Elements- Furniture- Equipment
- Attitudes Toward Street Life- Leisure Time Activities- Feeling of Security (traffic / strangers)- Regularity of Outdoor Activities
- Attitudes Toward Street Life- Leisure Time Activities- Feeling of Security (traffic / strangers)- Regularity of Outdoor Activities
Individual DifferencesIndividual Differences
Disabled Disabled
Gender Gender
Sex Sex
ExplorationExplorationDiscoveryDiscovery
Social InteractionSocial InteractionCooperationCooperationInvolvementInvolvement
ExplorationExplorationDiscoveryDiscovery
Social InteractionSocial InteractionCooperationCooperationInvolvementInvolvement
Social Social VariablesVariablesSocial Social
VariablesVariables
Physical Physical VariablesVariablesPhysical Physical VariablesVariables
Evaluating Qualities of Residential Outdoor Spaces for Children Development:Evaluating Qualities of Residential Outdoor Spaces for Children Development: A Multi-dimensional ApproachA Multi-dimensional Approach
Evaluating Qualities of Residential Outdoor Spaces for Children Development:Evaluating Qualities of Residential Outdoor Spaces for Children Development: A Multi-dimensional ApproachA Multi-dimensional Approach
• Dwellings size, locations, heights• The relation between housing units & outdoor spaces• Types of housing• Forms of outdoor spaces & scale• Spatial relation• Circulation• Distances from dwelling to school, market places, transportation• Types of materials used• Furniture• Landscape• Natural elements• Land-uses
• Dwellings size, locations, heights• The relation between housing units & outdoor spaces• Types of housing• Forms of outdoor spaces & scale• Spatial relation• Circulation• Distances from dwelling to school, market places, transportation• Types of materials used• Furniture• Landscape• Natural elements• Land-uses
QuestioningQuestioning Physical Physical AspectsAspects
QuestioningQuestioning Physical Physical AspectsAspects
Investigating Investigating Qualities Qualities
of Play Spaces of Play Spaces
Investigating Investigating Qualities Qualities
of Play Spaces of Play Spaces
Questioning Questioning Children’s Children’s ActivitiesActivities
Questioning Questioning Children’s Children’s ActivitiesActivities
A. Preliminary investigation• Where children play• How they play• When they play• Who are playing• Play activities• Games• Equipment• Type• RegularityB. Listing/Classifyingplay activities basedon developmental objectivesC. Identifying playspaces & plan physical aspects
A. Preliminary investigation• Where children play• How they play• When they play• Who are playing• Play activities• Games• Equipment• Type• RegularityB. Listing/Classifyingplay activities basedon developmental objectivesC. Identifying playspaces & plan physical aspects
• Observing children/ environment interaction• Designing integrative tools
Users Space Map- no.- age- gender- adults
Interaction Behavior-Exploration- Cooperation- Social Interaction- Involvement
Designing ElementsDegree of:- Complexity- Variety- Accessibility- Barrier Free
• Observing children/ environment interaction• Designing integrative tools
Users Space Map- no.- age- gender- adults
Interaction Behavior-Exploration- Cooperation- Social Interaction- Involvement
Designing ElementsDegree of:- Complexity- Variety- Accessibility- Barrier FreeArchitects, Planners, Architects, Planners,
LandscapersLandscapersArchitects, Planners, Architects, Planners, LandscapersLandscapers
Psychologists/Psychologists/Educational ExpertiseEducational ExpertisePsychologists/Psychologists/Educational ExpertiseEducational Expertise
2.2.2.2.• Family, size, ages?• Previous residence, how long?• Where do you come from?• Leisure time? Where?• Are children allowed to spend time in outdoor spaces? For how long?• Area secured from traffic? Strangers?• Children play with neighbor’s children?• Insist on accompanying your children in outdoor spaces?• Use outdoor spaces in other activities?• When, where?• Identify your trip from home to school? Market? Etc, …
• Family, size, ages?• Previous residence, how long?• Where do you come from?• Leisure time? Where?• Are children allowed to spend time in outdoor spaces? For how long?• Area secured from traffic? Strangers?• Children play with neighbor’s children?• Insist on accompanying your children in outdoor spaces?• Use outdoor spaces in other activities?• When, where?• Identify your trip from home to school? Market? Etc, …
SociologistSociologistSociologistSociologist
Questioning Questioning Social AspectsSocial Aspects
Questioning Questioning Social AspectsSocial Aspects1.1.1.1. 3.3.3.3. 4.4.4.4.
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