illustration of bootstrapping in the ffsf daniel messinger, marygrace yale kaiser, alan cobo-lewis,...
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Illustration of bootstrapping in the FFSF
Daniel Messinger, Marygrace Yale Kaiser, Alan Cobo-Lewis, & Peter
MundySupported by NICHD 38336 & 41619 &
The Positive Psychology Foundation
Events as unit of analysis
Unit of association = Patterns of actions (e.g., B1 & B2)
B1 B2
SMILE
GAZE
Overlapping behaviors create an expressive signal dependent on how they are patterned in time Beyond duration of co-occurrence
Generic Observed Patterns
– A BEFORE B. E.g., Smile before Gaze
A smile which begins before and ends within a gaze at parent’s face.
– A IN B. E.g., Smile in Gaze
A smile which begins and ends within a gaze at parent’s face.
– B BEFORE A. E.g., Gaze before Smile
A gaze at parent which begins before and ends within a smile.
– B IN A. E.g., Gaze in Smile
A gaze at parent’s face which begins and ends within a smile.
Expressions
Gazes
SM
Take Observed Pattern
SM
No SmilesGazesAway
Gazes at Mom Smiles
SM
SM
Separate into Observed Behaviors
Time
Smile in Gaze
Simulation Procedure
To Create Simulated Pattern
Smile
Gaze
SM SM
No SmilesGazesAway
Gazes at Mom Smiles
SM
SM
Observed Behaviors
Time
Use observed behaviors to create simulated sequences
Gaze
Observed Pattern
Smile SMSM
Z = (Observed – Simulated)/SDS
Smile in Gaze!
Simulation indicates patterns not due to chance
Simulated Random Pattern
SMSMSmile
Gaze
Time
Subtract
Repeat 2000 times.
Study 1: Early infant communication
• Facial expressions (smiles & frowns)
• Vocalizations (non-reflexive vocalizations)
• Gaze direction (gazing at parent’s face & other)
• 40 infants at 3- & 6-months of age in modified face-to-face/still-face
Facial Expression
Vocalization Gaze--?--
•Yale, Messinger, Cobo-Lewis, et al. (1999; in press, Developmental Psychology) •12 & 40 infants at 3- & 6-months of age in modified face-to-face/still-face
Facial expression & vocalization
Facial expressions encompass vocalizations in a pattern that does not change with age or expression - replicated
Facial Expression
Vocalization
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
SMILESFROWNS
Mea
n z-
scor
e
Voc-In-
Face
Voc-Before-
Face
Face-Before-
Voc
Face-In-
Voc
Facial expressions and gaze
Facial expressions – especially smiles - begin during gazes at parent’s face
– Stronger with age & smile
Facial Expression
Gaze
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Face-Before-Gaze
Face-In-
Voc
Gaze-Before-
Face
Gaze-In-
Face
Mea
n z-
scor
e
Vocalization & Gaze
Vocalizations and gazes at parent were not coordinated in time
Vocalization Gaze--?---0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Voc-In-
Gaze
Voc-Before-Gaze
Gaze-In-
Voc
Gaze-Before-
Voc
Mea
n z-
scor
e
Centrality of facial expressions
Facial expressions - both smiles and frowns - begin during gazes at parent’s face
Facial expressions encompass vocalizations
Vocalizations and gazes at parent were not coordinated in time
Dynamic formation of patterns
Communicative package is not pre-formed, but emerges through two links
Gaze at parent’s face sets the stage:
for a facial expression into which a vocalization
is likely to be inserted
Communicative signal dynamically assembles in real-time
Facial Expression
Vocalization Gaze--?--
Development of timing?Smile in gaze Smile after gaze
3 months
Mea
n z-
scor
es
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
6 monthsSMILESFROWNS
Face-Before-Gaze
Face-In-
Gaze
Gaze-Before-
Face
Gaze-In-
Face
Face-Before-Gaze
Face-In-
Gaze
Gaze-Before-
Face
Gaze-In-
Face
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