immigration transition and return migration in hong kong
Post on 19-Jun-2015
113 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
IMMIGRATION TRANSITION IMMIGRATION TRANSITION AND RETURN MIGRATION IN AND RETURN MIGRATION IN HONG KONGHONG KONGZhongdong Ma
Presented by Cheung Kin Man (Man), Wong Hoi Shan (Sharon)
1
IntroIntroImmigration plays a crucial role in HK
economic developmentHappened alongside the political
development of China and HK (both at her colonial and handed-over periods)
A brain drain reversal, i.e. return of well educated or skilled emigrants
The paper explained theoretically how the above happened and the findings on relationship between immigration and economic development of HK
2
OutlineOutlineThe Theoretical Framework: Comprehensibility
of Brain Drain Reversal5 waves of immigration in the development of
Hong KongNew Waves (plus Current Policies as of 2013)Summary of the immigration trendQ & A
3
Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical FrameworkDeveloping economy
-Cheap and abundant labour-Labour-intensive industries foundation growth
Results:-Gain in International trade-Capital accumulated
4
Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical FrameworkDevelopment processCapital and technical skillsDrop in demand for low skilled labourIncrease in demand for skilled labour and professionalsprocess of mobility transition
5
Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical FrameworkTheory of Mobility Transition
-restructure of industries-more advanced economy-more opening opportunity
Emigrants with human capital acquired from developed countries benefited most
6
Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical FrameworkExpectation
- returnees and migrants maintain their importance e.g. leadership and high professional position- the importance increase with more diversified backgrounds
7
The Development of Hong KongThe Development of Hong Kong
Population size:600,000 7.1 millions
Immigration played different roles in each stage of development
8
1st Wave: Pioneers of Development1st Wave: Pioneers of Development
Background- Second World War and Chinese Revolution- Fall in entrepot trade
Result:-influx of mainland entrepreneurs and workers, e.g. Shanghai- Skills and capital for labor intensive industries
9
2nd Wave: Labour Migrants from Mainland2nd Wave: Labour Migrants from MainlandTighten control of immigration from
Mainland- demand for low-skilled labor drop- Cause housing problem and other social problems
Immigration restriction policy- “Touch Base” policy (抵壘政策 ) which ended in 1980- Immediate repatriation (遣返 )-daily quota
10
2nd Wave: Labour Migrants from Mainland2nd Wave: Labour Migrants from Mainland
Illegal immigrants from Mainland- rural farmers with little education- mostly unmarried male- formed families in mainland
Immigration of dependents from MainlandObtain residence in Hong KongBring spouse and children
11
Age-sex Structure of MigrantsAge-sex Structure of Migrants
12
Marital StatusMarital Status
13
3rd Wave: Dependents from Mainland3rd Wave: Dependents from MainlandFamily reunion
- mainly mainland wives and children- Priority reason
Classification of immigrants- One way permit (80%) [單程證 ]- spouse(28%), children(48%), parent(3%)- sex ratio (61% female vs. 39% male)
14
15
Problems caused: Corruption
- only Chinese Government had authority- no transparency
Illegal immigrants- Birth of children by pregnant mothers- smuggling of mainland-born children
Right of Abode controversy in 1998
3rd Wave: Dependents from Mainland3rd Wave: Dependents from Mainland
16
Improvement- Ministry of Public Security in Beijing- new computerized point system- improved transparency eg. Scores
Consequence- perceive by locals- employed in lower service with low income-rely on public financial assistance
3rd Wave: Dependents from Mainland3rd Wave: Dependents from Mainland
17
1980s to early 1990s◦China reopened its door to the outside
world Small businesses in HK relocated their factories
back to their hometown, i.e. South Guangdong HK’s global and regional roles changed Foreign professionals were needed
◦More affluent households and more women to participate in the labour market Foreign domestic helpers were needed
44thth Wave: Foreign Domestic Helpers & Wave: Foreign Domestic Helpers & ProfessionalsProfessionals
18
44thth Wave: Foreign Domestic Helpers & Wave: Foreign Domestic Helpers & ProfessionalsProfessionals
Foreign Domestic Helpers◦ South-east Asians mainly from the Philippines and
Indonesia◦ 47.3% in 1986 & 55.5% in 1996 ◦ 1991 to 1996: 28.3% University graduates & 46.4%
High School graduates 75% highschool or above◦ Earnings: 500 US dollars per month, i.e. around
HKD3500 to HKD4000◦ Cannot become permanent residents◦ Young female maids
19
20
21
Foreign Professionals◦ From Developed Countries in search for golden income
opportunities abroad◦ In early 1990s
trade and the financial sector were booming wages in the upper level of the service sector driven by an
increasing demand for overseas professionals in large international firms
◦ Canadian, American, Australian and Japanese immigrants increased 2 to 3 times between 1986 and 1996
◦ In 2006 University graduates 72% Employed as managers and administrations (41%), Professionals
(25%) and Associate professionals (18%) Avg. monthly income of HKD45,000 with much lower tax rate than
their home countries
44thth Wave: Foreign Domestic Helpers & Wave: Foreign Domestic Helpers & ProfessionalsProfessionals
22
23
24
55thth Wave: Return Migrants Wave: Return MigrantsMigration to MDC e.g. Canada, the US,
Australia and the UK in mid 1980s to mid 1990s◦Between 1984 to 1995, 530K HK residents, avg.
44K per year migrated◦Peaked in 1990-1994 due to political
uncertainty created by the handing over and post 1989 Tiananmen Incident
25
55thth Wave: Return Migrants Wave: Return MigrantsBrain Drain to future Brain Gains (Skeldon, 1994)◦Migrants gained transnational capital◦ Diversified political and economic risks
Foreign passport enables emigrants to move, live and work freely between HK and a destination country.
◦ Bringing back the human capital accumulated in a MDC helps HK to enter the next stage of development.
◦ Asian Financial Crisis make HK people to realize the importance of a knowledge-based economy (e.g. the I.T. sector) Previous emigrants (brain drain) returned in response to rising
demand and job prospects Brain Drain Reversal happens!
26
55thth Wave: Return Migrants Wave: Return Migrants12% emigrants have returned: return rate:
8% (1987 – 1991) to 30% (1993 – 1994); 60.5% in 1995
Majority of returnees were educated young and middle-aged adults (31 and 40% respectively)
University degree holders 58%Almost 70% were employed as managers
and administrators (25%), professionals (22%) and associate professionals (21%)
Avg. monthly income HKD26000 (in 1990s!)
27
28
29
55thth Wave: Return Migrants Wave: Return MigrantsIn 2000s, Increasing volume and growing
importance of returnees in high professions◦62K (23.7% of total) in 2001 to 100K persons
(32% of total) in 2006◦Decline of expatriates from 21.7K (8.3%) to
14.7K (4.8%) from 2001 to 2006◦HK born returnees became more important in
almost every category, outperforming the local in sr. mgmt. and admin. (37% vs. 25%)
30
31
55thth Wave: Return Migrants Wave: Return Migrants◦ Adding the shares of two types of returnees, the findings
suggested that returnees play an important role in small business (61%) university teaching (56%) high management (54%) business (49%) health (45%) IT Computer (44%) planning and engineering (42%).
◦ Returnees help the transition and expansion of HK’s tertiary education, IT and business development
◦HK born returnees have their edge in combing best of tools: transnational human capita and local social capital as comparing to expatriates
32
New waves: Import Professionals New waves: Import Professionals PolicyPolicy
Pressure for more professionals to fill the market shortage in the face of global economic restructuring
In 1994, Pilot import scheme of Mainland professionals and skilled personnel◦ Graduates from 36 key universities◦ Skills and experience relevant to the jobs◦ Not allowed to bring families to HK◦ Eligible to apply for permanent residence in HK after 7 years
of continuous residenceLater◦ Professionals can bring their wife and children to HK◦ No quota for the importation scheme as long as academic
and experience requirements fulfilled◦ Alleviate the shortage of professionals and mitigate the
ageing population by allowing family members to stay33
New waves: Current HKSAR PolicyNew waves: Current HKSAR PolicyIn 2006◦Dependent visa holders can take up
employment w/o the need to obtain independent visa if his/her sponsor has been admitted into HK for employment or as capital investment entrant.
◦QMA (Quality Migrant Admission Scheme) launched with a max. at 1000 per annum General Points Test or the Achievement-based Poin
ts Test
34
New waves: HKSAR PolicyNew waves: HKSAR Policy
35
SummarySummaryHK’s development – immigration plays an important role
Applying the theoretical framework to the immigration waves of HK
Theoretical Framework of Mobility Transition
5 Waves of Immigration of HK36
SummarySummaryReturnees created a brain drain reversal by bringing
their transnational human capital and local social capital in high professions in various sectors.◦ helps facilitate HK’s transition and expansion of tertiary
education, technology development, global and regional business
New Challenge: Migrants from the mainland◦ Striking balance between the increasing pressure of
admitting the family members of past immigrants and the increasing demand for skilled workers and professionals from the mainland
Future direction: attract, train, and retain talents from the region and the developed economies to work in HK
37
Q & AQ & AHK’s population policy public consultation◦http://
www.hkpopulation.gov.hk/public_engagement/en/doc.html
Other questions are also welcomedThank you!
38
top related