immunology: diagnosing infections. what is diagnostic immunology? term for a variety of diagnostic...
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What is diagnostic immunology?
• Term for a variety of diagnostic techniques that rely on the specificity of the bond between antibodies and antigens
• Using antibodies to identify pathogens
Uses serological tests
• Direct tests detect antigens (from patient sample).• Indirect tests detect antibodies (in patient′s serum).
What are some serological tests?
• Monoclonal antibodies• Many techniques
– Precipitation reactions– Agglutination reactions– Complement-fixation reactions– ELISA– fluorescent-antibody– Western blot
What are monoclonal antibodies?
• Produced by specialized B cells.– Single type of Ab. • From any substance– Possible to create monoclonal
antibodies that specifically bind to that substance
• Can serve to – detect or purify that substance
• Useful– Uniform– Highly specific– Produced in large quantities
What are monoclonal antibodies?
• Immunotoxins: Mabs conjugated– with a toxin to target cancer cells.
• Chimeric mabs: Genetically modified mice that produce Ab – with a human constant region.
• Humanized mabs: Mabs that are mostly human– except for mouse antigen-binding.
• Fully human antibodies: Mabs produced from a human gene– on a mouse.
What are agglutination reactions?
• Involve particulate
antigens and antibodies.
• Antigens may be
– On a cell (direct
agglutination).
– Attached to latex
spheres (indirect or
passive agglutination).
Figure 18.5
What is direct agglutination?
• Antibody titer• Is the concentration
of antibodies against a particular antigen.
Figure 18.6
What is ELISA?
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
A positive direct ELISA to detect antigens
A positive directELSIA to detectantibodies
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