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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 1
ARTS-DS
Importance of Fundamental Research
for the Future of Aerospace Industry
in the 21st Century
Prof. Dr. Dieter Schmitt Aeronautical Consultant
16.02.2016
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 2
ARTS-DS
Introduction
Aeronautical Industry and Research Centers in Europe
Civil Aircraft market
Airbus - 4 phases of development
The research supply chain
The engineer supply chain
The future role of Universities in Aeronautics
Conclusions
Content
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 3
ARTS-DS 1. The Product „Aircraft“
Industry:
Research Centers: - Flight Physics
- Materials
- Light Weight Structures
- Systems (Fuel, cabin, Electrics, ..
- Aircraft + System Architecture
- Air transport system (ATM, Airport,..)
- Environmental Impact (Noise. Emissions .. )
Universities:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 4
ARTS-DS
a
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Civil transport aircraft
Helicopters, Business jets etc
airframe
integrator
en
gin
e
aero
str
uctu
re
Suppliers
syste
ms
Research infrastructure
Flight Physics
Structures
Systems
Etc..
Research
Centers
Universities
Labs
Airframe manufacturers network in R&T Development of Technologies in Aviation
Industry and Supply chain Research Centers
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 5
ARTS-DS 2. Air Transport Market
- The air transport market will double over
the next 16 years!
- 33 000 aircraft to be produced in the next 20
years
- Boeing and Airbus have a backlog of ~8000 A/C
Airbus
Boeing
- Airbus and Boeing have reduced their product folio
- to just 4 product-families
- Airbus: A320, A330, A350, A380
- Boeing: B737, B787, B777, B747
- Strong competition exists between:
- B727 vs. A320 new engines
- B787 vs. A350 latest aircraft designs
- B747 vs. A380
- B777 and A330 are targeting different market
segments, but new engine options are envisaged!
- No new aircraft developments are visible!
- Competition will be on aircraft production cost!
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 6
ARTS-DS
October 2006 AIRTEC 2006 Page 6
Production
Aircraft Design Cycle 25 years 20-40 years ~5 ~5
EIS
Research
End of production line
Aeronautics has a long term cycle
Development Development
In-service / operation
Launch
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 7
ARTS-DS European Aircraft Industry 1
Phase 1 : 1965 - 1985 - Creation of Airbus
A lot of national attempts to build Commercial Aircraft, but mainly for the home
market (Trident, BAC1-11; Mercure; Caravelle; VFW614);
No commercial success!!
A lot of trials to identify bi-lateral or trilateral agreements on governmental and
on industry side, ending up in
Concorde AS, BAe
Airbus AS, DA, HSA
Airbus consortium agreement signed
Airbus Directors have all been engineers!
R. Beteille, J. Roeder, F. Kracht, B. Ziegler
This management team was building on „innovative technologies“ like:
- Aircraft family concept
- 2-man Glass cockpit
- new materials (CFRP fin)
- transonic wing design etc.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 8
ARTS-DS
Kapitel 5 - Hersteller Lufttransportsysteme - Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Volker Gollnick
8
Saab
Selenia
Aeritalia
EFIM (incl. Augusta)
Aermacchi
Matra
Aerospatiale
MBB
Dornier
MTU
TST
Fokker
CASA
SIA Marchetti
Bristol
Hunting
De Havilland
Hawker Siddeley
Dassault
DASA
Aerospatiale Matra
Alenia
EADS / Airbus
Saab
British Aerospace
Finmeccanica
Dassault
CASA
MTU
Marconi Electronic Systems
BAE Systems
Aircraft Manufacturers Fusions in Europe (Status 2014)
Airbus Group
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 9
ARTS-DS
• Phase 2: (1985 – 2000) Airbus enters market!
• After the difficult start of Airbus A300, A310 and A300-600, Airbus
has decided to further develop his Airbus family concept by:
– A320 (EIS 1988) 150seater with a new cockpit and system concept
– A330/A340 (EIS 1992/93) common wing concept
– Beluga for Airbus internal transport aircraft, replacing Super-Guppy
– A340-500/600 as very long range aircraft
• Several international cooperations are investigated on:
– VLCT - Very large Commercial aircraft
– SCT Supersonic commercial Transport (Concorde Successor!)
leading finally to develop the
• A3XX concept
• Airbus building on Technology as main driver to further increase
market share !
Airbus the Innovator!
European Aircraft Industry 2
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 10
ARTS-DS Family Concept for Airbus
Source: Airbus 4000 6000 8000
100
200
300
400
700
Seats
Range [nm]
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 11
ARTS-DS Technology as driver for success
A300B2 A310-200 A320-200 A330-300
A340-300 A340-600 A380
A310
CFRP vertical fin
2 man-cockpit
A300
twin-engine,
twin-aisle a/c
A320
Sidestick controller
Second generation
digital
auto flight system
A380
CFRP centre
wing box
Variable
Frequency
generator
A330/A340
All new advanced
technology wing
CFRP bulkhead
1970 1980 1990 2000
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 12
ARTS-DS
• Research in Phase 2 (1985 – 2000)
• The Airbus partners (AS; BAe, DASA) were responsible and also in
some competition with respect to new technologies
– national research programmes to support the national industry partners!
– EC started with BRITE/EURAM and FP5 and FP6 to support the Aeronautical
Research basis
• GATT Agreement 1992 to define financial support for research and
development in Aerospace
• Airbus Industrie GIE started to have a small budget for research
– there was a need to show to the market (airlines) that Airbus has a future and
has a concept for future aircraft improvements and new technologies features
– Joint Technology Working groups with partners were established
– Cooperations and exchange with research establishments and Universities
started (but still on a low level, Airbus partners were the final partners
– Airbus GIE was proposing and starting flight tests with
• Laminar fin
• Riblets
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 13
ARTS-DS
• Airbus phase 3: (2000 – 2008)
• Integration to a „single company“
• Airbus Industries GIE Airbus SAS
• Launch of A380
• internal harmonization of methods and tools
• reduction of duplication in engineering and in research
• concentration in production units
• concentration of engineering centers
• Spezialization of production sites
• Topmanagers are no longer engineers but financial officers and/or product
managers
• With A380 development a complete product portfolio is created
• „Shareholder value“ becomes an important „management driver“
European Aircraft Industry 3
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 14
ARTS-DS
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Cash Flow
CF+ Interest
Develop Cost
Expenses
Income
BEP Break-Even Point
Years
Income
Expenses
Cash [$]
EIS Entry into Service
Go Ahead
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 15
ARTS-DS
• Research phase 3: (2000 – 2008)
• ACARE Vision 2020 was prepared and issued (SRA1 and SRA2 followed)
• FP6, FP7 had an increasing part on Aeronautical research
• EU projects (level 1 and 2) were well received by the aeronautical industry
in Europe
• EASN was created to strengthen their cooperation and chances in
research!
• EREA was created to better align EU research activities
• However:
• In addition to the actual EU FP6/7 programme the industry needs financial
help to conduct their necessary readiness programmes (proof of concept)
which are very costly. A multinational European financing concept has to
be developed to give the European Airframe industry a similar financial
support as their competitors receive from NASA / USA government!
• Ideas for CLEAN SKY started and the JTI „Clean Sky“ was created as PPP
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 16
ARTS-DS
• Phase 4: (2008 – 2020) Production • Thales, Safran, Liebherr, Rolls-Royce are strong European
players
• EADS is changing to Airbus Group
• Airbus Commercial is the dominant division within Airbus group
• With A380 EIS Airbus has create a complete product portfolio!
• The product portfolio from Airbus and Boeing are matching!
• The risk of developing new aircraft (A3xx) is postponed!
No new aircraft development expected for the next 15-20 Years!
• The new products are named - „neo (new engine option)“
• Main research axis is „reduction of unit cost“
• Airbus concentrates of engineering centers and production plants
• Managers are no longer engineers but financial officers and product-
managers
• „Shareholder value“ is the important management driver
European Aircraft Industry 4
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 17
ARTS-DS
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 5000 10000
A 350A 330
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 5000 10000
B 787
B 777
B 747
B 737
Airbus Boeing
A 380
A 320
Seats Seats
Range (nm) Range (nm)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 18
ARTS-DS
• Research phase 4: (From 2008 – 2020)
• JTI‘s SESAR and CLEAN SKY started!
• The industry is very happy and uses this instrument successfully!
CLEAN SKY 1 is finishing and CS2 has started
Research Centers and Universities:
• CLEAN Sky is offering chances for RE and Universities but with very
specific applications.
• The Horizon 2020 research funding for aeronautics is strongly reduced
• Funding instruments which offer Level 1 and even Level 0 projects for
aeronautical tasks are difficult to obtain, partly on a national level!
• Universities need in addition to the education also research subjects with
items, which allow to develop innovative aircraft design concepts.
• Classical subjects as outlined in „Out of the Box“ are more difficult to get
financed.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 19
ARTS-DS
• Universities have in the engineering education a double
role:
1. Teachers: Developing excellent young engineers for the
industry:
- Providing attractive lectures and skills for students!
- Professors should have a good industrial background!
2. Researchers: Doing research in close link with industry‘ needs
- Master thesis and PhD thesis for students in close
cooperation with the industry.
- Common research activities with industry
Aeronautics is fascinating for young engineering students!
– The subject requires still a multidisciplinary approach and there
are still a lot of innovations expected for the future!
– Developing own innovative aircraft concepts is a fascinating task.
Available innovative engines and systems allow to build UAVs for
several applications and the aircrtaft can be flight-tested directly!
Role of Universities
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 20
ARTS-DS
• The technology items for industry are changing
– Today all efforts are more focussed toeduce production cost and
production time
– The industry is less interested by research on new aircraft
concepts and basic flight physics and materials research!
• The focus in European Research is mainly directed to industry
needs!
• However the Universities and partly also RCs have a need for basic
longterm concepts to motivate young engineers and scientific
researchers!
• Developing the next generation of excellent engineers for the
European Aeronautical Industry is the main task for
Universities, but this requires also basic Research Activities!
Conclusion
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 23
ARTS-DS Typical life cycle of a civil program
Years 5 3 2 5 30 - 40 20
Pro
du
ct
su
pp
ort
Product Support
Pro
-
du
cti
on
Series Production Spares Production
Basic Concept
related
Project
related Res
ea
rch
D
eve
lop
me
nt
Feasibility
phase
Concept
phase
Defi-
nition
phase
Development
phase
Product improvement
Basic version
Product improvement
(Stretch, MTOW)
Modifications
Retire-
ment Delivery last
A/C in series
Delivery first
A/C in series Go Ahead
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 24
ARTS-DS
Aircraft
Integrator
Integration
Compressors
Combustion Cham.
Turbines
Power Generation
Casing structure
FADEC
etc.
Avionics
Power syst.
Cabin syst.
Flight control
High Lift syst.
Fuel system
APU
etc .
Wing
Fuselage
Tailplanes
Pylons
Undercarriage
Movables
Cockpit
Structure Systems Propulsion System
OEM (Overall Equipment
Manufacturer)
1st level
Supplier
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 25
ARTS-DS Time – Cost – Quality
· keep market share
· increase market share
· early breakeven
· confidence of market forecast
· availability of resources
Time
to
Market
at the right time in the market
Quality
to
Market
meet the customer’s requirements
Cost
to
Market
build a profitable product
· performance
· reliability
· profitability
· delivery time
· service
· market price
· DOC
· value
· competition
Magic Triangle
An optimum of all three areas cannot be achieved!
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 26
ARTS-DS Design Ambiguity
„The design engineer is forced from the airlines to provide optimum performance
guaranties, which are ambitious and include a certain risk
and at the same time, his mangement forces him to avoid any risks“
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 27
ARTS-DS Design Goals (1)
Target is an aircraft design concept, which
fulfils the set objectives/market requirements (payload, range, performance etc.)
provides an advantage in DOC of „x“ percent relative to the competition,
completes the own product family concept.
Respecting framework conditions like:
existing propulsion systems,
Take-off and landing requirements/performances,
further range and payload development capabilities,
maximum commonality to the other family members.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 28
ARTS-DS Design Goals (2)
Flying higher and therefore faster
Minimizing aircraft structural weight
maximizing specific range (flight distance per fuel unit)
Using aerodynamically „clean“ geometries
(ex.: swept wings for speeds beyond Mach 0,65)
Identifying optimum value for wing loading
Push wing aspect ratio to maximum/optimal value
Select light and reliable systems
These considerations are strongly interdependent
and are often difficult to optimize.
Ex.: higher aspect ratio higher wing weight
(at same wing surface!)
Design is an Art to search for an optimum Compromise!
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 29
ARTS-DS Aviation Industry
Marketing
Production
Procurement
Finance
Top
Management
Programmes Engineering
Strategy
Airframer
Engines
Supply Chain
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Schmitt 31
ARTS-DS 3. Political competition: US vs. Europe
- The civil aircraft industry is very attractive
for each developed country!!
- High level jobs in the country,
- a very attractive supply chain
-
- A new development program for an aircraft
manufacturer is very risky
- The development cost are in the order of
10 bl $; The RoI is only after 12-15 years!)
- No bank is ready to finance such a risky
development;.
- Cross fertilization from military programs is
used in the US
- In Europe, the national agencies are
providing launch aids to normal financial
conditions.
WTO: World Trade Organization
Boeing and Airbus are constantly
complaining about unfair governmental
support (Military programs in US –
Launch aids in Europe)
GATT Agreement
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
BEP
Precompetitive Research is accepted !!
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