important terms
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IMPORTANT TERMSIMPORTANT TERMS
RSCH 7100 Educational Research
ObjectivesObjectives
Differentiate between concept and construct.
Distinguish between types of variables:• categorical continuous
• dependent independent
CONCEPTCONCEPT
Abstraction from observed events General heading to simplify events Distillation of common characteristics Directly OBSERVABLE
CONCEPT EXAMPLESCONCEPT EXAMPLES
tree dog chair G. P. A. quiz grade IQ score GRE test score a test score # of words spoken operational definition level of hearing threshold
CONSTRUCTCONSTRUCT
Used to summarize observations Provides explanations Higher level abstractions Combines concepts Accounts for observed regularities
and relationships
CONSTRUCT EXAMPLESCONSTRUCT EXAMPLES
motivation listening vocabulary
intelligence reading readiness extroversion scholastic aptitude justice anxiety
WHICH ARE WHICH?WHICH ARE WHICH?
Score on the Georgia exit exam CONCEPT
Anxiety CONSTRUCT
golf ball CONCEPT
WHICH ARE WHICH?WHICH ARE WHICH?
# of correct answers on a quiz CONCEPT
School readiness CONSTRUCT
Computer literacy CONSTRUCT
VARIABLESVARIABLES
defined as a factor--thing that varies
characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals
CATEGORICAL VARIABLECATEGORICAL VARIABLE
Attribute used when participants are classified by sorting them into groups
Consists of separate indivisible categories
no values can exist between two neighboring categories
Examples of Categorical Variables
Examples of Categorical Variables
home language--English, Spanish, French, Italian, Russian, Cajun
ethnicity--Caucasian, African-American, Asian-American, Native-American
DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLEDICHOTOMOUS VARIABLE
A categorical variable when ONLY two groups are used
Examples Gender Male--Female Awake Yes--No Course Grade Pass--Fail Residence Citizen--Alien
CONTINUOUS VARIABLECONTINUOUS VARIABLE
Infinite number of values within a range
Divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts
Examples of Continuous Variables
Examples of Continuous Variables
IQ scores height age weight Anxiety levelsIOWA test scores GRE scores quiz scores
WHICH ARE WHICH?WHICH ARE WHICH?
age broken down into groups of 11-15, 16-19, 20-24, 25-29, and 30-34
CATEGORICAL Iowa Tests of Basic Skills test scores
CONTINUOUS American or Foreigner
DICHOTOMOUS
WHICH ARE WHICH?WHICH ARE WHICH? Income
CONTINUOUS Income: below $5, between $6 - $10,
between $11 - $15, and $16 - $20 hour CATEGORICAL
Income: Yes No DICHOTOMOUS
DEPENDENT VARIABLEDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Object of study Depends on/varies with independent
variable Observed for changes to assess the
effect of the treatment What is being MEASURED
DEPENDENT VARIABLEDEPENDENT VARIABLE
LAST variable cited Academic achievement or learning Abbreviated as DV
DV EXAMPLESDV EXAMPLES
What is the effect of parental status on SELF-CONCEPT among teenagers?
What is the effect of exercise on WEIGHT LOSS among senior citizens?
Is there a significant difference between boys and girls in MATH ACHIEVEMENT at the middle school level?
INDEPENDENT VARIABLEINDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Manipulated/changed by the experimenter
We study its effects Causative agent Occurs antecedent to the dependent
variable Experimental treatment
INDEPENDENT VARIABLEINDEPENDENT VARIABLE
FIRST variable cited Predictions made FROM independent
TO dependent variable Abbreviated as IV
IV EXAMPLESIV EXAMPLES
What is the effect of PARENTAL STATUS on self-concept among teenagers?
What is the effect of EXERCISE on weight loss among senior citizens?
Is there a significant difference between BOYS and GIRLS in math achievement at the middle school level?
TYPES OF IVSTYPES OF IVS ACTIVE
directly manipulated by researcher prior to data collection
look for its effects on the DV it acts on and causes changes in DV people can be placed in any of its
levels
Examples of Active IVExamples of Active IV
method of teaching (i.e., computer-based instruction, traditional instruction, cooperative groups)
method of grouping (homogeneous, heterogeneous, mixed-age, mixed-grade, same-grade)
exercise method (none, aerobic, abs)
TYPES OF IVSTYPES OF IVS
ATTRIBUTE an IV that cannot be manipulated Characteristics that cannot be
changed at will people can be placed in only one
level--the one they are already in an IV used as a descriptor of study
(i.e., all in study same on that IV)
Examples of Attribute IVExamples of Attribute IV
Age sex Ethnicity social class Marital Status Geographic Location Hearing Loss
WHICH IS WHICH IV?WHICH IS WHICH IV? Amount of alcohol consumed
ACTIVE Socioeconomic status
ATTRIBUTE---researcher cannot make someone low SES one day and
high SES next day Degree of vision loss
ATTRIBUTE
WHICH IS WHICH IV?WHICH IS WHICH IV?
Computer vs traditional instruction ACTIVE
Blonde vs red haired males ATTRIBUTE
Four different levels of exercise ACTIVE
TO BE REMEMBEREDTO BE REMEMBERED
Whether an IV that is normally active is active depends on use in particular study.
If all persons in study are same in regard to an active IV (e.g., same method of instruction), then that active IV is an attribute variable in that study.
ACTIVE--ATTRIBUTE VARIABLE
ACTIVE--ATTRIBUTE VARIABLE
All of sample exercise 10 minutes daily
• ATTRIBUTE All of sample have imbibed 10
ounces of alcohol• ATTRIBUTE
WHICH IS WHICH?WHICH IS WHICH?
What is the effect of anger on aggressiveness?
IV is DV is anger aggressiveness Anger--active or attribute IV?
ACTIVE
WHICH IS WHICH?WHICH IS WHICH?
What is the effect of sleep deprivation on final exam grades among college students?
IV is DV is sleep deprivation exam grades Sleep deprivation-active or attribute IV?
ACTIVE
WHICH IS WHICH?WHICH IS WHICH? What is the effect of gender and age
on memory skills of preschool children?
IV is DV is gender/age memory skills Gender and age-active or attribute
IVs? ATTRIBUTE
Yes,Yes,We are
DONE!!
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