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7/25/2019 Imports to Ostia 1-5C
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merican cademy in Rome and University of Michigan Press
Imports at Ostia in the Imperial Period and Late Antiquity: The Amphora Evidence from theDai-Aar ExcavationsAuthor(s): Archer MartinSource: Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 6, TheMaritime World of Ancient Rome (2008), pp. 105-118Published by: for theUniversity of Michigan Press American Academy in RomeStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40379300Accessed: 01-01-2016 01:45 UTC
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IMPORTSATOSTIA IN THE IMPERIALPERIOD AND
LATE
ANTIQUITY:
THE
AMPHORA
EVIDENCE
FROM THE DAI-AAR
XCAVATIONS
Archer
artin
1.
ntroduction
this aper wish o examine rendsn themportationf mphora-borneoodstuffsessentially
wine,
il,
and
fish
auces)
to Ostia from
hefirst
entury
.d.
to thefifth. should
tress t the
outset hat
willbe
discussing
he um
ofthese
oods
mported
n
amphorae
nd
not
necessarily
the ntire
upply
f hem o Ostia.
That
s,
ppropriately
or conferenceedicated o
ports,
will
be concerned
nly
with
hat
art
f he
upply
mported hrough
he
port
acilitiesfOstia.
Thisdiscussion
s
based on
the
preliminary
lassification
under
my
irection
nd
with
he
help
ofEricDe Sena
of he
AAR's
Archaeology
aboratory
nd
a
team f
talian, erman,
nd
American
students)
f
hematerial
rom elected
ontexts
xcavated
n nDAI-AAR
project
etween
998
nd
2001. The37
sondages
xcavated
ere
esigned
o
provide
maximumf
nformation,
articularly
with
egard
o
dating,
or lements
dentified
hrough
on-invasive
urveying
nthe
previously
nex-
cavated
reas
f he
ity.
ecause
of heir
urpose,
hey
ended
more
o
depth
han
readth,
hich
means
hat
ften he
ingle tratigraphic
nitswere
of
imited ize.
However,
y putting ogether
several nits f imilarate,wewere bleto create umulativeroups or range fchronological
horizons.2
deally
ne
wouldwant o have
continuous
eries
fhorizons f he
ame
ength
f ime
with
imilarmounts
f
material
n
eachone.
n
practice
e
have hree
roups
f ontexts
f
roughly
similar
ize
one
for
he econd
half f he
first
entury
.D.
nd two
ess
closely
efined
roups
or
the
years
rom
80 to
350
and
from
50
to
475)
and
a
larger
ne
for
he irst alf f he econd en-
tury),
ith
gap
between 50
nd
280. Of
course,
s the
tudy
f he
pottery
rogresses,
e
hope
to
approximate
ore
losely
he
deal,
ut
even
now
we feel hat
urresultsre
worthy
f
note.
A
particular
trength
f he
resent
tudy
s ts
methodological
asis.
All
he herds ere
etained
and
examined
or ttribution
o
fabric
roups.
his
has allowed s to
proceed
with
uantification
n
various
ways:
otal herd
ount
nd total
herd
weight;
heminimum
umber f
vessels
epresented
by
he
rim herds nd
a maximum
epresented
y
thenumber
f ll
diagnostic
herds
minus
oins;
and
finally
he
stimated
essel
quivalent
alculated
n the
basisof he
percentage
f
he
rims
re-
served.
ndeed,
he
omparison
f he
esultsf
he
different
uantifications
orms
ne of he eatures
ofa paper hatwaspresentedta conferencetBarcelona n ateantique ottery.3erewe have
used
an
average
fresults
xpressed
n
percentages
f
all the
quantifications.
hat s
significant
s
that
his
material
as
collected
nd
processed
with
he ntention
f
undertaking
tatistical
nalysis
1
For
the
project
nd
previous
ibliography,
ee
Martin t
al.
2002.
2
At
the ime he
election
as made he xcavators
ad not
yet
upplied
he
hasing
f
he
tratigraphies.
herefore,
e
were ble to
base t
only pon
the
eramic ate f he
ingle
stratigraphic
nits,
whichwill
nevitably
e
superseded
n
some
cases
by
other
ating
vidence.
3
Martin nd
De Sena 2005.
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106
ARCHER
MARTIN
Fig.
1.
Provenience
f
mports
t Ostia:
horizon
50-100).
Fig.
3. Provenience
f
mported
ine t Ostia:
horizon
50-100).
Fig.
2. Products
mported
t Ostia:
horizon
50-100).
Fig.
4.
Provenience
f
mported
il/
ish
auce t Ostia:
horizon
50-100).
of entire
ssemblages,
nlike hematerial rom lder xcavations
hat re still
eference
oints
n
the iteratureutwere
ubjected
o statistical
nalysis nly
s an
afterthought
ncemost
f he
body
sherds nd
possibly
thers ad beendiscarded ithout
ecording.
e
expect
he
DAI-AAR
ontexts
to
constitutehefirst
ajor
ublication
fmaterialt Ostia
to be
processed
n
this
way.
For each horizon
present
our
raphs.
irst show he
percentages
f
amphorae
f
any
ort
arriving
rom hevarious
egions
n
order
o
give
n dea of heir elativeommercial
eight
t
Os-
tia at the imenquestion. he secondgraph s ntended opoint ut what heOstianmarket as
interested
n
mportingybreaking
own he
mphorae
ccording
o their
ontents:
ine;
il and
fish
auces
grouped ogether
because
ne cannot
lways
e certain
f he
ontent,
s some
regions
exported
oth);
unknown. or the
purposes
fthese
raphs
take
nto onsideration
he
primary
contents f
the
amphorae,
s there s no immediate
ay
to
identifyossible
econdary
ontents
deriving
rom hereuse f
vessels,
which
may
nothavebeen
mportant
n
any
ase at
such
major
port
s
Ostia. The third
raph
llustrateshe
proveniences
f thewine
mphorae,
nd the
fourth
does the amefor he
ontainers or il and fish auce.
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IMPORTS
AT
OSTIA IN
THE
IMPERIAL
PERIOD
AND LATE
ANTIQUITY
107
Fig.
. Provenience
f
mports
t Ostia:
horizon
(100-150).
Fig.
7.
Provenience
f
mported
ine t Ostia:
horizon
(100-150).
Fig.
6. Products
mported
t Ostia:
horizon
(100-150).
Fig.
8.
Provenience
f
mported
il/
ish
auce
t Ostia:
horizon
(100-150).
2.
The
Horizons
The first orizon
figs.
-4),
attested
y
3,367
herds
weighing
1.7
kg,
overs hehalf
entury
rom
a.d.
50
to 100.Then
taly rovides
ust
ver
quarter
f he
mphora-borneroducts
t Ostia
and
Iberia
omething
ore han
third,
ith outhern aul and NorthAfrica
xporting
esser mounts
and the astern
Mediterraneaness
yet fig.
).
Whenwe turn o the
products,
e see that here s a
somewhattrongernterestn mportingine han il or fish auce fig. ). Italys theprovenience
of the
argest
ercentage
f wine
amphorae fig.
).
Within
taly, ampania representedy
the
typical
lack-sand
abric)
nd therest f
Tyrrhenian
entral
taly
ach account or bout
half,
hile
a
slight
ontribution
omesfrom heAdriatic. outhern aul
supplies significantroportion
f
thewine
mphorae,
ith beria nd
the asternMediterranean/Blackea area
exporting
ess and
NorthAfrica ext o
nothing.
il and fish auce s much ess
variegated
n
ts
provenience:
bout
three-quarters
rom he berian
eninsula
nd
one-quarter
rom orthAfrica
fig.
).
The
secondhorizon
figs.
-8),
with
,991
herds
weighing
04.8
kg,
ates othe irst alf f he
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108
ARCHER MARTIN
Fig.
9. Provenience
f
mports
t Ostia:
horizon
(280-350).
Fig.
11.
Provenience
f
mported
ine t Ostia:
horizon
(280-350).
Fig.
10. Products
mported
t Ostia:
horizon
(280-350).
Fig.
12.
Provenience
f
mported
il/fish
auce t Ostia:
horizon
(280-350).
second
entury.y
now
beriahas
gained
ignificantly
nd North frica o a lesser xtent s
suppliers
of
mphora-borne
roducts,
hile
taly
nd southern aul
bothhavedeclined
fig.
).
The
change
in
the
productsmported
s
striking:
ine tands t
only
third,
nd oil and fish auce reach
nearly
60
percent
fig.
).
Looking
t the
proveniences
fwine
mphorae,
e see ittle
hange,
owever,
essentially
nly
decline
n
winefrom beria ndan increasenthat rom he asternMediterra-
nean/Black ea area
fig.
).
The datafor
taly
ide
n
mportant
hift: ow
Campanian
ontainers
are rare tOstia,undoubtedlyecauseofthedestructionausedby he ruptionfVesuvius. he
provenience
f theoil and
fish-sauce
ontainers emains he ame as
in
the
previous
orizon:
a.
three-quarters
rom he berian
eninsula
nd
one-quarter
rom orthAfrica
fig.
).
The third
orizon
figs.
-12)
picks
p
the
tory
etween 80 and
350,
fter
gap
ofmore han
a
century.
ere
2,610
sherds
weighing
69
kg
wererecovered. he
proveniences
f the
mphora-
borne
products
re
quite
different
fig.
).
Now NorthAfrica ccounts orhalf f
them,
hile he
formerly
ominant
berian
eninsula
eclines o 16
percent.
he
percentages
or
taly
nd southern
Gaul
continue o decrease.
hose for he astern
Mediterranean,owever,
ise
ignificantly.
hat
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IMPORTS
AT
OSTIA
IN THE IMPERIAL
PERIOD
AND
LATE
ANTIQUITY
109
Fig.
13.
Provenience
f
mports
t Ostia:
orizon
(350-475).
Fig.
15. Provenience
f
mported
ine t Ostia:
horizon
(350-475).
Fig.
14.
Products
mported
t Ostia:
horizon
(350-475).
Fig.
16. Provenience
f
mported
il/
ish
auce t Ostia:
horizon
(350-475).
does
not
hange
with
espect
o the
irst
alf
f he econd
entury
s the
trong
nterest
n
mporting
oil and
fish
auce,
ontainersorwhichmake
up
two-thirdsf he
ample fig.
0).
Now the astern
Mediterranean/Blackea area s
by
far
hemost
mportantupplier
fwine
n
amphorae,argely
ith
Kapitan
and
I
amphorae
f unknown ut
probably egean
r Pontic
rigin fig.
1).
taly
tself
accounts
or
he econd
argest ercentage
fwine
ontainers,
ostly
mall
lat-bottomed
mphorae
from yrrhenianentraltaly. mphorae rom outhern aul stillmakeup a significantart f the
sample,
lthoughhey
re
ssentially
esidual,
s their
roduction
nds t he
eginning
f his orizon.
The
supply
foil
and fish auce s nverted ith
espect
o the
previous
orizon: ow
three-quarters
of he ontainers
omefrom orthAfrica nd
one-quarter
rom
he berian
eninsulafig.
2).
Horizon
(figs.
3-16)
goes
from
50
to
475,
with
,165
sherds
weighing
0
kg.
Here North
Africas evenmore
mportant
s a
provenience
han
n
the
previous
orizon
fig.
3).
The eastern
Mediterranean/Blackea area sthenextmost
mportant,lthough
thas ost
ground
with
espect
to
horizon
.
Italy,
n the
ther
and,
has ncreased omewhat. he berian
eninsula
as declined
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110
ARCHER MARTIN
and outhern
aul
disappeared
rom he
icture.
il and
fish
auce
till ccount or
y
far
he
argest
percentage
f he
mphora-borneroducts
fig.
4).
Somewhatmore han alf hewine
mported
n
amphorae
omes rom
he astern editerraneannd ratheress han alf rom
taly,
ith
minimal
amount
rom he berian
eninsula
fig.
5).
The
easternMediterranean/Black
ea area
no
onger
has one
major upplier
ut rather
range
f
amphorae
f different
rigins,
fwhich
alestinian
Carthage
RA
5-6
are the
most
mportant,
ollowed
yKapitan
and I
amphorae
nd
Carthage
LRA
3
fromwestern
sia Minor.
n
this asthorizonNorthAfrica
upplies
lmost ll
the
oil
and
fish auce
mported
n
amphorae
fig.
6).
The
only xception
s a small
uantity
rom
usitania.
3.
Comparisons
The
publications
f
the
mphorae
rom heTerme
el
Nuotatore
orm
he
tandard
oint
f ref-
erence or heclassat Ostia.4AlthoughheTerme el Nuotatore xcavations erenotdesigned
for
uantification
f the
ceramic
material,
ubsequent uantification
f the
diagnostic ieces
has
provided
nsight
nto he rends
n the
upply
f
amphora-borne
oods
at Ostia. This evidence s
particularly
elcome ecause
t heds
ight
n the
period
hat
s
acking
n ourevidence. or
ayers
between
he
Flavian nd Severan
eriods
he
Terme
el Nuotatore
material as been
presented
n
various
yntheses.
here s
no
equivalent
ynthetic
reatmentor he
mphorae
rom
he
main
ay-
ers
documenting
he
econd
half f
he hird
nd thefourth
enturies
t theTerme
el
Nuotatore,
although
ull etails
ave
ppeared.
The
provenience
f he
mphorae
ttestedt the
Terme
el Nuotatore
as been calculated
y
geographic
egions
imilar
o
this
tudy
ith imilar
esults.5
or the
Flavian
eriod
he hreemost
important
ources
f
amphorae
re
n
rising
mportance
taly,
Gaul,
andthe berian
peninsula,
eachwith
bout
one-quarter,
ith heNorth
African
ources
n
a
decidedly
econdary osition.
n
theHadrianic eriod here re wo mportantroveniences:
aul andthe
berian
eninsula,
hile
the
Africanources
ise o
the hird
osition
nd
taly
alls
ack to
fourth,
ith
Aegean
mphorae
making
heir
irst
ignificant
ppearance.
y
he ate
Antonine
eriod
he
berian
eninsula
nd
the
North
African
ources
re he
wo
major roups,
ith
taly
nd
Gaul
still
mportant
econdary
nes
and
the
Aegean
remaining
s
a lesser
resence.
he ate Severan
eriod
hows
he
NorthAfrican
dominating
y
far,
with he
Aegean
n
a clear
econd
place
and all
other
roveniences
f minor
importance.
n thefourth
entury
he
North
African
ources
re
evenmore
mportant,
hile he
Aegean
ontinues
s
a
decidedly
ess
mportant
econd
nd
the
ther
roveniences
re
nsignificant.
The
major
ifference
etween
he
Terme
elNuotatore
vidence
nd
the
omparable
orizons
n
our
eries
s
a
greater
mportance
f
Gaulish
mphorae
t
the
Terme
ntheFlavian
nd
Hadrianic
periods.
he
fourth-century
icture
or heTerme
el
Nuotatore
verlaps
n
part
with
ur
horizon
to
which
t s
more
imilar,
nd
to a lesser
xtent
ith
ur
horizon .The
atter
hows
diminished
importance
or
he
berian
eninsula
nd
an
increased
ne
for
taly,
ssentially
ccounted
or
y
Keay
LII amphorae, hich egin obe distributeduringhefourthentury.
The Terme
el
Nuotatore
aterial
grees
ith urs
n
howing
n
ncreasing
nterest
n
mporting
4
The
basic
bibliography
s:
Palma nd
Panella
1968;
Panella
1970;
1973a;
1973b; 1977a;
1977b;
Pavolini
977a;
1977b.
For Strato
in
Area
XVI,
dating
o the
fourth
entury,
he
most
useful
or
omparison
or his
tudy
n Ostia
V,
see
the able
ppended
o this
rticle
ith
he eelaborated
ata
from
he
able t
Manacorda
977a,
41-244,
with he
ddi-
tion
f
the
data from avolini
977a.
Other onsiderations
of he
mphora
material
rom
heTerme
el Nuotatore
ill
be cited
where
elevant.
5
See Panella
1986,
ig.
,
610,
for
synthesis.
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IMPORTS
AT
OSTI
A IN THE
IMPERIAL
PERIOD AND LATE
ANTIQUITY
111
oil.6
he value or efiniteil
containersose
romess han 0
percent
n
the lavian
eriod,
o more
than 0
percent
ntheHadrianic
eriod,
o almost0
percent
ntheAntonine
eriod,
omore han
0
percent
n
the ate
Severan
eriod,
nd to somewhat
ore han alf t the
nd of he
ourth
entury.
The Terme
el
Nuotatore vidence or he
provenience
f the
wine
mported
o Ostiacorre-
sponds
o what ur vidence hows.Gaul was
the
major
xporter
f
wine o
Ostia
n
the
Hadrianic
and Antonine
eriods,
with ome
coming
rom he
Aegean.7
talian
winewas of
relatively
inor
importance
nd
derived
rom
egions reviously
ot
oncerned
ith
he rade
the
Tiber
alley
nd
Emilia)
rather han
Tyrrhenian
entral
taly.8
n the
ate Severan
eriod
Gaulishwine
was declin-
ing
n
mportance
ut tillwell
represented,
nd eastern ine
ontainersontinued
o be
attested.9
In
fourth-century
ontexts ine
mphorae
rom heEast make
up
thebulk of those
recognized.
Otherwise orthAfrica
upplied
omewine
n
containersromMauretania nd
possibly
ome
of
the eries f
mall,
lat-bottomedessels.
The situation ith
il
and
fish
auce
containers rom heTerme el Nuotatore
lso
agrees
n
general ith urmaterial.he berian eninsulas themain upplier f mportedil and fish auce
until oward he
ndof he econd
entury,lthough
frican
roducts
onstituted
strongecondary
presence,
ith
NorthAfrica
aking
ver hedominant
osition
fter
hat.10
n
the
fourth-century
contexts orth
Africas
practically
nrivaled.
The
early
ifth
entury
ayers
rom
elow heCasone
del
Sale
current
useum
nd
office uild-
ing)
t the
enter
f
the
ity elong
o
part
fthe
range
overed
y
our
horizon .11North
Africa
is the
provenience
f ome
45
percent,
hile he
East
supplies early ne-quarter.
he
only
ther
significant
ontemporary
ource
f
amphorae
s the rea of the Strait
f
Messina,
with
omewhat
lessthan
percent.
s the
African
mphorae
robably
ll
contained
il or fish
roducts
ndmost
of he
astern
mphorae
nd those
rom he trait
fMessina erved or
wine,
herelativenterest
in
mporting
il
or
fish
roducts
emainedonstant t about60
percent.
The contexts
ating
rom
he irstalf f he
ifth
entury
ntil a.
450/470
rom he xtramural
basilica tPianabella orrespondo the atterart f urhorizon.12 hethreemportantroupsre
the
ame.
Africa
eads
y
arwith
7
percent,
ut he
ontainers
romhe trait
f
Messina
re
n
econd
position
t
12
percent,
hile he astern
mphorae
ome o
4.5
percent.
ere
there
ppears
o be
an
even
greater
nterest
n
mporting
il
and fish
roducts
han
t the ther
ate ontextsxamined.
4.
Conclusion
The shifts
n
the
proveniences
f the
mphorae
nthesehorizons
orrespond
o
trends hathave
becomewellknown
hrough
arious
tudies
ocumenting
he
rigin
f
mphorae
mported
o
Ostia.
6
See
the
data
presented
by
Panella
1983,
figs.
49-50,
260-261,
for elected
il containers
those
most
ecurely
attributedo that unction,uch sDressel 0) against on-
tainers
f other ontents
i.e.,
wine nd
fish
auces,
s
well
as ess-known
nes,
ncluding ossible
il).
7
Carandini
nd
Panella
1981,
91^92,
494;
Panella
1991,
290.
8
Panella
1991,
90.
9
Carandini
nd Panella
1981,
98,
500.
10
Carandini
nd
Panella
1981,
92^94,
496-497,
98-499
seem
o ndicate
hatAfrican
mphorae
or hese
roducts
were ncreasingrom heAntonineeriod hroughhe arly
Severan
eriod
o become
dominant
n the ate
Severan r
Gordian
period;
Panella
1983,
figs.
9-50,
260-261
shows
Baetican
il as second
to
Africann the Antonine
eriod;
Panella
1991,
90-291
also
places
Baetican il
n the econd
position
ith
espect
o African
n
theAntonine
eriod.
11
Martin
993,
07-208;
Martin
005,
62-63.
12
Ciarrocchi 993.
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112
ARCHER MARTIN
Amphorae
rom
yrrhenian
entral
taly iveway
irsto onesfrom he
berian
eninsula
nd then
to NorthAfrican
nes,
with moderate ise neastern ontainersn ate
ntiquity.
hus,
urdata
offer
merely
confirmationith he omfortf
more
olid
quantification.
The
change
n
emphasis
rom
mporting
ine o
mporting
il and
fish auce has
perhaps
ot
been
brought
o
sharply
nto ocus s
in this
tudy.
t
s,however,
phenomenon
ith
nteresting
implications.
he time fthe
change ccording
o our
data,
between
he econdhalf f
thefirst
century
nd thefirst alf fthe
econd,
orrespondspproximately
o the
nd of
the
production
of he
arge
wine
mphorae
f
Tyrrhenian
entral
taly
ssociated
with he lave-run
illas hat
ad
flourishedhere or everal
enturies,
hich till ominate ur
first orizon.
Discarding
he
highly nlikely ypothesis
f
sudden
rop
n
demand
orwinewith
espect
o
oil and fish aucebut
rather
ssuming
t
o haveremained
elatively
onstant
hroughout
he
period
from he irsto the
ifth
enturies,
ne
s facedwith
ccounting
or
he
rigin
f hewine o
replace
what
previously
as
supplied y
the
villas f
Tyrrhenian
entral
taly.
ere one must
emember,
aswas said at thebeginning,hat hispaperdealsonlywithproduce arriedn amphorae. he
difference ust avebeen taken
p by
wine
brought
o market
n
some
other ashion.13n the ast
few ecades t has often
een
recalled s a
general
oteof
caution hat
wine nd oil couldbe and
were
undoubtedly roduced
n
most
arts
f theMediterranean orld nd thatnot all
ended
up
transported
n
amphorae.
here s
iterary
nd
conographic
vidence
or
arrels nd skin ontain-
ers,
nd wine nd oil
moving
short
istance ithin local market ould
imply
avebeen
placed
in
miscellaneous
ontainers,
uch
s vino
fuso
till
s
today.
ur statistics
uggest
hat rom
bout
A.D. 00 a
greater
ercentage
fOstia'swine
upply
eached t
n
some
uch
way.
13
See De
Sena
2003
for
methodological
onsiderationsnd
an
attempt
o
estimate
ow
much
ofthe need
for il
the
hinterlandfRome nd
Ostia could
upply
about
ne-fifth
on
average).
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IMPORTS
AT
OSTIA
IN
THE
IMPERIAL PERIOD
AND LATE
ANTIQUITY
1
3
Appendix:
trato
of
AreaXVI at theTerme elNuotatore
The tablebelow
presents
he data on the
amphorae
rom trato of Area
XVI
at the
Terme el
Nuotatore
ccording
o current enominations
nd
grouped eographically
utwithout
ny
heck-
ing
of
thematerialtself.14
14
It s basedon Manacorda
977a,
able
,
pp.
241-244
with
the
ddition f he nformationontained
n
Pavolini
977
.
I
am
extremelyrateful
o Clementina
anellaforher
help
in
establishing
he
quivalences.
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114
ARCHER
MARTIN
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IMPORTS
AT
OSTIA IN THE
IMPERIAL
PERIOD
AND LATE
ANTIQUITY
115
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116
ARCHER
MARTIN
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IMPORTS
AT
OSTIA
N THE
IMPERIAL ERIOD AND LATE
ANTIQUITY
1
7
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