improving pa management - wwf rapid assessment
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Improving ProtectedArea ManagementWWF's Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology
Forests for LifeProtect, Manage, Restore
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Acronyms:IUCN World Conservation Union
NGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNTFP Non-Timber Forest ProductPA Protected AreaTNC The Nature ConservancyWCPA World Commission on Protected AreasWWF World Wide Fund for Nature
This summary document was written for WWF by JamisonErvin of Hardscrabble Associates, September 2001.
WWF, in collaboration with its partners and affiliates hasdeveloped the Rapid Assessment and PrioritisationMethodology. This methodology has been extensively peerreviewed, field tested in several countries and is currentlybeing utilised in China, Russia and South Africa.
For more information about the Rapid Assessment and
Prioritisation Methodology, please visit:www.panda.org/forests4life/parkassessment
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Contents
Introduction 1
Process and description of the methodology 2
Relation to other assessment methodologies 3
Analysis 1: Protected area management 4
planning, inputs and practices
Analysis 2: Pressures and threats 5
Analysis 3: Biological and socio-economic priorities 6
Analysis 4: Trends and outlook 6
Lessons from utilisation and field-testing 7
Conclusions 8
Questionnaire 10
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Int roduction
There are more than 44,000 protected areas worldwide (Phillips, 2000)
covering over 10% of the earth s forests (WCMC, 2001). These protected
areas fulfil an array of ecological and social functions. Yet many of theseareas are under threat.
A WWF/World Bank survey of ten countries in 1999 found that only 1% of
forest protected areas are considered secure, and a quarter are suffering serious
degradation (Stolton & Dudley, 1999). Similarly, a study of 93 protected areas
throughout the tropics found that at least 20% had experienced some degree
of land clearing (Bruner et al, 2001). In China s Wolong Nature Reserve a
study found the loss, degradation and fragmentation of giant panda habitatactually accelerated after the creation of the reserve, in some instances even
faster than surrounding areas (Liu et al, 2001).
Clearly protected areas worldwide face an uncertain future. These studies
underscore the urgent need to assess and monitor protected areas in order to
ensure that they fulfil the objectives for which they were established.
The World Wide Fund for Nature s Forests for Life Programme has developed
the Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology to promote improved
management of protected areas. This methodology is a powerful tool that
can assist protected area managers and policy makers in gauging the
effectiveness of their protected area systems. By providing data about the
threats, security, status and management practices of each area, the Rapid
Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology can provide a snapshot of the
overall effectiveness of an entire protected area system. It can also perform
several other functions: it can highlight the strengths and weaknesses of a
protected area system; identify weak and ineffective policies; uncover the
scope and severity of a variety of threats; gauge the degree of degradation;
and help to determine priorities according to the importance, vulnerability
and urgency of each protected area.
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A set of guidelines and recommendations have been developed for implementing the RapidAssessment and Prioritisation Methodology. The first of these is that the objectives of implementing the methodology should be clear from the outset; the use and distribution of information, the participants, available resources, timeframe and follow-up steps should allbe determined in advance. Secondly, the methodology is best suited to certain conditions,including a climate of trust and cooperation between park managers and administrators; anda system of protected areas with clear and similar objectives.
Finally, WWF strongly recommends that the methodology be implemented using one ormore participatory workshops with park managers, policy makers and stakeholders. Multipleperspectives can help ensure more accurate data, and can contribute to a deeper understandingof the conditions and threats of a protected area.
The methodology involves five steps. The first step is to identify the range of protectedareas to be included in the assessment. This step will depend on the objectives of theassessment. The KwaZulu Natal Wildlife Service of South Africa, for example, is assessingall protected areas within the province in order to gain a province-wide perspective. In the
forests of the Upper Yangtze River, WWF is focusing on protected areas sharing a commonobjective the protection of giant panda habitat. In Russia, The World Conservation Union(IUCN) and WWF are teaming up to assess all federal level protected areas nation-wide.
The second step is to assess existing data, including satellite images, needs assessments,annual reviews and scientific studies. Such data can be used to supplement and/or validatequestionnaire responses.
The third step is to administer the Questionnaire. In order to ensure consistent interpretationof questions and to foster discussion and analysis, WWF strongly recommends that thequestionnaire be administered as part of a participatory workshop, unless cultural normsdictate otherwise.
The fourth step is to analyse the data, both for each protected area as well as a comparativeanalysis across the system. Some analyses include the vulnerability, biological and socialurgency, and overall management effectiveness.
The final step is to identify next steps and prioritise actions based on the findings.
Numerous organisations have developed their own methodologies for assessing protectedarea effectiveness; Hockings (2000) reviewed 26 of these. These vary tremendously in theirbreadth, depth and focus. In general, however, they fall into two types adaptive managementassessments, and broad, comparative assessments. The former is a detailed, field-basedapproach that tracks improvements over time and provides managers with the in-depth analysesthey need to adapt their management practices. The latter is a broader approach that comparesmany protected areas, and provides policy makers with the ability to track system-wide trends,and to develop and prioritise appropriate policies and programmes.
In order to provide a consistent approach to assessing protected area management effectivenessworldwide, the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) has developed an overallassessment framework (Hockings et al, 2000). WWF s Rapid Assessment and PrioritisationMethodology is one of several ongoing efforts to develop assessment tools that are consistentwith WCPA s framework.
The WCPA framework includes six main assessment elements: context, planning, inputs,
processes, outputs and outcomes. The Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodologycontains all six assessment elements, as illustrated in Figure 1.
Relation to other assessment methodologies
Process and description of the methodology
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Context
Biological, socialand economicimportance
Site conditions Threats PA policies Policy
environment
PA Designand Planning
Objectives PA site design PA system
design Legal status
Inputs
PA funding Staff Equipment
Transportation Facilities
ManagementProcesses
Information andcommunication
Data
management Management
planning Monitoring and
research Financial
management
ManagementOutputs
Enforcement Boundary
demarcation
Fulfilment ofwork plan
Education Restoration Prevention
Outcomes
Degree ofdegradation
Trends
over time
Figure 1: Assessment Elements in the Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology
WWF s Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology is designed to be a broad,comparative assessment of the effectiveness of a protected area system. It can answer questionssuch as: What are the threats facing a number of protected areas and how serious are these
threats? How do protected areas compare with one another in terms of infrastructure andmanagement capacity? What is the urgency for taking action in each protected area? What isthe overall level of integrity and degradation of each protected area? How well do national andlocal policies support the effective management of protected areas? It also provides data foreach protected area in a system, and can be used as a baseline for future monitoring and evaluation.
The Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology can complement more detailed, site-level assessments by serving as a trip-wire for identifying individual areas that may warrantfurther study. It can also help in identifying broad programme areas, such as training or lawenforcement that may require detailed, site-level data. Figure 2 shows how two assessmentmethodologies could be used in tandem.
Figure 2: The Nature Conservancys Measures of Success Methodology and WWFs
Rapid Assessment Methodology: Two Complementary Approaches to Assessing
Protected Areas
Both The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and WWF have developed methodologies for assessing protected areas. Both consider activities thathave had a harmful impact on biological resources. Both focus on strategies to mitigate future threats.
These two assessment systems can be used in tandem. A broad and rapid assessment can help identify vulnarable, degraded and high prioritysites; a site-level assessment can help identify specific steps to prevent and mitigate stress to the area, and measure progress over time.
WWFs Rapid Assessment
and PrioritisationMethodology
PA system-wide level Analysis focused on threats,
pressures and policyinterventions
TNCs Site ConservationPlanning/Measures of Success Methodology
Site-level Analysis focused on
impacts to biodiversity andtheir causes
Actions aimed at improvingbiodiversity health
Develops system-wide strategies Assesses current and future threats in relation
to management objectives Considers influences on protected areas Focuses on management effectiveness Focuses on policy-level intervention
Considers pressures (stresses) and sources of stress
Measures specific stress to ecosystems Focuses on biodiversity health Develops site-level abatement strategies
for sources of stress Emphasises restoration and management measures
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Some Analyses
Analysis 1: Protected Area Management Planning, Inputs and PracticesThis analysis covers three aspects of protected area management: planning, inputs and practices.Planning includes questions on protected area objectives, legal status and security, and PAsite design and planning. Inputs asks questions on communications and information systems,equipment, transportation and facilities. Practices include questions on management practices,research, and monitoring and evaluation. The resulting analysis, as depicted in these graphs,is a broad picture of the overall management effectiveness of a protected area.
Planning
0123456
Ave3a 3b 3c 3d 3e Ave2a 2b 2c 2d 2e Ave1a 1b 1c 1d 1e Ave
Practices
0123456
Ave15a 15b 15c 15d 15e Ave14a 14b 14c 14d 14e Ave13a 13b 13c 13d 13e Ave
Inputs
0123456
Ave12a 12b 12c 12d 12e Ave11a 11b 11c 11d 11e Ave10a 10b 10c 10d 10e Ave
Combining the data sets of many protected areas enables broad comparisons of managementeffectiveness and identifies trends and patterns across an entire protected area system. Thegraph below depicts the results of management effectiveness for ten separate protected areas.
Comparison
of inputs,
Practices and
Policies for 10
Protected
Areas
0
5
10
15
20
25
PA 1
30
35
40
PA 2 PA 3 PA 4 PA 5 PA 6 PA 7 PA 8 PA 9 PA 10
14
13
3
7
32
13
14
6
14
15
7
9
6
7 8
8
5
15
14
7
13
7
6
12
14
7
9
9
4
PracticesInputsPlanning
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Analysis 2: Pressures and ThreatsPressures are forces or events that have already had a detrimental impact on the integrity of theprotected area. Threats are potential pressures which are likely to occur or continue in the future.Pressures and threats, which may include legal and illegal activities, should be determined inrelation to the objectives of each protected area. The graphs below depict the degree of pressuresand threats for a single protected area, which can be expressed by a numerical index.
Analysing the degree of an array of threats and pressures from many protected areas enablesa general understanding of their severity and persistence system-wide. The two graphs belowdepict all threats and pressures for a number of protected areas. The percentage indicates theoccurrence of each pressure and threat across the entire system.
Degree of Pressure Degree of Threat
12-16
6-9
3-4
1-2
M a g n
i t u
d e
Shortterm
1
Mediumterm
2
Longterm
3
Perma-nent
4
8Poaching
4Tourism
Permanence
12-16
6-9
3-4
1-2
M a g n
i t u
d e
Shortterm
1
Mediumterm
2
Longterm
3
Perma-nent
4
8Tourism
6Poaching
Permanence
Pressures System-wide Threats System-wide
12-16
6-9
3-4
1-2
M a g n
i t u d e
Shortterm
1
Mediumterm
2
Longterm
3
Perma-nent
4
85%Poaching
22%Tourism
15%Agriculture
65%Grazing
4%Mining
Permanence
12-16
6-9
3-4
1-2
M a g n
i t u d e
Shortterm
1
Mediumterm
2
Longterm
3
Perma-nent
4
10%Mining
70%Poaching
Permanence
15%Agriculture
55%Grazing
60%Tourism
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Analysis 3: Biological and Socio-economic PrioritiesThis analysis looks at the biological and socio-economic urgency of each protected area, asdetermined by its degree of threat and its biological and socio-economic importance. Thegraphs below depict the biological and socio-economic urgency for a single protected area.
Biological Priority
5
O v e r a
l l D e g r e e o
f T h r e a
t
Biological Importance
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
5 0
PA 1
Socio-economic Priority
5
O v e r a
l l D e g r e e o
f T h r e a
t
Socio-economic Importance
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
5 0
PA 1
By comparing the data from multiple sites, policy makers can assess which areas might receivehighest priority. In the graphs below, areas 1, 2, 12 and 8 would likely have the highestbiological priority, while areas 1 and 2 would likely have the highest socio-economic priority.
Analysis 4: Trends and OutlookThreats and pressures occur in a historical context. By understanding trends over time, certainpatterns can emerge that may help in mitigating and preventing pressures across the protectedarea system. This analysis considers the changes in pressures over the last ten years, thecurrent level of pressures, and the outlook for threats over the next ten years. The figurebelow depicts the general trend in the past (the left arrow), as well as the expected outlook for the future (the right arrow) for a range of pressures and threats of a single protected area.
Biological Priority
5
O v e r a
l l D e g r e e o
f T h r e a
t
Biological Importance
1 0
1 5
2 0 2
5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
5 0
PA 9
Socio-economic Priority
5
O v e r a
l l D e g r e e o
f T h r e a
t
Socio-economic Importance
1 0
1 5
2 0 2
5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
5 0
PA 9
PA 7
PA 6
PA 3
PA 5
PA 4 PA 1 PA 8
PA 2
PA 12
PA 11
PA 10
PA 8PA 7
PA 10 PA 3
PA 6
PA 5
PA 4 PA 1
PA 2
Tourism NTFP s Poaching Overalloutlook
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Comparing the overall trends and outlook for multiple protected areas can help in identifyingwhich protected areas may be most vulnerable, as well as provide a system-wide analysisof various policy issues. The figure below depicts the overall outlook for eight protectedareas. The information could also be presented according to individual pressures and threatssystem-wide.
Lessons from utilisation and field-testing
South AfricaKwaZulu Natal Wildlife Service of South Africa is undertaking an assessment of 115 protectedareas in the province in order to prioritise future funding allocations.
The results from the assessment will help the organisation identify the most vulnerableprotected areas. They will also improve public awareness of the problems facing protectedareas, and bolster efforts to increase governmental spending on protected area management.
The assessment, which includes both forested and grassland savannah areas, has so farrevealed a number of threats across the region. Some of these include the spread of diseasesfrom domestic cattle, the unsustainable collection of non-timber forest products, and theinvasion of alien plant species.
ChinaWWF completed an assessment of 21 interconnected protected areas, located on the easternedge of the Tibetan Plateau. These areas, which range in size from 7,600 hectares to 200,000hectares, all provide habitat for the giant panda, the tarkin and the golden monkey.
The results of the assessment revealed some serious threats, including ineffective reservedesign and management, conflicts with local communities, and encroachment on critical pandahabitat. In addition, the assessment highlighted a systematic lack of policy support for conservation.Because cultural traditions prevent open criticism of protected area management in a workshopsetting, WWF staff are seeking ways to triangulate data, through a series of direct questionnaires,personal interviews and secondary information sources.
WWF plans to use the methodology more broadly to assess protected areas within theforests of the Upper Yangtze - one of WWF s Global 200 Ecoregions.
Protectedarea 1
Protectedarea 2
Protectedarea 3
Protectedarea 4
Protectedarea 5
Protectedarea 6
Protectedarea 7
Protectedarea 8
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RussiaWWF and IUCN's Temperate and Boreal Forest Programme are collaborating on a projectto implement the Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology across all federal-levelprotected areas throughout Russia. The assessment process will include a series of regionalworkshops and meetings with protected area officials and local stakeholders. The project isalso aimed at increasing civic capacity and involvement in protected area management.
Threats highlighted during preliminary workshops included recreation, hunting, miningand logging. One of the unintended benefits of the workshops has been improved communicationand understanding between the Ministry of Natural Resources, protected area managers,researchers and NGO representatives.
AlgeriaThere is a strong oral tradition within the country. Data gathering techniques were modifiedto allow individual, informal meetings. Results demonstrated a systemic gap in research,monitoring and conservation capacity. Traditional and indigenous practices contribute to theconservation of the protected area, but are under-recognised. The main threats to protectedareas include grazing and logging.
MexicoAn assessment of ten protected areas in Mexico highlighted the need to consider social andcultural issues more carefully, to broaden participation to stakeholders, and to provide clearinstructions for the methodology s use.
Cameroon and GabonMost threats in the areas assessed are beyond the control of protected area administrators.Effective management will require national and international intervention. Most large-scalethreats are the result of pressures caused by European and Asian logging companies. Theremoteness of the area, and the inadequate communication infrastructure, meant that far moretime was spent collecting information than planned.
Protected areas vary substantially from region to region and from country to country. Theirmanagement effectiveness, degree of degradation, vulnerability, and biological and socialurgency differ considerably. The analyses presented in this methodology can enable policymakers to sort through large amounts of complex, multi-variable information, and to answerkey questions such as:
Which protected areas are most at risk? Which protected areas should receive priority? Which protected areas have strong capacity, and which are weak? Which protected areas warrant more detailed, in-depth assessments? Which protected areas are the most strategic conservation investments? What are the overall strengths and weaknesses in the protected area system? What policy interventions might be needed?
The Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology is simply a tool for asking thesequestions in a systematic way. The follow-up steps that may develop as a result of implementing
this methodology are the most important outcome of the assessment exercise.
Conclusions
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References
Bruner, A., R. Gullison. R. Rice & G. da Fonseca. 2001. Effectiveness of parks in protectingtropical biodiversity. S cience . Vol. 291. Pp. 125-128.
Dudley, N. and S. Stolton, 2000. Assessing Management Effectiveness in Protected Areas ,WWF; IUCN and the World Bank, Gland and Washington DC
Hockings, M. 2000. Evaluating protected area management: A review of systems for assessingmanagement effectiveness of protected areas . The University of Queensland, School of Naturaland Rural Systems Management, Occasional Paper 7 (3).
Hockings, M., S. Stolton, and N. Dudley, 2000. Evaluating effectiveness: A framework for assessing management of protected areas . IUCN Cardiff University Best Practice Series,IUCN Cambridge and Gland.
Liu, J., M. Linderman, Z. Ouyang, L. An, J. Yang & H. Zhang. 2001. Ecological degradation
in protected areas: The case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas. Science . Vol 292,pp. 98-101.
Phillips, A., 2000. Caring for the assets The effectiveness of protected areas management.In Rana and Edelman (eds.), pp 189 -205
Rana, D and E. Edelman, (eds.) 2000. The Design and Management of Forest Protected Areas , Papers presented at the Beyond the Trees Conference.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) , http://www.unep-wcmc.org
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NOTES
a) The PA provides economic opportunities for individualswithin or near the PA.
b) The PA demonstrates opportunities for sustainabledevelopment, consistent with the PA objectives.
c) The PA has a high level of subsistence and/or traditionaluse by local communities.
d) The PA has religious or spiritual significance.
e) The PA has unusual features of aesthetic importance (e.g.hot springs, scenic vistas, geoheritage areas).
f) The PA contains species of high social or economic value(e.g. medicinal value, food prototypes).
g) The PA has high value for education and or scientific research.h) The PA has high recreation value.i) The functions of the ecosystems within the protected area
contribute significant social or economic benefits (e.g.water recharge area).
j) The local community or economy is highly dependent,either directly or indirectly, upon the resources in the
protected area.
5. SOCIAL IMPORTANCEy m/y m/n n u0 0 0
0 0 00
a. Over the past 10 years,this activity has:
Increased sharplyIncreased slightlyRemained constantDecreased slightly
Decreased sharply
6. PRESSURESPressure:
NOTES
The impact of this pressure over the past 10 years has been:b. Range c. Impact d. Permanence
Throughout (>50%) Severe impact Permanent (>500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)Localized (
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a. Over the past 10 years,this activity has:
Increased sharplyIncreased slightly
Remained constantDecreased slightlyDecreased sharply
6. PRESSURESPressure:
NOTES
The impact of this pressure over the past 10 years has been:b. Range c. Impact d. Permanence
Throughout (>50%) Severe impact Permanent (>500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)
Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)Localized (500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)
Localized (500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)Localized (500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)
Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)Localized (500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)Localized (
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NOTES
a) The area is difficult to monitor, either because of too fewstaff, large size of the area, or remoteness.
b) The protected area management is under pressure to undulyexploit the natural resources of the protected area (e.g. is
expected to generate sufficient revenue to pay expenses,or is under pressure by special interest groups).
c) Bribery and corruption is common throughout the region.d) The area is experiencing civil unrest.e) Cultural practices, beliefs and traditional uses conflict
with the objectives of the protected area.f) The resource value of the protected area is high (e.g. the
protected area has stands of high quality timber, richmineral resources, high potential for hydropowerdevelopment, grazing capacity).
g) The area is easily accessible (e.g. near major roads, airstrips
and/or waterways).h) There is a strong demand for and trade in, products from
the protected area (e.g. desirable timber species, endangeredplant and animal species).
i) The area surrounding the protected area is experiencingsharp economic and/or population pressures (e.g. landshortages, widespread poverty, food shortages, high growth).
j) Recruitment and retention of employees is difficult (e.g.large scale disease, emigration).
8. LOCAL CONTRIBUTING FACTORSy m/y m/n n u
NOTES
a) The area is susceptible to, and has a diminished capacityto prevent, natural catastrophes (e.g. flood, fire, insectoutbreaks) because of widescale over-exploitation of natural resources and/or suppression of natural processes.
b) The area is susceptible to climate induced changes, includinga) protected areas with ecosystems at the limits of thelatitudinal extent of their range; b) protected areas with highelevation forests; c) protected areas with low-altitude,shoreline mangrove forests; and/or d) protected areas thatare subject to storms of increasing frequency and intensity.
c) The area is susceptible to air pollution and acidification(e.g. prevailing wind patterns transport air pollution, and/orthe ecosystems within the protected area are sensitive tothe effects of acidification.)
d) The area is susceptible to invasive, exotic species.e) The integrity of the hydrology of the PA is dependent upon
adjacent and/or regional land use (i.e. the area is susceptibleto water pollution, desertification, and/or salinization of the water table)
9. REGIONAL AND LOCAL INFLUENCESy m/y m/n n u
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14 Improving Protected Area Management
NOTES
a) The number of staffing is sufficient to effectively managethe area.
b) Staff members have adequate skills to conduct managementactivities.
c) There is clear internal organization (e.g. job descriptions).d) Staff support (e.g. training, supervision, monitoring) is
appropriate to the needs of the staff.e) Staff employment conditions (e.g. salaries, benefits,
working environment) are sufficient to retain staff.
10. STAFFy m/y m/n n u
NOTES
a) There is effective communication between all PA staff andadministration.
b) There are adequate means of communication betweenfield and office staff (.e.g. telephones, two-way radios,internet access, fax machines).
c) There are adequate systems for processing informationand data (e.g. computers, software, filing systems).
d) Data about the PA is available and relatively recent (e.g.satellite imagery, aerial photos, field study reports).
e) There is effective communication with local communitiesregarding all aspects of PA management.
11. COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATIONy m/y m/n n u
NOTES
a) Transportation means are adequate to enable effectivemonitoring and other critical management activities.
b) Equipment for field-level data collection is adequate (e.g.field glasses, back country gear, GPS monitors).
c) Staff facilities are adequate (e.g. staff offices, researchstations, field offices).
d) Maintenance and care of equipment is adequate to ensurelong-term use.
e) Visitor facilities (e.g. trails, signs, camping areas) areappropriate to the level of visitor use.
12. TRANSPORTATION AND FACILITIES
y m/y m/n n u
NOTES
a) There is a comprehensive, relatively recent writtenmanagement plan.
b) There is an up-to-date natural resources inventory, includingmaps of the area.
c) There is an analysis of, and strategy for addressing, PAthreats and pressures.
d) Specific goals and targets are identified for achieving
management objectives within a clear timeframe.e) Management planning continually incorporates and adapts
to new learning.
13. MANAGEMENT PLANNINGy m/y m/n n u
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NOTES
a) Management goals, targets and prescriptions are fulfilledwithin a reasonable timeframe.
b) There is an active restoration program, consistent with thedegree of pressures.
c) There is an active prevention program, consistent with thedegree of threats.
d) Education and outreach programs are consistent with thelevel of need in the area.
e) Financial management practices enable efficient andeffective management.
14. MANAGEMENT PRACTICESy m/y m/n n u
NOTES
a) The impact of legal and illegal uses of the PA are accuratelymonitored and recorded.
b) Research needs are clearly identified and prioritized.c) Staff performance and progress on targets are
periodically reviewed.d) The results of research and monitoring are routinely
incorporated into management planning.e) Research in the PA on key ecological and social issues
(e.g. species population trends, harvest of non-timber forestproducts) is consistent with the pressures and threats.
15. RESEARCH, MONITORING AND EVALUATIONy m/y m/n n u
The remaining three sets of questions pertain to system-wide analyses. These questions would not be included in the
questionnaire for each protected area, but would be discussed as part of the workshop.
NOTES
a) The PA system adequately represents the full diversity of ecosystems at a landscape level throughout the region.
b) The PA system adequately protects against the extinctionor extirpation of any species by protecting sites of rare,threatened and endangered species and their habitats.
c) The PA system consists primarily of exemplary andintact ecosystems.
d) Sites of high conservation value for key species areadequately protected.
e) The PA system allows for natural processes to occur at alandscape level throughout the country.
f) The PA system includes the protection of transition areasbetween ecosystems.
g) The PA system includes a diversity of successional andseral stages at the landscape level across the region.
h) Sites of high biodiversity are protected.i) Sites of high endemism are protected.
j) The layout and configuration of protected areas optimizes
the conservation of biodiversity.
16. PROTECTED AREA SYSTEMy m/y m/n n u
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16 Improving Protected Area Management
NOTES18. PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM DESIGNy m/y m/n n u
0
a) Laws related to protected areas (e.g. land use planning,land tenure, forestry and agriculture) complement PAmanagement and do not conflict with PA objectives.
b) There is sufficient commitment and funding to effectivelymanage and administer protected areas.
c) Goals of environmental protection and sustainabledevelopment are systematically incorporated into all aspectsof policy development.
d) There is a high degree of communication between naturalresource-related departments, ministries, and agencies (e.g.parks, wildlife, tourism, recreation, forestry, agriculture).
e) There is effective enforcement of PA-related laws andordinances at local, regional and national levels.
f) National policies promote widespread environmentaleducation at all levels.
g) National policies support sustainable forestry managementpractices throughout the public and private forestry sectors.
h) National policies promote the full array of public andprivate mechanisms for enabling land conservation (e.g.private reserves, market-driven certification, logger training,tax incentives).
i) There is adequate environmental training and educationfor government employees at all levels across all sectors. j) National policies foster dialogue and participation with
civic and environmental NGOs.
NOTES
a) National PA policies clearly articulate a vision, goals andobjectives for the protected area system.
b) There is an adequate percentage of land cover underprotection, consistent with the degree of biodiversity within
the region and the resources of the country.c) There is a clear and demonstrated commitment to protecting
a fully viable and representative PA network at a landscapelevel throughout the region.
d) There is a comprehensive inventory of the biologicaldiversity throughout the region.
e) There is an assessment of the historical range of variabilityof various ecosystem types throughout the region.
f) There are clear restoration targets for underrepresentedand/or degraded ecosystems throughout the region,consistent with the degree of past degradation.
g) There is ongoing research on critical PA-related issues.h) The PA system is periodically reviewed for gaps and
weaknesses (e.g. biodiversity gap analyses).i) There is an effective training and capacity-building program
for PA managers and administrators. j) PA management, including management effectiveness, is
routinely evaluated.
17. PROTECTED AREA POLICIESy m/y m/n n u
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INTERNATIONALSECRETARIATAvenue du Mont-Blanc1196 Gland, SwitzerlandTel: +41 22 364 9111Fax: +41 22 364 5358President (Acting): Sara MorrisonDirector General: Claude Martin
AUSTRALIAGPO Box 528, SydneyNSW 2001Tel: +61 2 9281 5515Fax: +61 2 9281 1060President: Robert PurvesChief Executive: David Butcher
AUSTRIA
Postfach 1, 1162 ViennaTel: +43 1 488 17 0Fax: +43 1 488 17 29Chairperson: Helmut PechlanerChief Executive: G nther Lutschinger
BELGIUMBoulevard Emile Jacqmain 901000 BrusselsTel: +32 2 340 09 99Fax: +32 2 340 09 33President & Chairperson: Guido RavoetChief Executive: Xavier Ortegat
BHUTANWWF Bhutan Programme OfficePost Box 210, Chubachu, ThimphuTel: +975 2 323 528Fax: +975 2 323 518Representative: Kinzang Namgay
BOLIVIAPO Box 1633Santa CruzTel/Fax: +591 3 342 9714Representative: Roger Landivar
BRAZILSHIS EQ QL 6/8, ConjuntoE 2 andar, 71620-430 BrasiliaTel: +55 61 364 7400Fax: +55 61 364 7474President & Chairperson: Jos RobertoMarinhoChief Executive: Garo Batmanian
CAMEROONBastos BP 6776, Yaounde
Tel: +237 221 70 83
Fax: +237 221 42 40
Representative: Laurent Magloire Som
CANADA
245 Eglinton Ave East, Suite 410
Toronto, Ontario M4P 3J1
Tel: +1 416 489 8800
Fax: +1 416 489 3611Chairperson: Michael de Pencier
Chief Executive: Monte Hummel
CENTRAL AFRICA
BP 9144, Libreville
Gabon
Tel: +241 73 00 28
Fax: +241 73 80 56
Representative: Dr Frank Attere
CENTRAL AMERICA
Centro Agron mico Tropical de
Investigaci n y Ense anza
Turrialba, 7170 Catie, Costa Rica
Tel: +506 556 1383
Fax: +506 556 1421
Acting Representative: Steve Gretzinger
CHINA
Room 901, The Gateway
10 Yabao Road
Chaoyang District
Beijing 100020
Tel: +86 10 6595 9891
Fax: +8610 65915731Representative: Jim Harkness
COLOMBIA
Carrera 35 #4A-25
San Fernando, Cali, Valle
Tel: +57 2 558 2577
Fax: +57 2 558 2588
Representative: Mary Lou Higgins
DANUBE/CARPATHIAN
Postfach 1, 1162 Vienna
AustriaTel: +431 488 17 253
Fax: +431 488 17 276
Representative: Phil Weller
DENMARK
Ryesgade 3 F, 2200 Copenhagen N
Tel: +45 35 36 36 35
Fax: +45 35 24 78 68
Chairperson: Johan Schroeder
Chief Executive: Kim Carstensen
EASTERN AFRICA
PO Box 62440, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 2 577 355
Fax: +254 2 577 389
Representative: Samuel Kanyamibwa
EUROPEAN POLICY
36 Avenue de Tervuren B12
1040 Brussels, Belgium
Tel: +32 2 743 88 00
Fax: +32 2 743 88 19
Representative: Tony Long
FINLAND
Lintulahdenkatu 10
00500 Helsinki 50
Tel: +358 9 774 0100
Fax: +358 9 774 02139
President & Chairperson: Elisabeth
Rehn
Chief Executive: Timo Tanninen
FRANCE
188 Rue de la Roquette
75011 Paris
Tel: +33 1 55 25 8484
Fax: +33 1 55 25 8474
President: Daniel Richard
Chief Executive: Cedric du Monceau
GERMANY
Postfach 190 440
60326 Frankfurt/Main
Tel: +49 69 79 1440
Fax: +49 69 61 7221
Chairperson:
Carl-Albrecht von Treuenfels
Chief Executive: Georg Schwede
GREECE
26 Filellinon Street, 105 58 Athens
Tel: +30 1 331 4893Fax: +30 1 324 7578
President: Thymio Papayannis
Chief Executive: Demetres Karavellas
HONG KONG
GPO Box 12721
Hong Kong
Tel: +852 2526 1011
Fax: +852 2845 2734
Chairperson: Markus Shaw
Chief Executive: Winnie Sek
HUNGARY
Nmetv lgyi t 78/b
1124 Budapest
Tel: +36 1 214 5554
Fax: +36 1 212 9353Representative: L szl Haraszthy
INDIA
172-B Lodi Road
Max Mueller Marg
New Delhi 110 003
Tel: +91 11 469 1760
Fax: +91 11 462 6837
President: Jamshyd N. Godrej
Chief Executive: Meeta R. Vyas
INDOCHINA
International PO Box 151
Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel: + 84 4 733 8387
Fax: + 84 4 733 8388
Representative: Eric Coull
INDONESIA
PO Box 5020 JKTM 12700, Jakarta
Tel: +62 21 576 1070
Fax: +62 21 576 1080
Chairperson: Haroen Al Rasjid
Chief Executive: Agus Purnomo
ITALY
Via Po 25/c
00198 Rome
Tel: +39 06 844 9 71
Fax: +39 06 853 00 612
President: Fulco Pratesi
Chief Executive: Cesare Martinelli
JAPAN
Nihonseimei Akabanebashi Bldg.
3-1-14 Shiba, Minato-ku
Tokyo 105-0014Tel: +81 3 3769 1711
Fax: +81 3 3769 1717
Chairperson: Teruyuki Ohuchi
Chief Executive: Michio Hino
MACROECONOMICS FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1250 24th St NW
Washington, DC 20037-1175
Tel: +1 202 778 9752
Fax: +1 202 293 9211
Representative: David Reed
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MADAGASCAR
BP 738, Antananarivo 101
Tel: +261 20 22 34885
Fax: +261 20 22 34888
Representative:
Jean-Paul Paddack
MALAYSIA49 Jalan SS23/15
47301 Petaling Jaya
Tel: +60 3 7803 3772
Fax: +60 3 7803 5157
Chairperson: Tengku Adlin
Chief Executive:
Dato Mikaail Kavanagh
MEDITERRANEAN
Via Po 25/c
00198 Rome, Italy
Tel: +39 06 844 97227Fax: + 39 06 841 3866
Representative: Paolo Lombardi
MEXICO
Ave Mexico No. 51
Col Hipodromo Condesa
06170 Mexico DF
Tel: +525 286 5631
Fax: +525 286 5637
Representative: Juan Bezaury
NEPAL
Post Box 7660, Kathmandu 2
Tel: +977 1 410942
Fax: +977 1 438458
Representative:
Chandra Prasad Gurung
NETHERLANDS
Postbus 7, 3700 AA Zeist
Tel: +31 30 6937 333
Fax: +31 30 6912 064
Chairperson: Hans Wijers
Chief Executive: Hans Voortman
NEW ZEALAND
PO Box 6237, Wellington
Tel: +64 4 4992930
Fax: +64 4 499 2954
Chairperson: Paul Bowe
Chief Executive: Jo Breese
NORWAY
Postboks 6784, St Olavs plass
0130 Oslo
Tel: +47 22 03 6500
Fax: +47 22 20 0666
Chairperson: Christian N. Sibbern
Chief Executive: Rasmus Hansson
PAKISTAN
PO Box 5180, Lahore 54600
Tel: +92 42 586 2360
Fax: +92 42 586 2358
President: Brig. Mukhtar Ahmed
Chief Executive:
Ali Hassan Habib
PERU
Casilla Postal 11-0205
Lima 11
Tel: +51 1261 5300
Fax: +51 1463 4459
Representative: Edgar Maravi
PHILIPPINES
No 69 Masikap Extension Cor,
Marunong Street
Diliman, 1101 Quezon City
Tel: +632 433 3220Fax: +632 426 3927
Chairperson:
Jaime Zobel de Ayala
Chief Executive: Jose MA Lorenzo Tan
RUSSIA
19 Nikoloyamaskaya Street.
bd.3, 109240 Moscow
Tel: +7 095 727 0939
Fax: +7 095 727 0938
Representative: Igor Chestin
SOUTH AFRICA
Private Bag X2, Die Boord
Stellenbosch 7613
Tel: +27 21 888 2800
Fax: +27 21 888 2888
Chairperson: Ton Vosloo
Chief Executive: Ian Macdonald
SOUTHERN AFRIC A
PO Box CY 1409, Causeway
Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel/Fax: +263 252533
Representative: Harrison O Kojwang
SOUTH PACIFIC
Private Mail Bag
GPO Suva, Fiji
Tel: +679 31 55 33
Fax: +679 31 54 10
Representative: Dermot O'Gorman
SPAIN
Gran Viade San Francisco 8
28005 Madrid
Tel: +34 91 354 0578
Fax: +34 91 365 6336
President: Prof Francisco D az Pineda
Chief Executive: Juan Carlos del Olmo
SWEDEN
Ulriksdals Slott, 170 81 Solna
Tel: +46 8 624 7400
Fax: +46 8 85 1329
Chairperson: Lennart Ahlgren
Chief Executive:
Prof Lars Kristoferson
SWITZERLAND
Postfach, 8010 Z rich
Tel: +41 1 297 2121
Fax: +41 1 297 2100
President: Brigitta Hellat
Chief Executive:
TANZANIA
PO Box 63117, Dar es Salaam
Tel: +255 22 27 00077
Fax: +255 22 27 75535
Acting Representative:Hermann Mwageni
THAILAND
PO Box 4, Klong Luang 12120
Tel: +66 2 524 6129
Fax: +66 2 524 6134
Representative: Robert Mather
TURKEY
PK 971, Sirkeci 34436, Istanbul
Tel: +90 212 528 2030
Fax: +90 212 528 2040
President: Okan Tapan
Chief Executive: Tansu Gurpinar
UNITED KINGDOM
Panda House, Weyside Park
Godalming, Surrey GU7 1XR
Tel: +44 1483 426444
Fax: +44 1483 426409
Chairperson: Sara Morrison
Chief Executive: Robert Napier
UNITED STATES
1250 24th St NWWashington, DC 20037-1175
Tel: +1 202 293 4800
Fax: +1 202 293 9211
Chairperson (Board): William K Reilly
Chief Executive: Kathryn S. Fuller
WESTERN AFRICA
08 BP 1776, Abidjan 08
Cte d'Ivoire
Tel: +225 22 44 8786
Fax: +225 22 44 8774
Representative: Souleymane Zeba
ARGENTINA
FUNDACION VIDA SILVESTRE
Defensa 251, 6 Piso
C1065 Buenos Aires
Tel: +54 11 4343 4086Fax: +54 11 4331 3631
President: H ctor Laurence
Chief Executive: Javier Corcuera
ECUADOR
FUNDACION NATURA
Casilla 17-01-253, Quito
Tel/Fax: +593 2 2 503 385
President: Rafael Teran
Chief Executive: Ricardo Moreno
NIGERIANIGERIAN CONSERVATION
FOUNDATION
PO Box 74638, Victoria Island, Lagos
Tel: +234 1 2642 498
Fax: +234 1 2642 497
Chairman: Brig Gen. M. Johnson
Chief Executive: Muhtari Aminu-Kano
VENEZUELA
FUDENA
Apartado Postal 70376
Caracas 1071-A
Tel: +58 212 238 2930
Fax: +58 212 239 6547
President: Enrique Sanchez
Chief Executive: Deborah Bigio
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Improving Protected Area Management 19
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Forests for Life
WWF International
Avenue du Mont-Blanc1196 GlandSwitzerland
WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of the planet's natural
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ensuring that the use of renewable resources is sustainable
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