in boston, 1821, a high school was established for boys that provided what kind of curriculum? ...

Secondary Education of the

late 1800’sED358

Part 2 : TEST information

In Boston, 1821, a high school was established for boys that provided what

kind of curriculum?

Practical and useful studies

Traditional and classical subjects

Why?

Boston boys’ high school

It was a follower of the Common Schools (which had a practical, useful curriculum)

AND IT WAS

An alternative to the Latin Grammar school (which was traditional and classical)

Soon after, in 1828, a girls’ high school opened and it

was very successful. WHY did it close after 3

years? Girls couldn’t do the physical skills as well as the boys.

Girls were needed at home for domestic reasons.

Girls stayed in school and rarely got employment

Boston girls’ high school

Because girls tended to stay in school longer, and didn’t get employment, the public viewed that as a “waste of taxpayers’ money.”

By 1860, high schools were

slowly growing, and not being

demanded by the masses. Which

of these statements are TRUE

about high schools then?Practical and useful studies

Traditional and classical subjects

Mostly scattered in the country

Mostly located in urban(city) areas

By 1860, high schools were

slowly growing, and not being

demanded by the masses. Which

of these statements are TRUE

about high schools then?Promoted economic progress

Promoted values of democracy

Insufficient number of students

Privately supported institutions

Boston boys’ high school

At that time, there was a sufficient number of students, thus less demand.

The schools were tax-supported by the public, and not privately supported.

Secondary schools

…”a reformer’s response to urbanization and industrialization.”

(p.136)

Explain what this quote means about high schools of the late 1800’s.

After the Civil War, there was a greater demand for Secondary education for

what reasons? There was a call for more trained

ministers and return to religious values.

There was a growth in population due to immigration.

There was rapid growth in industry and technological change.

Secondary schools

Because of the growth in industry and technology there was a demand for skilled workers: (practical studies)

The need for secondary schools was similar to the reasons for the earlier Common School movement.

“Kalamazoo” case of 1874, Michigan Supreme Court

What happened in the legislature about elementary and

secondary education because of this case?

Kalamazoo case

Both elementary and secondary schools would be tax-supported by the public.

By the end of the 19th century, high schools were publicly supported and established; they had replaced the Academy.

What was the main reason that Compulsory Attendance

came about?

It was driven by child-labor laws

To raise the literacy rate of African Americans

To bring girls back into education

Compulsory Attendance

By 1918, school attendance became required until a child reached a certain age or certain grade.

There was an increase in literacy; except for the African Americans

Compulsory Attendance

By 1900, children attended school for @99 days per year. (p.137-138)

Today, in Kansas, children attend school for @186 days per year.

http://kansasstatutes.lesterama.org/Chapter_72/Article_11/#72-1101

In 1892, THE COMMITTEE OF TEN was established for this

reason:

A need to re-examine policies on which social classes could attend high school;

Some educators were not in agreement with the “practical curriculum” in place;

For purposes of selecting a trained group of female teachers for high schools.

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN

The committee was appointed by the National Education Association.

It was mostly made up of presidents from leading

colleges, who were going to look at the purpose of and ‘bring order’ to the high school curriculum.

Which of these changes in the

high school curriculum were

recommended by THE

COMMITTEE OF TEN?

Practical and useful studies

Classical and basic subjects

Latin and scientific subjects

Modern language and English

Which of these were also

recommended by THE

COMMITTEE OF TEN?

8 years of elementary school

2-3 years of junior high

4 years of secondary/high schools

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high

school:The entire curriculum was to be

made up of college preparatory courses.

The instruction should be the same for both college bound

and non-college bound ‘terminal’ students.

CHARLES ELIOT, President of Harvard University and head of The Committee of Ten insisted that:

“All students should take the same types of rigorous academic courses.”

"...every subject which is taught at all in

a secondary school should be taught in

the same way and to the

same extent to every pupil so

long as he pursues it, no matter what the probable destination of the pupil may be, or at what

point his education is to

cease."

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high

school was:English, mathematics, and history or civics/government for every student every year in

high school Was this true of your high school required

classes?

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high

school:Formed the basis of the practice of taking natural science, biology,

chemistry, and physics, respectively, in ascending high school years

Was this true of your high school required

classes?

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high

school :was still classical and Latin-

scientific

offered an alternative to Latin and Greek with

modern (foreign) languages, and English

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high

school was: to establish some

standardization for students whether or not they intended to

go to college.

‘dominated’ by these college recommendations for the next

25 years.

Goal of this curriculum:

to prepare all students to do well in life, contributing to

their own well-being and society's good, and to

prepare some students for college.

Rationale or purpose for this

curriculum:MENTAL DISCIPLINE

Good for both college bound and non-college bound

students.

Trains the power of observation, memory,

expression and reasoning.

= ACADEMIC RIGOR

= CRITICAL THINKING AND ANALYSIS

High school core classes needed for college

admission (in general):4 years of English

3 years of Math

2-3 years of Foreign Language

2-3 years of Science

2-3 years of Social Studies / History

collegeapps.about.com

Bethany College history

Bethany ACADEMY: Founded on October 15, 1881

Held in the sacristy of Bethany Lutheran church; 10 students and later increased to 27.

Bethany Academy

Entrance requirements:

Had to be able to read, and do the four basic operations of arithmetic.

Had to be twelve years old.

Bethany Academy, 1881

Basic curriculum:

Reading the Bible and religious history

Arithmetic, Geography, Penmanship

Reading both English and Swedish

Orthography (spelling)

2nd year, 1882Bethany Academy

Basic curriculum expanded:

United States history and sacred history

English grammar; Swedish orthography

Civil government and Natural Philosophy

Algebra and Latin

Bethany Academy, 1883

After Handel’s Messiah and Oratorio first performance in 1882:

Music Department and studies added;

College policy stated, “In our school the Swedish and English languages shall be considered equally important.”

Bethany Academy, 1883

The motto was “Christo et Ecclessiae” For Christ and the

Church

The Academy catalogue stated: “Religious instruction not only forms a part of the daily routine of the school, but every endeavor is made to surround the student with a healthy religious atmosphere…”

Bethany College

Bethany ACADEMY: Founded on October 15, 1881

Bethany Normal Institute: 1885-1887

Bethany College: 1889

IDENTIFYING THE EMPHASIS ON TEACHER EDUCATION

Carl Swensson, President of Bethany College’s first

address in 1889

“A good education is the greatest of all riches and a

condition of liberty. The ignorant man is a slave in

proportion to his ignorance. The development of the intellect… will furnish knowledge but it must also build character…”

Carl Swensson, President of Bethany College’s first

address in 1889

“Let us build from the fine marble of the classics, and

founded on the granite of ancient wisdom…but allow it to be

cemented together by nothing except the unadulterated and

divine truth of Christ’s religion…”

Carl Swensson, President of Bethany College’s first

address in 1889

“No man is complete, no

government is safe, no civilization will be

perpetuated without religion.”

Bethany College, 1891

Bachelor of Arts degrees with classical or scientific emphasis

Certificates in these departments: Commercial, Normal, Music and Art

(readings from Lindquist, p.18-19)