in or out? small island states and the expanding european union the cases of malta and iceland luke...
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In or Out? Small Island States and the Expanding European Union
In or Out? Small Island States and the Expanding European Union
The Cases of Malta and Iceland
Luke Walker & Joy ElliottMaster of Arts in Island Studies CandidatesUniversity of Prince Edward Island
The Cases of Malta and Iceland
Luke Walker & Joy ElliottMaster of Arts in Island Studies CandidatesUniversity of Prince Edward Island
Malta and Iceland:European Island States?Malta and Iceland:European Island States? Both islands are at least partially
integrated into European: Geography History Economy
But also separate: Malta as a part of the Mediterranean Iceland<->US relationship
Both islands are at least partially integrated into European: Geography History Economy
But also separate: Malta as a part of the Mediterranean Iceland<->US relationship
Small Island States and International and Regional Organizations
Small Island States and International and Regional Organizations
The League The United Nations AOSIS CARICOM
The League The United Nations AOSIS CARICOM
The European UnionThe European Union
The European Union model Federation Intergovernmentalism versus Supranationalism
The European Commisssion The Council of Ministers The European Parliament The Single Market The Single Currency Foreign Policy Cooperation: CFSP
The European Union model Federation Intergovernmentalism versus Supranationalism
The European Commisssion The Council of Ministers The European Parliament The Single Market The Single Currency Foreign Policy Cooperation: CFSP
Small Island States and The European Union: The Case of Malta and Iceland
Small Island States and The European Union: The Case of Malta and Iceland
Small Islands and Military History: A Question of Realized Security
Small Islands and Foreign Policy: A Question of Political Security
Small Islands; Small Markets: A Question of Economic Security
Small Islands and Military History: A Question of Realized Security
Small Islands and Foreign Policy: A Question of Political Security
Small Islands; Small Markets: A Question of Economic Security
Small Islands and Realized SecuritySmall Islands and Realized Security Strategic Importance and non-EU
relationships NATO Military Capacity The ideal of Europe The Question of Neutrality
Strategic Importance and non-EU relationships
NATO Military Capacity The ideal of Europe The Question of Neutrality
A Question of NeutralityA Question of Neutrality
“ Malta remains a neutral country with its strict neutrality provisions anchored in the constitution. The first article of the constitution confirms Malta’s adherence to a policy of non-alignment and refusal to participate in any military alliance. A two-thirds majority would be required to change the Constitution. Although the government has stated its intention to support the objectives of the CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy) the principle of neutrality and non-alignment set out in the Maltese constitution could lead to difficulties in future CFSP arrangements of the Union.”
- Report Updating the Commission Opinion on
Malta’s Application for Membership (AVIS 2) – February 1999
“ Malta remains a neutral country with its strict neutrality provisions anchored in the constitution. The first article of the constitution confirms Malta’s adherence to a policy of non-alignment and refusal to participate in any military alliance. A two-thirds majority would be required to change the Constitution. Although the government has stated its intention to support the objectives of the CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy) the principle of neutrality and non-alignment set out in the Maltese constitution could lead to difficulties in future CFSP arrangements of the Union.”
- Report Updating the Commission Opinion on
Malta’s Application for Membership (AVIS 2) – February 1999
Neutrality25. Declaration on neutrality to be attached
to Treaty, confirms that Malta ユ s neutrality is not affected by membership. EU has another four countries that are neutral.
26. The EU has no power to oblige Malta to serve as military base.
27. Participation in EU peace-keeping and humanitarian operations is up to Malta. It is voluntary even at the level of individual soldiers.
28. EU decisions on foreign policy, security and defence are not imposed - they are taken by unanimity
29. The EU has no rules on military conscription (lieva).
- The EU Membership Package, EU-Malta Information Centre
Small Islands and Political SecuritySmall Islands and Political Security Membership and Recognition Small Island Foreign Policy Federations, Centralized Governments,
and the reality of the Vote. The Maltese Difference Iceland, Identity, and Independence North America
Membership and Recognition Small Island Foreign Policy Federations, Centralized Governments,
and the reality of the Vote. The Maltese Difference Iceland, Identity, and Independence North America
Membership and RecognitionMembership and Recognition
Small states, far more than larger ones, can actually experience an increase in their actual sovereignty by belonging to a regional organization. Whereas as an individual state they may have little bargaining power, as a group, they have the potential to exercise a greater degree of pressure on the outside world, thus regaining some control of their circumstances often lost by their small size.
Small states, far more than larger ones, can actually experience an increase in their actual sovereignty by belonging to a regional organization. Whereas as an individual state they may have little bargaining power, as a group, they have the potential to exercise a greater degree of pressure on the outside world, thus regaining some control of their circumstances often lost by their small size.
Small Island Foreign PolicySmall Island Foreign Policy
Small states’ interests are often better served by the international rule of law than by an anarchical international system based on the struggle for power. Hence they tend to exhibit a preference for international organizations and rule-based regimes… However, their policies may not always lead to intended outcomes.
-Roderick Pace. “A Small State and the European Union: Malta’s EU Accession Experience,” in South European Society & Politics, 7.1 (Summer 2002), 24-25.
Small states’ interests are often better served by the international rule of law than by an anarchical international system based on the struggle for power. Hence they tend to exhibit a preference for international organizations and rule-based regimes… However, their policies may not always lead to intended outcomes.
-Roderick Pace. “A Small State and the European Union: Malta’s EU Accession Experience,” in South European Society & Politics, 7.1 (Summer 2002), 24-25.
Federations, Centralized Governments, and the Reality of the Vote.
Federations, Centralized Governments, and the Reality of the Vote.
The European Union represents, by far, the most comprehensive form of regional cooperation and integration.
Small island states, usually coming into independence politically weak and often economically uncertain, are suspicious of ‘sharing’ their sovereignty for fear that such acts erode said sovereignty.
Complete political autonomy or ‘sovereignty’ over domestic affairs, and much less over the international affairs, of a state is difficult, particularly for extremely small states.
The European Union represents, by far, the most comprehensive form of regional cooperation and integration.
Small island states, usually coming into independence politically weak and often economically uncertain, are suspicious of ‘sharing’ their sovereignty for fear that such acts erode said sovereignty.
Complete political autonomy or ‘sovereignty’ over domestic affairs, and much less over the international affairs, of a state is difficult, particularly for extremely small states.
The Reality of the VoteThe Reality of the Vote
Real or perceived loss of autonomy and the benefits derived from the relationship must be balanced.
Potential for more balance in the relationship between the small island state and the regional body, or the small island state and the larger states that the regional body represents
Real or perceived loss of autonomy and the benefits derived from the relationship must be balanced.
Potential for more balance in the relationship between the small island state and the regional body, or the small island state and the larger states that the regional body represents
The Reality of the VoteThe Reality of the Vote
EU voting power is proportional to the size of each state
-Graphic from Alfred Mifsud. Malta’s Relations with the EU: A Realistic Way Forward. (Malta: Publishers Enterprises Group, 1999), 77.
EU voting power is proportional to the size of each state
-Graphic from Alfred Mifsud. Malta’s Relations with the EU: A Realistic Way Forward. (Malta: Publishers Enterprises Group, 1999), 77.
The Maltese DifferenceThe Maltese Difference
Post-Communist states: “implicit guarantee that economic reforms undertaken since the end of communism will not be reversed.
Cyprus and the obvious Malta is an established
and stable democracy
-Graphic from “European Integration.” TakingITGlobal, http://www.takingitglobal.org/themes/eu
Post-Communist states: “implicit guarantee that economic reforms undertaken since the end of communism will not be reversed.
Cyprus and the obvious Malta is an established
and stable democracy
-Graphic from “European Integration.” TakingITGlobal, http://www.takingitglobal.org/themes/eu
Iceland, Identity, Independence and the issue of North AmericaIceland, Identity, Independence and the issue of North America Cautious Icelandic
politicians fear that the EU will be an invasive power, reviving concerns of foreign domination
Nordic welfare state NATO, CFSP, and the
“one-man army”
Cautious Icelandic politicians fear that the EU will be an invasive power, reviving concerns of foreign domination
Nordic welfare state NATO, CFSP, and the
“one-man army”
Iceland: A European State?
Questions of North America
Flirtation with NAFTA: A terminal love affair?
Iceland: A European State?
Questions of North America
Flirtation with NAFTA: A terminal love affair?
Small Islands and Economic SecuritySmall Islands and Economic Security
“Do we need the EU to protect us from ourselves?” - Alfred Mifsud
- Does membership necessarily foster stability? Does anything else foster vulnerability?
- Open markets: relationship vs. membership
- Choosing partners: the EU or the rest of the world
“Do we need the EU to protect us from ourselves?” - Alfred Mifsud
- Does membership necessarily foster stability? Does anything else foster vulnerability?
- Open markets: relationship vs. membership
- Choosing partners: the EU or the rest of the world
A Question of CapacityA Question of Capacity
Capacity and participation: Small Island States and real participation
Capacity and participation: Questions of responsibilities.
Size vs. Vote and Voice: The Equality argument.
The Inclusiveness resolve
Capacity and participation: Small Island States and real participation
Capacity and participation: Questions of responsibilities.
Size vs. Vote and Voice: The Equality argument.
The Inclusiveness resolve
For MembershipFor Membership
Global Power and Influence: The EU as an emerging superpower
Improved Social Standards and the pooling of economic and social resources
Free flowing movement of people and goods: The Economic Advantage
Global Power and Influence: The EU as an emerging superpower
Improved Social Standards and the pooling of economic and social resources
Free flowing movement of people and goods: The Economic Advantage
Relationship advantagesRelationship advantages
Sovereignty, national independence, and national identity.
A Bi-lateral agreement versus the Realities of a qualified vote.
CFP and Market Protection: Pieces of the acquis communiataire.
Sovereignty, national independence, and national identity.
A Bi-lateral agreement versus the Realities of a qualified vote.
CFP and Market Protection: Pieces of the acquis communiataire.
Questions of ConclusionsQuestions of Conclusions
Are bi-lateral agreements a solution? Can they be stable enough for a long term arrangement?
Is the EU a solution? Is it stable enough for a small island state? Questions of a small state policy.
Are bi-lateral agreements a solution? Can they be stable enough for a long term arrangement?
Is the EU a solution? Is it stable enough for a small island state? Questions of a small state policy.
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