independence movements – world today. negritude movement – a movement to celebrate african...

Independence Movements – World Today

Negritude Movement – a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values

Right to self-determination (U.N. charter)

Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II

Resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation

Bloody – British settlers owned prime farmland in the highlands of Kenya and resisted independence for Kenya

Leader – Jomo Kenyatta

West Africa – peaceful transitionOriginally called Gold Coast under

the British

War for independence from France

Struggle against apartheidLed by Nelson Mandela, who

became the first black president of South Africa

Both Palestinians and Israelis want the same land

Creation of Israel in 1948 led to many conflicts between Israel and countries in the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, etc…)

1993 – creation of a Palestinian state (Gaza Strip and West Bank)

Golda Meir- Golda Meir- Prime Minister of Israel Prime Minister of Israel who helped defeat Arab nations in who helped defeat Arab nations in the Yom Kippur War and sought a the Yom Kippur War and sought a close relationship with the U.S.close relationship with the U.S.

Protestants vs. Catholics IRA (Irish Republican Army) – wants

a united Ireland (Northern Ireland – part of Great Britain)

Today – not an issue

1990s – Slovenia and Croatia separate from Yugoslavia

Serbian-led Yugoslav army invaded both Croatia and Slovenia – became free from Serbian rule

February 1992 – Bosnia Herzegovina declared independence

April 1992 – Serbia and Montenegro formed a new Yugoslavia

While Bosnian Muslims and Croats supported independence, Bosnian Serbs did not

Supported by Serbia, Bosnian Serbs launched a brutal war in 1992 (ethnically cleanse Bosnia Herzegovina of all Muslims)

Leader – GandhiRole of civil disobedience and

passive resistance (boycotts and Salt March)

Hindu-Muslim conflict 1947 partition – India (Hindus) and

Pakistan (Muslims)

Modern India a parliamentary democracy with a strong economy

Ethnic and religious tensions face the developing the nation.

Was created based on a religious issue and divided into two territories (East and West)

Conflict between East and West (linguistic, religious, and regional issues)

1971 – East Pakistan declared its independence

East Pakistan became Bangladesh

Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war

Chiang Kai-shek – nationalist China (Taiwan)

Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) – Communist China (mainland China)

Continuing conflict

North America and EuropeEconomic stability - prosperousHigh literacy rates (most people can

read and write)Health care (most people have

access to health care)Low birth rate/low infant mortality

ratePopulation growth - slow

Africa and AsiaEconomic Conditions – Poverty Low literacy rateHealth care (diseases)High birth rate/high infant mortality

rateGrowing population – rapid

Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications

Genetic engineering and bioethics

Economic development (pollution)Rapid population growth (strain on

natural resources)

PollutionLoss of habitat (places to live)Global climate change

PovertyPoor health IlliteracyFamineMigration

Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks

Rise and influence of multinational corporations Changing role of international boundaries Regional integration (European Union – tariff-

free trade among European nations)

Trade Agreements – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – tariff-free trade between U.S., Canada, and Mexico and World Trade Organization (WTO) – monitors trade among nations

International Organizations – United Nations + International Monetary Fund (IMF) – offers emergency funds to countries in crisis

Refugees as an issue in international conflicts (ex. Palestinian-Israeli conflict forced a lot of Palestinians into Jordan) – people who are forced to leave their homelands because of war, poverty, political problems, and environmental disasters

People who leave their homeland to work elsewhere (Ex. Central and South Americans coming to the United States) – guest workers

Indira GandhiFirst female   Prime Minister       of

India established a close relationship with established a close relationship with

the the     USSR                  USSR              during the Cold during the Cold War and built a nuclear programWar and built a nuclear program

Margret ThatcherFirst female British prime

ministerLess government regulation of

 economy                Close relationship with the  US      on

foreign policy

Mikhail Gorbachev Allowed people to criticize the

government (  glasnost          )Allowed private ownership of small

business ( perestroika  )       Last president of the  Soviet

Union      

Deng Xiaoping Became leader of

 China                              after Mao’s deathReformed  economy         to a

market economy which allowed for rapid growth

Continued Communist rule of China