indian innovation: the changing landscape and emerging...

Indian Innovation:The Changing Landscape

andEmerging Challenges

R A Mashelkar

Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape

1.1. IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedoms!s 3 Freedoms!2.2. Indian Corporate Innovation Indian Corporate Innovation

MovementMovement3.3. Transformation of Public Transformation of Public

InstitutionsInstitutions4.4. Emergence as a Global R&D Emergence as a Global R&D

PlatformPlatform5.5. Innovative Innovative PPPsPPPs

IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedomss 3 Freedoms

First FreedomFirst Freedom-- 19471947PoliticalPolitical

Second FreedomSecond Freedom-- 19911991Trade and EconomicTrade and Economic

Third FreedomThird Freedom-- 20082008Technological?Technological?

(Pre 1991)

Second Freedom(1991)

Second Freedom(1991)

Wheels Turns the Full Circle

• 1950• British Morris Oxford ---- Indian

Ambassador• 50 years later• Indian Indica – British Morris Rover

And Spiraling Up….

Third Freedom (2008)Third Freedom (2008)

•• 123 will open doors for access to 123 will open doors for access to dual use technology dual use technology

•• Besides Nuclear, great impact on Besides Nuclear, great impact on civilian sectorscivilian sectors

•• Just an example!Just an example!

Delayed by 2 years!No access to starter generator- just one of the 15000 component

SARAS- First indigenous civilian aircraft

Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape

1.1. IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedoms!s 3 Freedoms!

2.2.Indian Corporate Innovation Indian Corporate Innovation MovementMovement

3.3. Transformation of Public InstitutionsTransformation of Public Institutions4.4. Emergence as a Global R&D PlatformEmergence as a Global R&D Platform5.5. Innovative Innovative PPPsPPPs

•• Did not exist 30 years agoDid not exist 30 years ago•• Number one in IndiaNumber one in India•• Doubled up every 3 yearsDoubled up every 3 years•• Basis : Scale Basis : Scale --ScopeScope-- CostCost•• Now Innovation!Now Innovation!

Growth is LifeGrowth is Life

The Reliance Innovation Movement…..

InnovationInnovation-- Way of LifeWay of Life

Innovation Led GrowthInnovation Led Growth

Reliance Innovation Council

Larry SummersEx President- Harvard

Mukesh AmbaniCMD, RIL

R A MashelkarChairman

Nobel Laureate Jean-Marie Lehn

C K PrahaladGlobal Strategy Leader

Nobel LaureateRobert Grubbs

George WhitesidesHarvard Univ

William HaseltineHaseltine Global Health

Reverse Engineering to Forward Engineering

• Drugs & pharmaceutical industry– Copying molecules to

creating molecules• Auto industry

– New indigenously designed models launched globally

Corporate Innovation Movement

Game changing innovations too!

TATA NANO

Car Year introduced in U.S.

Horsepower

Price

Model T 1908 20 19,700

Beetle 1956 24 11,333

Mini 1961 34 11,777

Tata Motors 2008 33 2,500

‘ Adjusted to 2007 U.S. dollarsSource : Tata Motors

Denial Driven Innovation!Denial Driven Innovation!

High Performance Super High Performance Super ComputersComputers

From Public R&DFrom Public R&DTo To

Private R&DPrivate R&D

“ANGRY INDIA DOES IT!”

Public R&D

Now Private R&D- TATAs showing the way!

EKA, 4th Fastest Supercomputer

Reverse Engineering to Forward Engineering

• Drugs & pharmaceutical industry– Copying molecules to

creating molecules• Auto industry

– New indigenously designed models launched globally

Corporate Innovation Movement

India can do it!!India can do it!!

Indian Tuberculosis Indian Tuberculosis BreakthroughBreakthroughDiscovery of a new drug Discovery of a new drug molecule, first in last 40 yearsmolecule, first in last 40 yearsReduces treatment duration from Reduces treatment duration from 6 months to 2 months (in 6 months to 2 months (in combination)combination)In phase II clinical trialIn phase II clinical trial

And many more in the offingAnd many more in the offing……

International Hepatitis B- $18 per dose

V ReddyIndia’s first recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine

40 Cents per dose!!

40% of UNICEF’s Hep B vaccine supply

Initial funding through ITDP of World Bank (SPREAD)

1984- USD 250 and a garage

2004 – IPO oversubscribed 33 times. Crosses USD 1 billion mark on the first day of listing.

Today she is the richest woman in India!!Among World’s 100 Most Powerful Women - Forbes 2008

Initial Funding through ITDP of World Bank (TDICI)

Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape

1.1. IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedoms!s 3 Freedoms!2.2. Indian Corporate Innovation Indian Corporate Innovation

MovementMovement

3.3.Transformation of Public Transformation of Public InstitutionsInstitutions

4.4. Emergence as a Global R&D PlatformEmergence as a Global R&D Platform5.5. Innovative Innovative PPPsPPPs

Business India

2001

CSIR being used by as a model of institutional transformation by

World Bank

• I have recommended CSIR as a model of how countries can harness their top quality scientific research institutions to the task of industrial technology development, innovation and global competitiveness.

Dr. A WatkinsHead, ECA Region World Bank

Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape

1.1. IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedoms!s 3 Freedoms!2.2. Indian Corporate Innovation Indian Corporate Innovation

MovementMovement3.3. Transformation of Public InstitutionsTransformation of Public Institutions

4.4.Emergence as a Global Emergence as a Global R&D PlatformR&D Platform

5.5. Innovative Innovative PPPsPPPs

Thapar lecture booklet

India is a developing country but it is a developed country as far as its

intellectual infrastructure is concerned. We get the highest

intellectual capital per dollar here.

John WelchCEO, GE

Intellectual Capital per Dollar

• SCI publications per dollar ?

• Citations per dollar ?• Patents per dollar ?

Flight of Human Capital

• Brain drain ?• Brain bank ?• Brain Circulation ?

The Tide beginning to turn….

Challenge

• 1% of population carries 90% of intellectual property

• Loose 1% - you loose 90% !

Lotka’s Inverse Square Productivity Law

A Flight to a land of opportunity

• “ A scientist is like a painter. Michael Angelo became a great artist because he had been give a wall to paint. My wall was given to me by the United States”

• Riardo Giacconi, Nobel Laureate(Physic)

Ricardo Giaconni Nobel Laureate

Emerging TrendsEmerging Trends

•• Approx 30,000 R&D Approx 30,000 R&D professionals returned to professionals returned to India in the last 3 yearsIndia in the last 3 years

•• IIT graduates migrating IIT graduates migrating abroadabroad–– ~70% (ten years ago)~70% (ten years ago)–– ~30% (today)~30% (today)

NASSCOM Study (2005)Recent NASSCOM Study

• IT specialists are coming to India because frontline development work is being done here.

• Executives, managers and supervisors are coming in at all levels because India is no longer hardship country

• Even interns coming to companies like Infosys, Biocon, and Mahyco to learn first hand about a real happening place

Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape

1.1. IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedoms!s 3 Freedoms!2.2. Indian Corporate Innovation Indian Corporate Innovation

MovementMovement3.3. Transformation of Public Transformation of Public

InstitutionsInstitutions4.4. Emergence as a Global R&D Emergence as a Global R&D

PlatformPlatform

5.5.Innovative Innovative PPPsPPPs

India so far operated here

NMITLI

High Low

Low

Market Certainty

Tech

nolo

gy C

erta

inty

POSITIONING NMITLI : PROJECTS

TALENTTALENT

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

TOLERANCETOLERANCE

NMITLI NMITLI FOUNDATIONFOUNDATION

NMITLI HIGHLIGHTSNMITLI HIGHLIGHTS

Grand Challenges Grand Challenges Igniting and networking the Igniting and networking the best mindsbest minds

Largest PPP in IndiaLargest PPP in IndiaOver 100 Private Sector Over 100 Private Sector EnterprisesEnterprisesOver 250 InstitutionsOver 250 Institutions

Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges1.1. STI continuum through conducive STI continuum through conducive

policiespolicies2.2. Building Innovation EcosystemBuilding Innovation Ecosystem3.3. Talent Supply (Quality and Talent Supply (Quality and

Quantity)Quantity)4.4. Inclusive InnovationInclusive Innovation5.5. Creating more Creating more TatasTatas!!

STI Continuum through STI Continuum through conducive Policiesconducive Policies……..

Science PolicyScience Policy-- (1958)(1958)Technology PolicyTechnology Policy-- (1983)(1983)Science and Technology PolicyScience and Technology Policy--(2003)(2003)Needed NowNeeded Now--Science, Technology and Science, Technology and Innovation PolicyInnovation Policy--??

Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges1.1. STI continuum through conducive STI continuum through conducive

policiespolicies

2.2.Building Innovation Building Innovation EcosystemEcosystem

3.3. Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)4.4. Inclusive InnovationInclusive Innovation5.5. Creating more Creating more TatasTatas!!

The Innovation Ecosystem

Engineering

BRIDGE

Technology

Creativity with “constraints”: Cost, boundary-conditions..Reality-Check

2004 Pentium

Science

Creativity withoutany “constraint”:Pure Science

1st transistor!

Decades of investment

NSF

DoD

Universities

Research Labs.

Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship v/sv/s

TechnoprenuershipTechnoprenuershipGood newsGood news-- 18% of the workforce is 18% of the workforce is engaged in entrepreneurial activitiesengaged in entrepreneurial activities

Bad newsBad news-- Less than 3% of its workforce Less than 3% of its workforce is in modern private sector while 90% is in is in modern private sector while 90% is in informal sectorinformal sector-- mostly in low productivity mostly in low productivity and low skill activities.and low skill activities.

Patent IlliteracyPatent Illiteracy

Publish or PerishPublish or PerishV/SV/S

Patent, Publish and ProsperPatent, Publish and Prosper

Bose (1898) to Basmati (1998)Bose (1898) to Basmati (1998)The journey continuesThe journey continues……..

Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges1.1. STI continuum through conducive STI continuum through conducive

policiespolicies2.2. Building Innovation EcosystemBuilding Innovation Ecosystem

3.3.Talent Supply (Quality and Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)Quantity)

4.4. Inclusive InnovationInclusive Innovation5.5. Creating more Creating more TatasTatas!!

Talent SupplyTalent Supply……....

BalancingBalancingExpansionExpansionInclusionInclusionExcellenceExcellence

Expansion!

• 30 Central Universities• 5 Indian Institutes of Science Education

and Research• 8 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)• 7 Indian Institute of Management (IIM)• 20 Indian Institute of Information

Technology• 1600 Polytechnics• 10000 Vocational Schools• 50000 Skills Development Centres

Talent SupplyTalent Supply……..

Only 17% of youth in mid 20s Only 17% of youth in mid 20s and older have secondary and older have secondary educationeducationGross enrolment in higher Gross enrolment in higher education is only 12% compared education is only 12% compared with 90% in South Korea and with 90% in South Korea and 68% in Russia68% in Russia< 7000 PhDs a year in STE< 7000 PhDs a year in STE

Talent supplyTalent supply……..

UnderinvestmentUnderinvestmentTeaching without ResearchTeaching without ResearchOutdated CurriculaOutdated CurriculaCrisisCrisis-- Teachers: Both, Quality Teachers: Both, Quality and Quantityand QuantityRole of private sector and foreign Role of private sector and foreign universitiesuniversities

INSPIRE- Just one initiative by DST

Innovation in Pursuit for Inspired Research

• Science and Innovation scholarship to 1 million youngsters

• Provide mentorship- even through Nobel Laureates

• Scholarship for doctoral research including research career opportunity

Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges1.1. STI continuum through conducive STI continuum through conducive

policiespolicies2.2. Building Innovation EcosystemBuilding Innovation Ecosystem3.3. Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)

4.4.Inclusive InnovationInclusive Innovation5.5. Creating more Creating more TatasTatas!!

Inclusive Innovation Inclusive Innovation NeedsNeeds

GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:

Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More

Medicines:Medicines:Including the ExcludedIncluding the Excluded

Technologies to be

• Available• Affordable• Accessible• Appropriate

Medicines for the poor need to be:

PSORIASIS

Psoriasis TreatmentPsoriasis Treatment

•• Leading US Bio pharmaceutical firmLeading US Bio pharmaceutical firm

•• Antibody injection under the skin Antibody injection under the skin

•• Cost of treatment: $20000!Cost of treatment: $20000!•• Time for Development: 10 years!Time for Development: 10 years!•• Cost of Development: Few hundred million Cost of Development: Few hundred million

dollars!dollars!

Psoriasis TreatmentPsoriasis Treatment

Cost of treatment: $20000!Cost of treatment: $20000!Time for Development: 10 years!Time for Development: 10 years!Cost of Development: Few hundred million Cost of Development: Few hundred million

dollars!dollars!

X $50?

X 5 years?X

< $10 mn?

“When you want to achieve resultswhich you have not achieved before,

it is an unwise fancy to thinkthat they can be achieved

by using methods that havenot been used before”

- Sir Francis Bacon

Reverse Pharmacology Approach(CSIR Innovations)

Drug Clinical Indication

Industrial Partners

AP9CD Breast Cancer Indigene

RRLJ-CD-SFE Psoriasis Genova Biotech

NMITLI-OA-JP Osteo-arthritis Cadilla Pharma

NMITLI-DM-FN Type II Diabetes SreeDhootpapeswar

RRLJ0125-F09 HepatocellularCarcinoma

Indigene

RJM0035 Hypertension

Inclusive Technology

Haves

Have - Nots

Price

Per

form

ance

Have - Nots Haves

Price

Per

form

ance

ThroughHigh Science

and Technology

Cost $ 12000 to $18000

4 billion people

Income- Less than $2 a day

Will take 15 years income to buy this foot alone!!

Including the ExcludedIncluding the ExcludedYet another challengeYet another challengeMaking India LiterateMaking India Literate

Can Technology Help?Can Technology Help?

Constraints

• 200 hours of instructions –high dropouts

• 600,000 trained teachers for 600,000 villages?

Present Methodology & its constraints

Achievements so far

• 100,000+ persons made literate

• Software installed in 100,000 Village Knowledge Kiosks

• 8 Languages also Sotho of South Africa

• Cost less than $ 2.5 per person

Technology thus CAN Transform lives of 800 million

illiterates in 5 years !

Transformational Innovation

“Very soon, your chauffeur will drive to your house in a Nano.You will need to make space in your driveway for your chauffeur's car, but more importantly, you will need to make space in your minds for this transformation.”

- R A Mashelkar

Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges1.1. STI continuum through conducive STI continuum through conducive

policiespolicies2.2. Building Innovation EcosystemBuilding Innovation Ecosystem3.3. Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)4.4. Inclusive InnovationInclusive Innovation

5.5.Creating more Creating more TatasTatas-- not by not by size but driven by Innovation, size but driven by Innovation, Compassion and PassionCompassion and Passion

More of Tatas…

EKA

NANO

Computer BasedFunctional Literacy(CBFL)

INDICAINDIGO