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INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODORODOR PERCEPTION
BODY ODORS
COOKING ODORS
CHEMICAL ODORS
CIGARETTE SMOKE
ODOR CONTROL
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
ODOR PERCEPTION:QUANTITATIVE ASPECT: INTENSITY.
QUALITATIVE ASPECT: OFFENSIVENESS OR PLEASANTNESS.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODORODOR PERCEPTION
BODY ODORS
COOKING ODORS
CHEMICAL ODORS
CIGARETTE SMOKE
ODOR CONTROL
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
ODOR PERCEPTION IS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY:TEMPERATURE: AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE SLIGHTLY REDUCES SOME ODORS, SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKE.
THE PERCEPTION OF SMOKE, COOKING, BODY ODORS & MANY OTHER VAPORS DECREASES AS HUMIDITY INCREASES.
IN ORDER TO KEEP ODOR PERCEPTION & IRRITATION AT A MINIMUM, THE OPTIMUM RELATIVE HUMIDITY FOR A CONDITIONED SPACE IS 45% TO 60%.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODORODOR PERCEPTION
BODY ODORS
COOKING ODORS
CHEMICAL ODORS
CIGARETTE SMOKE
ODOR CONTROL
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
BODY ODORS:UNSTABLE & DISAPPEAR WITH TIME, EVEN WITHOUT ANY AIR CHANGE.
IN EXPERIMENTS, THE STRENGTH OF BODY ODORS IN AN UNVENTILATED ROOM FELL ABRUPTLY, WITHIN 5 MINUTES, FROM VERY OBJECTIONABLE TO PERCEPTIBLE BUT NOT OBJECTIONABLE.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODORODOR PERCEPTION
BODY ODORS
COOKING ODORS
CHEMICAL ODORS
CIGARETTE SMOKE
ODOR CONTROL
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
COOKING ODORS:•IN EXPERIMENTS, IT TOOK ABOUT 6 TO 7 HOURS FOR THE SAME TYPE OF REDUCTION AS OCCURRED IN 5 MINUTES WITH BODY ODORS.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODORODOR PERCEPTION
BODY ODORS
COOKING ODORS
CHEMICAL ODORS
CIGARETTE SMOKE
ODOR CONTROL
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
CHEMICAL ODORS
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODORODOR PERCEPTION
BODY ODORS
COOKING ODORS
CHEMICAL ODORS
CIGARETTE SMOKE
ODOR CONTROL
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE
CIGARETTE SMOKE:IN EXPERIMENTS, THE INTENSITY INCREASED DURING THE FIRST THREE HOURS AFTER SMOKING.
THEN DECREASED SLOWLY FOR A LONG TIME, REACHING THE THRESHOLD LEVEL ONLY AFTER 17 TO 48 HOURS, DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER OF CIGARETTES SMOKED.
IN ROOMS WHERE HEAVY SMOKING GOES ON THE VENTILATION RATES SHOULD MUCH HIGHER THAN TO ELIMINATE BODY ODORS ALONE.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODORODOR PERCEPTION
BODY ODORS
COOKING ODORS
CHEMICAL ODORS
CIGARETTE SMOKE
ODOR CONTROL
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
VENTILATION
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODORODOR PERCEPTION
BODY ODORS
COOKING ODORS
CHEMICAL ODORS
CIGARETTE SMOKE
ODOR CONTROL
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
FILTRATION
ODOR CONTROL:PARTICULATE FILTERS
ADSORPTION FILTERS
AIR WASHERS
ELECTRONIC AIR CLEANERS
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODORODOR PERCEPTION
BODY ODORS
COOKING ODORS
CHEMICAL ODORS
CIGARETTE SMOKE
ODOR CONTROL
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
ODOR MASKING & COUNTERACTION
ODOR MASKING:TECHNIQUE OF INTRODUCING AN ODOR TO COVER AN UNPLEASANT ODOR.
ODOR COUNTERACTION:
THE ART OF MIXING TWO ODOROUS VAPORS TOGETHER SUCH THAT BOTH ODORS ARE DIMINISHED.
INEXACT METHOD.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
GREGORY BATESON CALIFORNIA STATE OFFICE BUILDING, SACRAMENTO, CA, 1979-1982
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
GREGORY BATESON CALIFORNIA STATE OFFICE BUILDING, SACRAMENTO, CA, 1979-1982
PROBLEMS:PLAGUED BY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PROBLEMS SINCE IT OPENED IN 1982.
COMPLAINTS OF RESPIRATORY, GASTROINTESTINAL, SKIN, AND EYE PROBLEMS BEGAN SOON AFTER THE FIRST OCCUPANTS MOVED IN.
SOME OCCUPANTS COMPLAINED OF SUFFERING DIZZINESS, LOSS OF BALANCE, OCCASIONAL SORE THROAT, AND ITCHY SKIN.
THERE WERE REPORTS OF UNPLEASANT ODORS.
MOST COMPLAINTS SEEMED TO COME FROM AREAS WITH THE LOWEST VENTILATION RATES.
MORE COMPLAINTS OCCURRED WHEN THE VENTILATION SYSTEM WAS OPERATED ONLY IN THE DAYTIME THAN WHEN OPERATED AROUND THE CLOCK.
AIR QUALITY TESTS FOUND SLIGHTLY ELEVATED LEVELS OF FORMALDEHYDE, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND OTHER POLLUTANTS.
FUNGAL SPORES WERE FOUND IN THE AIR EXHAUSTED FROM THE ROCK BE THERMAL HEAT STORAGE.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
DESCRIPTION:
BACTERIA & VIRUSES IN AIR & DUST.
METHOD OF CONTROL:
AIR FILTRATION TO CONTROL DUST.
AIR STERILIZATION: ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT.
VENTILATION
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
RADON
DESCRIPTION:
NON-REACTIVE RADIOACTIVE GAS FORMED BY THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF RADIUM.
SOURCES:
AREAS OF URANIUM & PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS.
SOME MASONRY PRODUCTS.
SOME TYPES OF GYPSUM BOARD.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
RADON
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
RADON
HEALTH EFFECTS:
CONSIDERED TO BE A MAJOR CAUSE OF THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF LUNG CANCER IN URANIUM MINERS.
BETWEEN 20 TO 50 INDIVIDUALS PER MILLION PEOPLE DIE PER YEAR FROM RADON RELATED CANCER.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
DESCRIPTION:
A VERY LARGE GROUP OF MATERIALS THAT CONTAIN CARBON AS THEIR PRIMARY CONSTITUENT & HYDROGEN, NITROGEN OXYGEN, SULFUR & OTHER ELEMENTS AS SECONDARY CONSTITUENTS.
SOURCES:
SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: CARPETING, WALL COVERINGS, ETC.
SOLVENTS IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS: ADHESIVES, CLEANING AGENTS, PAINTS & PERSONAL HYGIENE PRODUCTS.
INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION: NATURAL GAS & TOBACCO.
METABOLIC PROCESSES IN HUMANS, ANIMALS & PLANTS.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
HEALTH EFFECTS:
VARIES GREATLY (OVER 250 COMPOUNDS).
SOME COMPOUNDS CAUSE IRRITATION.
SOME AFFECT THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
OTHERS AFFECT METABOLIC PROCESSES.
SOME CAUSE CANCER.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
FORMALDEHYDE & OTHER ALDEHYDES
DESCRIPTION:SPECIFIC GROUP OF COMPOUNDS THAT VAPORIZE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.
CONTAIN HYDROGEN & OXYGEN IN ADDITION TO CARBON.
FORMALDEHYDE IS COLORLESS & HAS A PUNGENT IRRITATING ODOR.
SOURCES:UREA-FORMALDEHYDE FOAM INSULATION.
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE ADHESIVES & RESINS FOUND IN PLYWOOD & PARTICLE BOARD.
BURNING OF NATURAL GAS, TOBACCO & OTHER COMBUSTIBLES.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
FORMALDEHYDE & OTHER ALDEHYDES
HEALTH EFFECTS:
LOW CONCENTRATIONS:
HIGHLY IRRITATING TO THE SKIN, EYES & MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT.
HIGH CONCENTRATIONS:
HEADACHES & DIZZINESS.
NAUSEA & VOMITING.
SKIN RASH.
COUGHING
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
CARBON MONOXIDE
DESCRIPTION:
COLORLESS, ODORLESS GAS.
SOURCES:
GAS, OIL & WOOD STOVES WITH INADEQUATE COMBUSTION AIR.
IMPROPERLY MAINTAINED FLUES & DAMPERS.
EXHAUST FROM AUTOMOBILES.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
CARBON MONOXIDE
HEALTH EFFECTS:
LOW CONCENTRATIONS:
IMPAIRED VISUAL ACUITY & BRAIN FUNCTION.
HIGH CONCENTRATIONS:
HEADACHES.
NAUSEA.
WEAKNESS.
CONFUSION.
ULTIMATELY DEATH.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
NITROGEN OXIDES
DESCRIPTION:HEATING AIR TO HIGH TEMPERATURE CAUSES NITROGEN & OXYGEN TO REACT FORMING NITRIC OXIDE & NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
NITROGEN OXIDES
SOURCES:CIGARETTE SMOKING.
GAS-BURNING APPLIANCES.
OUTDOOR AIR.
HEALTH EFFECTS:
LOW CONCENTRATIONS:
RESPIRATORY IRRITANT.
HIGH CONCENTRATIONS:
IMPLICATED IN RESPIRATORY DISEASE & REDUCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY FUNCTION.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
SMOKE
DESCRIPTION:
COMPLEX MIXTURE OF GASES & PARTICLES INCLUDING, CARBON MONOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, & HEAVY METALS GENERATED FROM INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION.
SOURCES:
BURNING OF COAL & WOOD.
CIGARETTE SMOKE.
HEALTH EFFECTS:HIGHLY CARCINOGENIC.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
ASBESTOS
DESCRIPTION:
A FIBROUS, NON-COMBUSTIBLE MINERAL.
SOURCES:
SPACKLING COMPOUNDS.
ASBESTOS CEMENT.
WALL BOARD.
FURNACE & PIPE INSULATION.
FIREPROOFING.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
ASBESTOS
HEALTH EFFECTS:
COUGHING.
CHEST PAINS.
WEAKNESS.
CANCER OF THE LUNGS.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
EVALUATION
EVALUATION OF INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS:
MATHEMATICAL MODELS:
NEEDS CONSIDERABLE REFINEMENTS BEFORE IT CAN BE USED IN REAL APPLICATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS:
METHOD IS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE.
OCCUPANT EVALUATION:
REQUIRES QUALIFIED MEDICAL PERSONNEL.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
ODOR
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTSHISTORY
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
RADON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FORMALDEHYDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
SMOKE
ASBESTOS
EVALUATION
CONTROL
METHODS OF CONTROL
METHODS OF CONTROL:
REMOVAL OR SUBSTITUTION
CHANGE IN DESIGN
ENCAPSULATION
SPATIAL CONFINEMENT
TEMPORAL USE
VENTILATION
FILTRATION
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