innovating a sustainable energy future- the role of universities
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Innovating A Sustainable Energy Future-The Role of Universities
Satish V. Kulkarni
Presented at First National Conference on Energy and Environment
University of PuneFebruary 20, 2014
This presentation will discuss:World energy sceneUS perspectiveRole of universitiesPartnerships and collaborations, energy educationFracking and the Energy/Water tensionsCritical materials and energyUS-India Joint Clean Energy R&D CenterSummary
Globally, sustainability* is our greatest challenge
Per capita fossil fuel Carbon emissions (2007, in tons) are increasing
(Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, ORNL)
Per capita availability of resources is decreasing
*Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising those of future generations. (UN, 1987)
U.S. energy flow-2009Supply EfficiencyDemandTransmission/Distribution/Storage
Energy efficiencyis the low hanging fruit
US energy security goalsAn ‘All-of-the-Above’ strategy that translates into:
continued use of coal (with carbon capture and storage) and natural gas nuclear power for clean energy with a focus on lowering capital costs
and proliferation risks biofuels with the caveat of food security wind and solar power with lower costs and without subsidies with
adequate storage capacity modernization of the energy transmission/distribution infrastructureenhancing energy efficiency in the stationary, transportation and
manufacturing sectors through appropriate policies and incentives inculcating an energy conservation culture, and educating the next generation energy workforce
US energy security goals (cont.)
By 2020, make non-residential buildings 20% more energy efficient
By 2022, Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) biofuels blending mandate to 36 billion gallons
By 2025, reduce oil imports by 1/3By 2025, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ)
Standards @ 54.5 mpgBy 2035, 80% of electricity will come from
clean energy sourcesBy 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 50% of 2000
emissions, i.e., to 12.8 Gt/yr
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
9
25.7 Gt/yr
50.6 Gt/yr
+97%(24.9 Gt/yr)
-75%(-37.7 Gt/yr)
1 Includes fossil and other industrial CO2.Source: Climate Change Science Program. 2007. Scenarios of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations (Estimates based on MINICAM model results and other data).
2000 Emissions2050 Reference
Emissions2050 Global
Emissions at 50% of2000 Emissions
CO
2 Em
issi
ons
(Gt
CO
2/yr
)
12.8 Gt/yr
In order meet G-8 leader goal to cut global CO2 emissions 50% by 2050, projected annual emissions must be cut by 40 gigatons
50 % Global Goal Requires ~40 Gigaton Reduction
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Install 1,000 sequestration sites like Norway’s Sleipner project (1 MtCO2/year) Only 3 sequestration projects of this scale exist today
Geologic Sequestration
Build 273 “zero-emission” 500 MW coal-fired power plants*
Equivalent to about 7% of current global coal-fired capacity of 2 million MW
Coal-Fired Power Plants
Convert a barren area about 2 times the size of the UK (over 480,000 km2), using existing production technologies Biofuels
Install about 750 GW of solar PVRoughly 125 times current global installed capacity of 6 GW*
Solar Photovoltaics
Actions that Provide One Gigaton CO2/ Year of Mitigation or Offsets
Technology
Convert a barren area greater than the combined size of Germany and France (over 900,000 km2)
CO2 Storage in New Forest
Install about 270,000 1 MW wind turbines Roughly 3 times the global total installed wind capacity at end of 2007.
Wind Energy
Deploy 273 million new cars at 40 miles per gallon (mpg) instead of 20 mpg New “CAFÉ” rules would accomplish about half that
Efficiency
Build 136 new nuclear 1 GW power plants instead of coal-fired without CCSEquivalent to about one third of existing worldwide nuclear capacity of 375 GW
Nuclear
Gigatons = 109 Metric tons (1000 Kilograms)*Instead of coal-fired power plants Source: Climate Change Technology Program Strategic Plan, September 2006.
How Big is One Gigaton of CO2?
Role of universities
Typically, a research university’s mission is knowledge creation, educating the next generation and dissemination of knowledge for the public good Thus innovation, which is translating ideas for societal benefit, is the genetic
code of the university The energy enterprise is a complex one requiring the application of every
conceivable discipline, and interdisciplinary research is essential for success Universities can create the environment to foster interdisciplinary teams
without unnecessary barriers and develop partnerships (including international) among research centers, national labs and industry, thus providing an intellectual and operational framework
• Universities can provide a neutral ground for dialog among stakeholders with competing agendas
Public and Land-Grant Universities in the US In 2012, the US celebrated the 150th Anniversary of the Morrill Act establishing
the Land-Grant University System under President Lincoln on July 3, 1862 The three-fold mission of land grant universities remains:
education research and practical innovations to address societal problems
These universities are part of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities (APLU)
They have made remarkable progress in the dissemination of knowledge to practitioners for widespread adoption within the states they serve The focus has been on agriculture production, farm and home safety and consumer
issues Today, emphasis has to be also placed on energy, sustainability and urban issuesAPLU launched the Energy Initiative in 2012
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Univ of California-National Labs* Partnership Model
* Berkeley, Los Alamos and Livermore
Two entities can coexist without loss of identity
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UniversitiesNational Laboratories
Corporate, university and local govt. partnerships
Charlotte, North Carolina, aims to become the ‘energy capital’ of the US (WPost, Sep 11, 2011) Since 2007, Charlotte has added ~5,600 new energy-related jobs, taking the total to roughly
27,000 at 250 energy-oriented firms Duke Power and Cisco are teaming up to upgrade 12m sqft of office space with smart grid
technology that will reduce energy use by 20% over 5 years Univ of North Carolina at Charlotte has completed the $57 million, 200,000 sqft Energy
Production and Infrastructure Center, which aims to pool academic and industry research in partnerships with companies such as Duke Energy and Areva
Austin, Texas, is defying conservative, fossil-fueled Texas to become the country’s clean-tech hub (Time, Feb 12, 2012) Austin has long been a science-and-technology hub, with the presence of the University of
Texas and Sematech; this has been leveraged effectively for clean-tech ~15,000 Austin residents are employed in the broader green economy, and Austin Energy has
pledged to get 35% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020Pune can replicate this model!
National Energy Technology Laboratory—Regional University Alliance (NETL-RUA)
A research collaboration that combines NETL's expertise in technology development and demonstration with the diverse capabilities of industry and university partners
NETL (Morgantown, W. Virginia and Pittsburgh, PA) is a Government Owned Government Operated (GOGO) DOE national lab with a focus on
CoalOil and Gas
The Marcellus shale formation covers the states of PA, WVA , VA, Ohio and NYNon-fossil energy researchEnergy analysis
The 5 partner universities are part of an Appalachian AllianceThey have also established the University Energy Partnership (UEP) and collaborated on several major energy initiatives
Energy education-Energy 101
US DOE recently developed the curricular framework for Energy 101 in collaboration with APLU First taught at University of Maryland
Energy 101 Fundamentals and Concepts(Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,
US DOE)
Virginia Tech has also developed a broad, interdisciplinary energy education curriculum
Sustainable Energy Solutions for a Global Society ESM/ME undergraduate/graduate course (Dave Dillard/Mike Ellis) It has four parts: energy fundamentals, transitional energy sources,
renewable energy sources, and energy consumption and conservation Presented in the context of global political, economic and environmental
impacts Green Engineering Program and Minor
MSE undergraduate course (Sean McGinnis) Environmental impacts of the design, manufacture and use of engineered
products, processes and systems Energy issues across the life cycle of products are a fundamental theme in
the course“An exemplar of an institution with an unusually comprehensive approach to
undergraduate education in sustainable engineering is Virginia Tech.”2008 EPA Benchmarking Sustainable Engineering Education Report
Shale’s growing thrust for water
Financial Times, Feb 6, 2014
The No 1 issue in fracking is the tension among the various uses of waterIt takes 407 million gallons to irrigate 640 acres to grow
about $200,000 worth of corn on an arid land*The same amount of water can be used to frack enough wells
to generate $2.5 billion worth of oil and create employment for thousands
The recent drought in the US has exacerbated the tension between food and energy (fracking as well as biofuels)
Several states are enacting laws to regulate unprecedented uses of enormous amount of water that has the potential for chaos and conflicts
This issue will be magnified in India *Wall Street Journal, Dec. 6, 2011
In our quest for renewable energy, potential critical materials shortages* will have to be factored in
• Market, economics and politics will play a role• Alternative materials/approaches will have to be developed * A Path to Sustainable Energy, Jacobson and Delucci, Scientific American, Nov 2009
Critical Materials Energy Innovation Hub-a partnership among universities, national labs and industry
•The NETL-RUA Team, led by Virginia Tech, responded to this DOE call•Virginia Tech is now supporting Ames Laboratory in Iowa
The US-India Joint Clean Energy R&D Center
In 2012, US and India launched the Center with the selection of three consortia with a total funding of $125M
These consortia are a partnership among universities, national labs and industry in both countries. They are:Solar Energy – NREL and IISc2nd Generation Biofuels - Univ of Florida and IICT, HyderabadEnergy Efficiency of Buildings - LBNL and CEPT Univ,
AhmedabadUS Energy Secy Moniz will be India In March to further
expand the US-India partnership in clean energy
SummaryUniversities have a central role to play in the energy enterprise
The energy/water/climate change nexus coupled with education is uniquely a university grand challenge
• Need better understanding of
• Impact of natural events, policies and politics
• Sustainability
Wells to wheels, front-end to back-end, cradle to grave
Education of the next generation and public is critical to energy security
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THANK YOU
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