inorganic & organic compds
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ChemicalChemicalCompoundsCompoundsChemicalChemical
CompoundsCompounds
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Inorganic CompoundsCompounds made
from elements otherthan carbon
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WaterAcids and Bases
Salts
Carbon dioxide
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Water Most important and
most abundant inorganiccompound
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Acids A substance that gives
off hydrogen ions ( H+
)when dissolved in water
The more hydrogen ions ,the more acidic asubstance is
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AcidsThe lower is itsnumber in the pHscale
Tastes sour
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Examples of Acids Urine
Saliva Hydrochloric acid in
stomach
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Bases
Substance that releaseshydroxyl ions ( OH- )
when dissolved in water The fewer hydrogen ions,
the more basic asubstance is
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Bases
The higher is its pHvalue
Tastes bitter
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Examples of Bases Sodium hydroxide
(laundry soapingredient)
Lye
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Salts Formed from the
chemical combination ofacids and bases
neutralization
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Carbon Dioxide Biolgically important
since it it the sourceof carbon in
photosynthesis
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Although it containsCARBON, it is anexception in theorganic compound
group
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REMEMBER:
A living organism is
composed largely ofcompounds of
CARBON andW
ATE
R
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Most animals are
60% waterMost plants are 90%
water
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Carbon CompoundsWhy do we have to
study them?
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Carbon atoms have 4valence electrons
ME
ANI
NG:Each electron canjoin with an electron from
another atom
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Carbon can bond
with H, O, P, Sand N
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Carbon can also bond withother Carbon atoms
MEANING:
Carbon can form chainsthat are almost unlimited
in length
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Carbon to carbon bonds
can be single, double ortriple covalent bonds
A chain of carbon atomscan also form rings (see
Fig. 2-11 of textbook)
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Therefore, Carbon isa versatile element.
No other element
comes close !!!
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The Chemical Building
Blocks of Life:Organic Molecules
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Polymers
Many large molecules
are called macromoleculesor polymers.
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A polymer is a molecule
built of a long chain ofsimilar molecules calledmonomers.
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Monomers in a polymermay be identical ( likelinks in a chain )
... Or different ( likebeads in a colored
necklace )
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Biological moleculesare formed by linking
subunits.
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HO H HO H
` Release H2O
HO H
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HO H HO H
` Release H2O
HO H
Polymerization: DehydrationSynthesis or Condensation
Reaction
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The polymers are joinedtogether by the removalof a hydrogen ( H ) from
one unit and a hydroxylgroup ( OH ) fromanother unit, formingwater.
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Add H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
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Add H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
Hydrolysis Reaction
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The polymers are brokenby adding water.
The opposite ofdehydration synthesis or
condensation reaction.
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4 Organic CompoundsCarbohydrates
LipidsNucleic Acids
Proteins
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Monomers or Building
Blocks Carbohydrates ----
monosaccharideor glucose
Proteins ------- amino acid
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Monomers or Building
Blocks
Lipids --- fatty acid and
glycerol Nucleic Acids--nucleotide
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CARBOHYDRATES
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Carbohydrates (sugars)are group of molecules
that contain theelements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Simplecarbohydratesare
calledmonosaccharides. Twomonosaccharide
moleculeslinkedtogetherarecalleddisaccharides.
Longsugarpolymersarecalledpolysaccharides.
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A Carbohydrate Molecule
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PROTEINS
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Proteins are a group of
macromolecules thatmake up the bodies of
organisms. Proteins are the end
products of geneexpression.
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They are made up ofbuilding blocks called
amino acids (figure 5),there are 20 knownamino acids that exist
in nature.
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Amino acids are linkedtogether by peptidebonds. Proteins have four
different structures: Theprimary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternarystructure (Figure 6).
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General Structure of an Amino Acid
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4 Protein Structures
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LIPIDS Lipids are a group of
biological molecules thatare not soluble in waterbut are soluble in oils.Fats are one kind of
lipid.
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Oils,suchasoliveoil,corn
oil,andcoconutoilarealsolipids,asarewaxes.
Therearetwokindsoffattyacids:thesaturatedfatty acids andtheunsaturated fatty acids(figure 7).
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Lipid Structure
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Saturated single bond
of carbon
Unsaturated carbon tocarbon double bond
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NUCLEIC ACID All organisms store their
genetic informationspecifying the structuresof their proteins in
nucleic acids.
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Nucleicacids (figure8) arelongpolymers
ofrepeatingsubunitscallednucleotides
(figure 9).
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Each nucleotide consistsof three smaller buildingblocks.
There are 2 kinds ofnucleic acids DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) andRNA (ribonucleic acid).
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A Nucleotide Structure
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A Nucleic Acid Structure(DNA)
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