integrated circuits. integrated circuit (ic) a silicon crystal (chip) containing electronic...

Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuit (IC)• A silicon crystal (chip) containing electronic

components that create the logic gates we’ve been looking at– SSI – Small Scale Integration– MSI – Medium Scale Integration– LSI – Large Scale Integration– VLSI – Very Large Scale Integration

• These refer to the number of logic gates contained on the chip

Technologies

• TTL – Transistor-Transistor Logic• ECL – Emitter-Coupled Logic• MOS – Metal-Oxide Semiconductor• CMOS – Complementary Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor• These refer to the underlying

characteristics of the process for turning silicon into gates

Digital Components

• Decoder

• Encoder

• Multiplexer

• Register

• Shift Register

• Counter

• Memory

Decoder

• Convert n input bits to a single output bit– For example: converting binary to octal (3-to-8)

– What does the circuit look like?• Start with a truth table

01234567

Com

bina

tion

al L

ogicB0

B1

B2

Enable

Decoder Chaining

• Decoders can be chained

• Enable bit acts as the 4th input bit

• We now have a 4-to-16 decoder

01234567C

ombi

nati

onal

Log

icB0B1

B2

Enable

01234567C

ombi

nati

onal

Log

icB0B1

B2

Enable

Encoder

• Inverse of a decoder• Convert one input bit to multiple output bits

– For example: converting octal to binary (8-to-3)

01234567

Com

bina

tion

al L

ogic B0

B1

B2

Enable

Multiplexer

• Routes one of 2n input data lines to a single output line based on n selection lines

• How many inputs total?– How big is the truth table?

Output

Com

bina

tion

al L

ogicI0

I1

I2

I3

S0

S1

Inputs

Selectors

Multiplexer

• 6 total inputs (4 data lines, 2 selector lines) leads to 26 = 64 rows of truth table!

• This is excessive and tedious

• More conveniently shown thusly:

• Built from an n-to-2n decoder with additional 2n input data lines

Select Output

S1 S0 Y

0 0 I0

0 1 I1

1 0 I2

1 1 I3

Multiplexer

S0

S1

I3

I2

I1

I0

Output

Not derived directly from the abridged truth table but from your knowledge of decoders

Register

• A multi-bit storage element made up of a group of flip-flops– Recall flip-flops store 1 bit each

Register

• CLR is a “clear” input for asynchronous initialization

• Data can be read out at any time

• Data is input with the clock signal, referred to as loading

• Loading can be further controlled through the use of additional combinational circuitry

Q

QSET

CLR

D

Q

QSET

CLR

D

Q

QSET

CLR

D

Q

QSET

CLR

DI3

I2

I1

I0

A3

A2

A1

A0

Clock

Clear

Shift Register

• Like a “normal” register only bits can be shifted from one flip-flop to the next

Q

QSET

CLR

D

Q

QSET

CLR

D

Q

QSET

CLR

D

Q

QSET

CLR

DSerialInput

SerialOutput

Clock

General Purpose Shift Register• Bidirectional shifting (left and right)

• Serial input/output

• Parallel load

• Parallel output

• A multiplexer is provided to select the operation

General Purpose Shift Register• Multiplexer

operation selection– Use a multiplexer to

determine the shift operation

Mode Control

S1 S0 Operation

0 0 No

Change

0 1 Shift

Right

1 0 Shift

Left

1 1 Parallel

Load

General Purpose Shift Register• What are they good for?

– Integer multiplication by powers of 2– Integer division by powers of 2– Bit counting for parity– etc.

Counter

• A register that cycles though predetermined states based on an external input– We’ve seen these already– You should already know how to design

one of these– Parallel load/clear functionality is often

added via combinational circuitry

Memory

• A group of storage cells and associated access circuits

• Bits are grouped into words• Words are the smallest addressable unit

– Typically made up of 1 or more bytes (8-bits)

• Each word in memory is assigned a unique address

Memory

2k wordMemory

n bytes/wordRead

Write

Address

Data In

Data Out

Memory

• How many address lines?

• How many data input lines?

• How many data output lines?

10

16

16

1024 wordMemory

2 bytes/wordRead

Write

Address

Data In

Data Out

Memory

• K = “Kilo-bytes” = 210 bytes• M = “Mega-bytes” = 220 bytes• G = “Giga-bytes” = 230 bytes• May be specified in either bytes or words• Micro-processors will often talk of “Kilo-

bits” or “Mega-bits” • Be careful

Memory Read/Write

• Read– Apply binary address on the address lines– Apply a signal to the read input– Data is available on the data output lines

• Write– Apply binary address on the address lines– Apply binary data to the data input lines– Apply a signal to the write input

Memory

• Two types– RAM – Random Accessible Memory

• Operations we just looked at

– ROM – Read Only Memory• Has no input data lines• Has no write input• Has no read input (doesn’t need it – just acts

when a valid address is supplied)

ROM

• Significantly cheaper than RAM since it lacks versatility

• How does the data get in there?– Mask programming – data is programmed in at the

time of silicon fabrication– PROM – special programming devices allow the

user to write data one time– EPROM – data is erased under ultra-violet light or

electronically, but must be entirely erased and rewritten (can’t write single words)

To Do

• Read chapter 2, if you haven’t already– Problems 2-1, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-12, 2-13, 2-

14, 2-16, 2-19, 2-20

• Assembly language– A sequence of ASCII characters are stored in

memory (you choose where)– The length of the sequence is stored in register

R0• See next page for picture

Example initial set up

To Do

• Assembly language (continued)– Write an 8051 program to determine if the

sequence is a palindrome– The output will be

• R1 = 0 if the value is not a palindrome• R1 = 1 if the value is a palindrome

– Test your code on various sequences (both even and odd lengths, palindromes and not palindromes)

• Read chapter 4