interannual dynamics of the black sea anoxic zone boundary in connection with climatic variability...
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INTERANNUAL DYNAMICS OF THE BLACK SEA ANOXIC ZONE BOUNDARY IN CONNECTION WITH CLIMATIC VARIABILITY
E. V. YAKUSHEV, O.I.PODYMOVSouthern Branch of P.P.Shirshov Institute
of Oceanology, Gelendzhik, Russia
o Gelendzhik
16.50
16.25
16.00
15.75
15.50
15.25
15.00
14.75
14.50
14.25
14.00
13.75
, kg
/m3
R/V "Akvanavt", st #1331, Lat: 44 516 Lon: 37 872, July 02, 2002
T O2
H2S
NO3
NO2
NH4
PO4
Si
S
Mn
Xm iss
CH 4
Oxic/anoxic interface
O2 and NO3
dissappears
H2S, NH4, CH4 and Mn2+ onsets
Changeability (maxNO3, minPO4, grad H2S, grad Mn2+)
16.50
16.25
16.00
15.75
15.50
15.25
15.00
14.75
14.50
14.25
14.00
13.75
, k
g/m
3
0 100 200 300O2,M
0 2 4 6 8 10M n,M
0 4 8 12 16 20
H 2S,M
0 1 2 3 4 5N O3,M
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25N O2,M
0 4 8 12 16N H 4,M
0 2 4 6 8
PO4,M
0 20 40 60 80 100Si,M
7 9 11 13 15 17T, oC
17 18 19 20 21 22S, ppt
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2C H 4, M
R/V "Akvanavt", st #1487, Lat: 44 415 Lon: 37 317, January 26, 2004
T O2
H2S
NO3
NO2
NH4
PO4
Si
S
Mn
CH4
is situated below CIL with winter aeration
Stability ib the density field
•region?•season?•eddies?•climate?
Data of Shirshov Institute of Oceanology expeditions :
about 1400 Stations1984-1990 1991-2004
16.3
16.2
16.1
16.0
15.9
H 2S
100
200
300
400
O 2, M: =14.45-14.60 kg/m 3
Interannual variability of H2S onset and averaged O2 content in CIL
Mean winter air temperature(Gelendzhik)
T in the CIL core in summer-autumn period (Krivosheya et al., 2002)
Oscillations of NAO indices for winter period
16.0
15.9
15.8
19941995
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
2004
16.1
16.0
15.9
15.8
19841985
19861987
19881989
19901991
19921993
19941995
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
2004
16.1
16.0
15.9
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
16.3
16.2
16.1
16.0
15.9
19841985
19861987
19881989
19901991
19921993
19941995
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
2004
CH 4
Mn tot
NH 4
H 2S
100
200
300
400
19841985
19861987
19881989
19901991
19921993
19941995
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
2004
O 2, M: =14.45-14.60 kg/m 3
Interannual variability of H2S, NH4,Mn, CH4 onsets and averaged O2 content in CIL
Scheme of oxygen balance in the Black Sea
Anoxic boundary position is an indicator of climatic changes.
Interannual oscillations of the Black Sea H2S boundary at about 0.05-0.10 kg/m3 (5-10 m).
The change of volume of the oxic waters for about 5-10%, where the Black Sea oxic ecosystem is situated.
Such oscillations are vitally significant and should be studied.
CONCLUSIONS:
STUDY OF THE SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF HYDROCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN THE NORTHEASTERN BLACK SEA AS AN EXAMPLE OF GELENDZHIK AND GOLUBAYA BAYS
E. V. YAKUSHEV, E. A. ANTIPOVA, V. K. CHASOVNIKOV, I. A. KOVALEVA
Southern Branch of P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
Gelendzhik, Russia
o Gelendzhik
Gelendzhik bay
restricted water exchange with the sea.
resort area ( 2 million men in 2004 )
SB SIO occupies the SB SIO occupies the area of 18 hectares area of 18 hectares (marked with green).(marked with green).
Blue Bay
38°03'
44°34'
12
Gelendzhik
Gelendzhik bayGolubaya bay
Sampling in 2 points every week since 1999
Gelendzhik bay surveys in January and June
O2, pH, Alk, PO4, Ptot, Si, NO3, NO2, NH4, Ntot,Urea, Mn, H2S, CH4, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu , Oil products, surfactants, phyto-, zoo-, bacteria- plankton
Position:
Winter 2001 survey
3 8 .0 3 3 8 .0 4 3 8 .0 5 3 8 .0 6 3 8 .0 74 4 .5 5
4 4 .5 6
4 4 .5 7
4 4 .5 8
3 8 .0 3 3 8 .0 5 3 8 .0 74 4 .5 5
4 4 .5 6
4 4 .5 7
4 4 .5 8
3 8 .0 3 3 8 .0 5 3 8 .0 74 4 .5 5
4 4 .5 6
4 4 .5 7
4 4 .5 8
3 8 .0 3 3 8 .0 5 3 8 .0 74 4 .5 5
4 4 .5 6
4 4 .5 7
4 4 .5 8
3 8 .0 3 3 8 .0 5 3 8 .0 74 4 .5 5
4 4 .5 6
4 4 .5 7
4 4 .5 8
3 8 .0 3 3 8 .0 5 3 8 .0 74 4 .5 5
4 4 .5 6
4 4 .5 7
4 4 .5 8
Salinity, psu
Si , μM
Porg, M
NH4 , μM
NO3 , μM
Phyto, mg/m3
38.03 38.05 38.07
1
2
3
4
5
67
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21 22
23
24
25
26
27
Р асп р ед ел ен и е н еф теп р о д у к то в н а п о в ер х н о сти (2 5 .0 6 .2 0 0 1 ) Р асп р ед ел ен и е н еф теп р о д у к то в н а п о в ер х н о сти (0 3 .0 2 .2 0 0 5 )38.03 38.05 38.07
44.55
44.56
44.57
44.58
12
3
4
5
6
78
9
1 0
11
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
1 9
2 0
2 12 2
2 32 4
Oil products on the surface 25.06.2001 (left) and 03.02.2005 (right).
extremely complex and unstable hydrophysical structure Spot-like distribution.
local maximums of increased concentrations can be observed in different parts of the bay and affect its ecosystem.
Seasonal changes in 20001
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
1213
1415
16
1718
19
20
21
22
2324
38
°02
'
38
°00
'
38
°04
'
38
°06
'
38
°08
'
44°34 '
44°32 '
44°30 '
Г елен дж и кска я б ухт а
Г о луба я б ухт а
Р азр ез 3
Р азр ез 2
Р азр ез 5
Р азр ез 4
Р азр ез 1
160
240
320
400
G elen d zh ik b ay
G o lu b ay a b ay
O 2 (uM )
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
pH
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8A lk
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
P O 4 (uM )
04
.01
.1
0.0
1.
17
.01
.2
4.0
1.
31
.01
.0
7.0
2.
14
.02
.2
1.0
2.
28
.02
.0
6.0
3.
15
.03
.2
1.0
3.
28
.03
.1
8.0
4.
24
.04
.0
3.0
5.
10
.05
.1
8.0
5.
23
.05
.3
1.0
5.
05
.06
.2
0.0
6.
27
.06
.0
4.0
7.
11
.07
.2
1.0
7.
27
.07
.0
2.0
8.
09
.08
.1
6.0
8.
23
.08
.3
0.0
8.
06
.09
.1
3.0
9.
20
.09
.2
7.0
9.
03
.10
.1
1.1
0.
18
.10
.2
5.1
0.
01
.11
.0
8.1
1.
15
.11
.2
3.1
1.
28
.11
.0
6.1
2.
14
.12
.2
1.1
2.
27
.12
.
00.4
0.8
1.2
1.62
2.4P org (uM )
0
10
20
30
40S i (u M )
0
4
8
12
16
20N O 3 (u M )
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6N O 2 (u M )
04.0
1.10
.01.
17.0
1.24
.01.
31.0
1.07
.02.
14.0
2.21
.02.
28.0
2.06
.03.
15.0
3.21
.03.
28.0
3.18
.04.
24.0
4.03
.05.
10.0
5.18
.05.
23.0
5.31
.05.
05.0
6.20
.06.
27.0
6.04
.07.
11.0
7.21
.07.
27.0
7.02
.08.
09.0
8.16
.08.
23.0
8.30
.08.
06.0
9.13
.09.
20.0
9.27
.09.
03.1
0.11
.10.
18.1
0.25
.10.
01.1
1.08
.11.
15.1
1.23
.11.
28.1
1.06
.12.
14.1
2.21
.12.
27.1
2.
0
2
4
6
G elen d zh ik b ay
G o lu b ay a b ay
N H 4 (u M )
seasonality
rains
CGel>CGol
P-limited
150
200
250
300
350
400
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
150
200
250
300
350
400
2000
2003
2004
2000
2003
2004
I I I III IV V V I V II V III IX X X I X II
I I I I II IV V V I V II V III IX X X I X II
I II I II IV V V I V II V III IX X X I X II
I II III IV V V I V II V III IX X X I X II
I II III IV V V I V II V III IX X X I X II
I I I I II IV V V I V II V III IX X X I X II
Seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen (left) and phosphate (right) in Gelendzhik (squares) and Golubaya (crosses) bays in 2000, 2003, 2004.
O2PO4
waterspout events:PO4>6.5 М, NO3>18 М, NH4>24 М
1.5 mln in 2000, 2.0 mln in 2004:Increased eutrophication?
Gelendzhik Bay is a local source of pollution connected with resort business:
Increased influx of man-made pollutants (heavy metals, oil, surfactants)
Phosphate doesn’t limit photosynthesis during the summer period.
Eutrophication: increased nutrient (N, P) influx in inorganic and organic forms.
Abnormal ecosystem development. Appearance of toxic species.
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